Boiling Film Experiment

The study of heat transfer with phase

change
Boiling Liquid Experiment
Objectives
Determine the boiling Regimes as a function of
the temperature difference (T
surface
-T
sat
)
Determine the heat flux and heat transfer
Coefficient as a function of temperature difference
Determine the effect of pressure on the heat flux
and heat transfer Coefficient curves
Compare experimental values to predicted values
Examine the condensation overall heat transfer
Coefficient
but not required
Equipment
T
b

T
S

Liquid is R141b
Heating rod is copper coated
with an area of 1.8x10
-3
m
2
(including the end)

System contained in a glass pipe with a coil
condenser with an area of 0.032 m
2

Data taken: voltage and current, Temperature of
heating element surface, Pressure, Liquid temperature,
Vapor temperature, water temperature in and out, flow
rate, cycle time of heater (in film boiling), and
number of coils with condensate .
12.7 mm
42 mm
Procedure
Turn on water to condenser and adjust to flow rate
High first week for low pressure
Low second week for high Pressure (100 kPag)
Adjust voltage to 5 volts to observe convection
Increase voltage (5, 20, 5 volts) and observe Regimes
Second week, just look at nucleate to film, by
increaing by 20 volts until at 100 volts, control
pressure with water flow, start taking data.
Once into film boiling, reduce voltage to go back
nucleate (and then free convection)
Equations
( )
( )
o o i i
lm coil C
lm
out sat in sat
in out P C
sat S e
H
H
H
A h A h U
T UA Q
T
T
n
T T
T
T T T T T T
T T C m Q
T T h T h
A
Q
A
Q
EI Q
1 1 1


condenser h out throug Heat
Flux W/m
off) on/(on Time cycling, (If s Watt
element ugh input thro Heat
1
2
1 2
1 2
2
+ = =

=
= =
=
= =

+ =

depends on number of coils being used

h
i
is small
ho is large
T
sat
= f(P)
Critical heat flux
Burnout point
Need atmospheric Pressure
Predictive Equations
( ) | |
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 1
2 1
1 2
1 2
3
2
2
2
27 8
16 9
6 1
2
1 1 1
1 1
Pr
Pr
10 - 20
Pr 559 . 0 1
387 . 0
60 . 0
or
20.2 Table 11 - 20 eqn
tube horizontal - Convection Natural
T T
T T
V
T V
T D
g
Gr
k
C
Gr Ra
Ra
Nu
CRa Nu
T h
A
Q
Av
P
P
D
D
D
n
D D
e
H

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

=
= =
=

)

+
+ =
=
=

Must calculate
Chapter 7, p328
Pressure Liq Density
40000 1260
70000 1235
100000 1215
110000 1210
170000 1185
210000 1170
P/Liq Density
y = 1.80E-09x
2
- 9.66E-04x + 1.29E+03
R
2
= 9.98E-01
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000
Pressure (Pa)
L
i
q

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
k
g
/
m
^
3
)
Pressure Temperature
100 32
120 37
140 41.5
160 45.5
180 49
200 53
220 56
240 59.5
260 62.5
P/T chart
y = -0.0003x
2
+ 0.2984x + 5.4539
R
2
= 0.9996
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Pressure
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
21.7
4 . 0
62 . 0
09 . 0
Film Stable
21.6 18 . 0
Point Critical
21.5
Pr
5 - 21 eqn Flux Nucleate Rohsenow
4 1
3
4 1
2
min
4 1
2
3
7 . 1
2 1
(
(

+
=
(

+

=
(

=
(
(

=
sat S V o
e PV fg V L V V
V L
V L
V fg
V
V L
V fg
critical
fg sf
sat S PL V L
fg L
T T D
T C h g k
h
g
h
A
q
g
h
A
q
h C
T T C g
h
A
q

C
sf
=0.013 or 0.007
Chapter 9, Table 9-2
Note: T
e
not needed nor is it known
Dont know T
S

Or can calculate C
sf

( )
S
exp
T find to with Combine
sat S
T T h
A
q
=
Results
Log
Q/A
Log T
e

Log T
e
Log
h
Log
Q/A
Log T
e
@ 1 bar
@ 2 bar
Significance
Nucleate boiling gives the highest heat flux
at low T. Operate near critical point but
with a margin of safety
Higher pressures extend region of nucleate
boiling at expense of higher temperature