Q.

1 DEFINE MOTIVATION
Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge.

It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behavior. In everyday usage, the term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. For example, you might say that a student is so motivated to get into a clinical psychology program that she spends every night studying.

Psychologists have proposed a number of different theories of motivation, including drive theory, instinct theory and humanistic theory.

Components of Motivation

There are three major components to motivation: activation, persistence and intensity. Activation involves the decision to

initiate a behavior, such as enrolling in a psychology class. Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist, such as taking more psychology courses in order to earn a degree although it requires a significant investment of time, energy and resources. Finally, intensity can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. For example, one student might coast by without much effort, while another student will study regularly, participate in discussions and take advantage of research opportunities outside of class.

Extrinsic Vs. Intrinsic Motivation

Different types of motivation are frequently described as being either extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic motivations are those that arise from outside of the individual and often involve rewards such as trophies, money, social recognition or praise. Intrinsic motivations are those that arise from within the individual, such as doing a complicated cross-word puzzle purely for the personal gratification of solving a problem.

Q.2 DISCUMaslows Theory of Hierarchy of Needs : According to Maslow, human needs form a hierarchy, staring at the bottom with the physiological needs and ascending to the highest need of self actualization. He says when one set of needs is satisfied; they no longer work as motivators as a man seeks to satisfy the next higher level of needs.

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Need for Self-Actualization

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Physiological Needs

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Esteem Needs

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Social Needs -Affiliation or

Acceptance Needs

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Security of Safety Needs

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Physiological Needs

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MASLOWS HIERACHYOF NEEDS ==========================================

The Need Hierarchy:

Physiological Needs: These are the basic necessities of human life, food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep and sexual satisfaction. Maslow says that until these needs are satisfied to the required level, man does not aim for the satisfaction of next level of needs. As far as work environment is concerned, these needs include basic needs like pay, allowance, incentives and benefits. Security/Safety Needs: These refer to the need to be free of physical danger or the feeling of loss of food, job or shelter. When the physiological needs are satisfied, man starts thinking of the way by which he can satisfy his safety needs. Security needs spring up the moment he makes an effort in

the direction of providing himself the source of continuity of physiological needs. In a work environment these needs include conformity, security plans, membership in unions, severance pay etc. Social Needs: (Affiliation or Acceptance Needs) When the physiological and security needs are satisfied, these social needs begin occupying the mind of a man. This is exactly why he looks for the association of other human beings and strives hard to be accepted by this group. Social needs at the work place include: Human relations, formal and informal work groups. Esteem Needs: These needs are power, status and self confidence. Every man has a feeling of importance and he wants others to regard him highly. These needs makes people aim high and make them achieve something great. These needs for employees include status symbols, awards, promotions, titles etc.

Self Actualization Needs: This is the highest need in the hierarchy. This refers to the desire to become what one is capable of becoming. Man tries to maximize his potential and accomplish something, when this need is activated in him.

2. Herzberg Theory of Motivation: Deals with basically two factors Dissatisfiers and Satisfiers.

DISSATISFIERS: The first group (factor) consists of needs such as company policy and administration, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relations, salary, status, job security and personal life. These factors he called DISSATISFIERS and not motivators. Their presence or existence does not motivate in the sense of yielding satisfaction, but their absence would result in dissatisfaction. They are also known as hygiene factors.

SATISFIERS: The second group are the satisfiers in the sense that they are motivators which are related to job content. It includes factors of achievement, recognition, challenging work, advancement and growth in job. Their presence yields feeling of satisfaction or no satisfaction but

not dissatisfaction.SS THE THEORIES OF MOTIVATION