1

Passive Harmonic Filter Planning to Overcome

Power Quality Issues in Radial Distribution Systems
V. Ravikumar Pandi, Member, IEEE, H. H. Zeineldin, Member, IEEE and Weidong Xiao, Member, IEEE
Electrical Power Engineering Program, Masdar Institute, P. O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Email: vpandi@masdar.ac.ae;hzainaldin@masdar.ac.ae; mwxiao@masdar.ac.ae
AbstractIn power systems, power quality issues raised by
various non-linear devices (NLD) might violate the allowable
harmonic limits dened by IEEE-519 standard. In order to main-
tain the total harmonic distortion well below the allowable limits,
passive harmonic lters are commonly used. This paper presents
an algorithm to optimally plan passive harmonic lters in the
distribution networks to minimize the total voltage harmonic
distortion. The optimization considers the lter location, size,
type, quality factor and tuned harmonic order with constraints
of bus voltage magnitudes, total and individual harmonic limits
and lter components design and operating limits. The proposed
approach is developed by using Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm and tested on IEEE 18-bus and IEEE 33-
bus radial distribution systems. The evaluation demonstrates the
effectiveness of the optimization solution in identifying the best
lter location, capacity and type.
Index TermsHarmonic distortion, non-linear loads, harmonic
power ow, passive lters, particle swarm optimization.
I. INTRODUCTION
I
N power distribution systems, increasing applications of
power electronic devices, such as variable frequency drives
and PWM drives, cause the concern of power quality due to
harmonic current injections. IEEE-519-1992 is a guideline rec-
ommending practices and requirements for harmonic control
in electric power systems. The total and individual voltage
harmonic distortions are limited to 5% and 3% respectively,
as suggested by the guideline [1]. Mitigating harmonics can be
achieved by using power quality conditioner and lters, such as
passive, active, or hybrid types. Passive lters are considerably
cost effective and easy for installation and control.
Optimal planning and sizing passive lters have been pro-
posed using various methods considering either the cost or
harmonic reduction performance [2]-[8]. The lter capacity
planning at a selected single bus location is given in [2].
Genetic algorithms are used to optimize planning and constrain
harmonic current introduced by variable frequency drives for
offshore applications [3]. The effect of probabilistic charac-
teristics of non-linear load currents and harmonic impedances
of the system on passive lter design is analyzed in [4]-[5].
Multi-objective lter planning problem is represented by fuzzy
parameters and solved using genetic algorithm in [6]. The
application of particle swarm optimization for lter planning
problems with various harmonic constraints is considered in
[7]-[8]. The study uses the location and size of passive lters
to optimize system planning. However, other important pa-
rameters such as lter type, quality factor and tuned harmonic
order, are not considered .
The impact of harmonic current interaction with system
impedances can be analyzed by using harmonic power ow
methods. A detail review of the various harmonic power ow
formulations is given in [9]. Among these different formula-
tions the decoupled harmonic power ow (DHPF) approach is
the most commonly used due to its simplicity [10]. The DHPF
algorithm is used to estimate various harmonic components in
the lter design problem [5]-[6]. DG penetration level studies
can be conducted by using the decoupled harmonic power ow
method to estimate the system harmonic components[11].
In this paper, the optimal location and size for passive
harmonic lter design is proposed to minimize the maximum
total harmonic distortion in radial distribution systems. Since
the harmonics are injected by non-linear power electronic
devices, shunt passive lters (5
th
and 7
th
order single tuned
and 11
th
order high pass) are optimally designed to suppress
harmonics. The problem of selecting optimal lter location,
size, type, quality factor and lters tuned harmonic order is
highly non-linear and discrete in nature. The optimal lter
planning problem is solved using the Particle Swarm Opti-
mization (PSO) algorithm. The optimization problem is tested
on standard IEEE 18-bus and IEEE 33-bus radial system
by considering one lter design and two lters design and
compared with the system harmonic values without the lter.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
In the proposed problem of designing the passive harmonic
lter to minimize the maximum total harmonic distortion,
various lter design parameters are considered as independent
variables in the PSO algorithm such as lter size, location,
type of lter, tuned harmonic order and the quality factor. The
optimization problem includes equality constraints such as real
and reactive power balancing and inequality constraints such
as rms bus voltage limits, individual and total voltage har-
monic limits at each bus locations as suggested by the IEEE-
519 standard [1], tuned harmonic order variation constraints
due to temperature changes and tolerances in manufacturing
process, capacitor rms voltage limit and inductor rms current
limit as given by the IEEE-1531 [12]. The conventional load
ow is conducted at fundamental frequency to calculate the
fundamental components followed by the DHPF algorithm to
calculate the higher order harmonic components considering
the non-linear devices and passive lters.
A. Passive Filter Design
Shunt type passive harmonic lters offer a low impedance
path to the tuned harmonic order. In this paper, single tuned
978-1-4673-2729-9/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE
2
R
m
L
m
C
m
Single Tuned
Filter
High Pass
Filter
R
m
L
m
C
m
P
m
P
m
Fig. 1. Passive Harmonic Filters
lter (STF) of 5
th
order or 7
th
order and high pass lter (HPF)
of 11
th
order are considered as shown in Fig. 1. Each lter
m is connected to bus p
m
, where m = 1, 2, . . . , M and M
is the total number of lters considered. The discrete variable
FT
m
is considered as the m
th
lter type and can take values
of 1, 2 and 3 which corresponds to the 5
th
order STF, 7
th
order STF and 11
th
order HPF respectively. If Q
c,m
is the
m
th
lter capacity in MVAr, n
m
is the tuned harmonic order
of m
th
lter, v
rated
m
is the rated voltage of the m
th
lter, and
QF
m
is the quality factor, then the lter capacitor reactance
X
C,m
, inductor reactance X
L,m
and resistance R
m
, at the
fundamental frequency, can be expressed as follows
X
C,m
=
v
rated
m
2
Q
c,m
_
n
2
m
n
2
m
1
_
(1)
X
L,m
=
X
C,m
n
2
m
(2)
R
m
=
_
XC,m
nmQFm
, for FT
m
= 1, 2
X
L,m
n
m
QF
m
, for FT
m
= 3.
(3)
The lter harmonic impedance
_
Z
(h)
f,m
_
and lter harmonic
current
_
I
(h)
f,m
_
for STF and HPF at any harmonic order h can
be expressed as follows
Z
(h)
f,m
=

R
m
+ j
_
hX
L,m

XC,m
h
_
, for FT
m
= 1, 2
_
1
Rm
+
1
jhXL,m
_
1
j
XC,m
h
, for FT
m
= 3.
(4)
I
(h)
f,m
= v
(h)
pm
/Z
(h)
f,m
(5)
where v
(h)
pm
is the bus voltage of m
th
lter located at bus p
m
at the h
th
harmonic order, h = 1, 2, . . . , h
max
( h
max
is the
maximum harmonic order available in the system).
B. Decoupled Harmonic Power Flow Analysis
The estimation of harmonic components is readily deter-
mined by direct calculation in decoupled harmonic power ow
method [9], [10]. In the decoupled method, the interaction
among the harmonic frequencies is assumed to be negligible
and hence the admittance matrix is formulated individually for
all the higher order harmonic components. Non-linear devices
are denoted by an equivalent current injection matrix in the
nodal equations and solved. The conventional power ow is
conducted by including the lter admittances and NLD units.
The result of the conventional power ow is used to model
the harmonic admittance matrix required for conducting the
decoupled harmonic power ow. Nodal equations are solved
for each individual harmonic order h [6], [13]. The h
(th)
harmonic load admittance at bus i
_
y
(h)
i
_
, shunt capacitor
admittance at bus i
_
y
(h)
ci
_
, branch admittance between buses
i and i + 1
_
y
(h)
i,i+1
_
and admittance of lter m at h
th
order
y
(h)
f,m
can be expressed as follows
y
(h)
i
=
P
D,i
|v
(1)
i
|
2
j
Q
D,i
h|v
(1)
i
|
2
(6)
y
(h)
ci
= hy
(1)
ci
(7)
y
(h)
i,i+1
=
1
R
i,i+1
+ jhX
i,i+1
(8)
y
(h)
f,m
= 1/Z
(h)
f,m
(9)
where P
D,i
,Q
D,i
are the fundamental real and reactive power
demand at bus i. y
(1)
ci
is the fundamental frequency admittance
of the capacitor connected at bus i. R
i,i+1
and X
i,i+1
are
the resistance and reactance of the branch connected between
buses i and i + 1.
The fundamental current at bus i
_
I
(1)
i
_
and the h
th
harmonic order current
_
I
(h)
i
_
injected by the NLD are given
by
I
(1)
i
=
_
{P
NLD,i
+ jQ
NLD,i
} /|v
(1)
i
|
_

(10)
I
(h)
i
= C (h) I
(1)
i
(11)
where P
NLD,i
, Q
NLD,i
are the real reactive power demand
of NLD units connected at bus i. C (h)is the ratio of h
th
harmonic current to its fundamental value. The harmonic
voltage can be determined by solving the following nodal
equations at each harmonic level.
Y
(h)
V
(h)
= I
(h)
(12)
C. Objective function
The objective of proposed problem is to reduce the maxi-
mum total voltage harmonic distortion as given below
F = max
iN
b

hmax
h=2
|v
(h)
i
|
2
|v
(1)
i
|

100 (13)
where N
b
is the set of bus numbers, v
(h)
i
represent the voltage
at bus i for the harmonic order h and h
max
is the maximum
harmonic order considered.
D. Equality Constraints
The load ow equations at fundamental frequency are
considered as the system equality constraints. The real and
reactive power constraints at bus i can be expressed as follows
P
G,i
P
D,i
=
N
bus

j=1
|v
(1)
i
||v
(1)
j
||y
(1)
i,j
| cos
_

(1)
i,j

(1)
i
+
(1)
j
_
(14)
3
Q
G,i
Q
D,i
=
N
bus

j=1
|v
(1)
i
||v
(1)
j
||y
(1)
i,j
| sin
_

(1)
i,j

(1)
i
+
(1)
j
_
(15)
where
P
G,i
, Q
G,i
Fundamental real and reactive power gener-
ation at bus i;
y
(1)
i,j
Magnitude of (i, j)
th
element of the funda-
mental admittance matrix;

(1)
i,j
Angle of (i, j)
th
element of the fundamental
admittance matrix;

(1)
i
Fundamental voltage angle at bus i.
E. Inequality Constraints
1) Bus Voltage Limits: The value of bus voltage magnitude
is bounded by its lower (0.9 p.u.) and upper limit (1.1 p.u.)
as follows.
v
min
v
rms
i
v
max
(16)
where v
min
and v
max
are the minimum and maximum bus
voltage limits.
2) Total and Individual Harmonic Distortion Limits: The
total and individual voltage harmonic distortions are limited
to 5% and 3% respectively as suggested by IEEE standard
519-1992[1].
THD
v,i
(%) THD
max
v
(17)
IHD
(h)
v,i
(%) IHD
max,h
v
(18)
where THD
max
v
is the maximum acceptable voltage harmonic
distortion level at any bus i. IHD
max,h
v
is the maximum
acceptable individual harmonic distortion level at harmonic
order h.
3) Voltage and Current limit in Filter Components: Ac-
cording to IEEE-1531 standard [12] the rms voltage across
the lter capacitor and rms current owing through the lter
inductor is limited by 110% and 135% respectively.
V
rms
cap,m
V
rated
cap,m
(19)
I
rms
Ind,m
I
rated
Ind,m
(20)
where V
rms
cap,m
is the rms voltage across the capacitor and
V
rated
cap,m
is the rated capacitor voltage. I
rms
Ind,m
is the rms current
owing through the inductor and I
rated
Ind,m
is the rated inductor
current. The limiting factor and are set equal to 110%
and 135% respectively as considered in [5].
4) Filter Detuning Effect: The impact analysis of changes
in frequency, inductor and capacitor variation due to envi-
ronmental conditions and error tolerances in manufacturing
process on performance of passive lter shows the importance
of including the lter detuning effect in the design [3],[12].
The deviation in the harmonic tuning order, considering the
above mentioned variations, is given by
0.92 TOD
m
1.036 (21)
n
m
= TOD
m
h
m
(22)
where TOD
m
is the tuned order deviation of the m
th
lter
and varies between 0.92 to 1.036. n
m
is the resonant frequency
and h
m
is the closest integer tuned harmonic order for the m
th
lter which takes the values 5, 7 and 11 according to lter type.
III. APPLICATION OF PSO TO OPTIMAL FILTER DESIGN
PROBLEM
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a metaheuristic tech-
nique introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995 [14]. The
PSO algorithm follows the behaviour of population of particles
searching for food as explained by bird ocking and sh
schooling behaviours. The initial location x and velocity v of
each individual particle are randomly generated. The particle
moves to new location by considering both its own ying
experience (cognitive intelligence) and best location of the
particle in the swarm (social intelligence). The velocity and
location of each particle i of dimension d at iteration k is
updated as follows [15]
v
k+1
i,d
= v
k
i,d
+ c
1
r
1
_
pbest
k
i,d
x
k
i,d
_
+ c
2
r
2
_
gbest
k
d
x
k
i,d
_
(23)
x
k+1
i,d
= x
k
i,d
+ v
k+1
i,d
(24)
where
Inertia weight;
c
1
, c
2
Cognitive and Social coefcients ( set at 2.1);
r
1
, r
2
Random numbers in the range of [0,1];
pbest
k
i,d
Best position ever visited by individual i at the k
th
iteration;
gbest
k
d
Global best position of the swarm.
The inertia weight is designed to linearly decrease with
the number of iterations to achieve better balance between
global exploration and local exploitation [16]. The inertia
weight is updated at each iteration as follows
=
max


max

min
Iter
max
k (25)
where
min
and
max
are the minimum and maximum inertia
weight values and are set equal to 0.4 and 0.9 respectively.
Iter
max
represents the maximum iteration number. In order
to apply the PSO method to the lter design problem, the
particle structure is dened as given below
X = [p
1
, . . . , p
M
, Q
c,1
, . . . , Q
c,M
, QF
1
, . . . ,
QF
M
, FT
1
, . . . , FT
M
, TOD
1
, . . . , TOD
M
] (26)
The each particle in the swarm represents the candidate
solution and is passed to the conventional power ow to
solve the power balance at fundamental frequency using the
Newton-Rhapson method and followed by the DHPF routine.
The constraint violations are included in objective by using
the penalty function method. The pseudo code illustrating
the proposed methodology with PSO optimization is given as
follows.
Step1: Randomly initialize population of individuals and
the velocity vector.
Step2: Run conventional power ow for each individual
to solve real and reactive power balance equations
taking into account NLD units and lter admittances
at fundamental frequency.
Step3: Calculate the harmonic admittance matrix including
lter admittance for each harmonic order h. Calcu-
late the current injection matrix taking into account
the NLD harmonic spectrum.
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 51
9 20
21
23
24
25 26
22
Slack Bus
Six pulse
Converter
Fig. 2. Single line diagram of the IEEE 18-bus distribution system
0
Slack Bus
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
22
19
20
21
18
23
24
25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Six pulse
Converter
Six pulse
Converter
Fig. 3. Single line diagram of the IEEE 33-bus distribution system
Step4: Run DHPF algorithm to estimate the harmonic
voltage components using equation (12).
Step5: Evaluate objective function of each individual par-
ticle and add penalty function if there is any con-
straint violation.
Step6: Find pbest and gbest vectors.
Step7: If the termination criterion is satised, goto step 9.
Step8: Update the velocity and location of particle using
equations (23)-(25) and go to step 2.
Step9: Print the result and stop.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The passive lter design problem was tested on the IEEE
18-bus [17] and IEEE 33-bus [18] radial distribution system as
shown in Fig. 2 and Fig.3 respectively. The non-linear devices
considered are the six pulse converter which injects harmonic
currents and the harmonic spectrum current magnitude is
proportional to inverse of the harmonic order number.The
lter parameters are considered as the independent variable
to be optimized and PSO algorithm is used to obtain the
optimal lter congurations by minimizing the maximum total
harmonic distortion. The effect of using one lter design
and two lters design are compared with the original system
without lter.
A. Case I
In this case the optimal lter design is considered for the
IEEE 18-bus radial distribution system [17]. Total real and
reactive power loads of the test system are 8600 kW and 5330
kVAr respectively. The system includes one NLD unit rated at
3 MW and 2.26 MVAr and located at bus 5. The test system is
rated for 12.5 kV on distribution side and 138 kV on substation
side. The substation voltage magnitude is set to 1.05 pu. The
optimization problem is formulated by minimizing the total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 50 51
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bus Number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

T
H
D

(
%
)


No Filter
One Filter
Two Filters
Fig. 4. Comparison of voltage THD with different lter conguration for
the 18-bus radial system
voltage harmonic distortion as given in equation (13) including
various constraints on operating limits described by equations
(14-22). The formulated problem is evaluated by taking M=1
for considering only one passive lter design. Similarly M=2
in the optimization process allows the consideration of two
passive lters in the optimal design problem.
The optimal location, type, quality factor, lter capacity
and lter components values of the passive lters are given
in the Table I. The value of maximum rms voltage mag-
nitude (max {V
rms
i
}), maximum total harmonic distortion
(max {THD
v,i
}) and maximum individual harmonic distor-
tion
_
max
_
IHD
(h)
v,i
__
among all the buses over all harmonic
orders are provided in the same table. It can be seen that the
design of one passive lter reduces the maximum THD level
from 7.4585% to 3.1383% by installing a high pass lter at
bus 8 and tuned to frequency of 10.12. Further reduction in
total voltage harmonic distortion is possible by designing two
passive lters simultaneously as shown in the same table. The
installation of STF at bus 7 and HPF at bus 6 reduces the
THD level to 1.9125%. It is also noted from the table that
the rms voltage and individual harmonic distortion levels are
within their allowable limits. The voltage THD level for no
lter, one lter and two lter design cases is compared in Fig.
4. From the gure it can be seen that the optimal choice of
lter location, size and other parameters helps in improving
the power quality through out the system.
B. Case II
In this case the optimal lter design is considered for IEEE
33-bus radial distribution system [18]. Total real and reactive
power loads of the test system are 3715 kW and 2300 kVAr
respectively. The system consists of two NLD units each rated
at 480 kW and 360 kVAr and located at bus number 12 and
24. The test system is rated for 12.66 kV on distribution
side. The substation voltage magnitude is set to 1.00 pu. The
optimization problem is formulated by minimizing the total
voltage harmonic distortion as given in equation (13) including
various constraints given by equations (14-22).
Three different study cases are considered here also by
considering no lter, one lter design and two lters design.
5
TABLE I
OPTIMAL FILTER DESIGN FOR THE IEEE 18 BUS SYSTEMS
Case F Filter Filter Tuned Quality Qc,m Cm Lm Rm maximum maximum maximum
(%) Location Type Order Factor MVAr (F) (mH) () V
rms
i
THD
v,i
IHD
(h)
v,i
No Filter - - - - - - - - - 1.0552 7.4585 6.0781
One Filter 3.1383 8 HPF 10.12 2 3.0733 61.9975 1.5957 10.1467 1.10 3.1383 2.8351
Two Filters 1.9125
7 STF 7.252 30 1.5 29.9767 6.4269 0.4881
1.0813 1.9125 1.6314
6 HPF 11.396 2 1.0473 21.1702 3.6853 26.3877
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bus Number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

T
H
D

(
%
)


No Filter
One Filter
Two Filters
Fig. 5. Comparison of voltage THD with different lter conguration for the 33-bus radial system
TABLE II
OPTIMAL FILTER DESIGN FOR THE IEEE 33 BUS SYSTEMS
Case F Filter Filter Tuned Quality Qc,m Cm Lm Rm maximum maximum maximum
(%) Location Type Order Factor MVAr (F) (mH) () V
rms
i
THD
v,i
IHD
(h)
v,i
No Filter - - - - - - - - - 1.0028 9.6763 5.3973
One Filter 3.4174 8 HPF 11.396 0.01 2.6404 52.0349 1.4993 0.0537 1.0003 3.4174 2.1794
Two Filters 0.5928
10 STF 6.6047 78.4991 1.5 29.8572 7.7793 0.2056
1.00 0.5928 0.4711
24 STF 7.083 69.7337 1.4566 29.0818 6.9446 0.2216
The optimal design values for one lter and two lters cases
are compared with the original system values as shown in the
Table II. It can be seen that the design of one passive lter
reduces the maximum THD level from 9.6763% to 3.4174%
by installing a high pass lter at bus 8. The installation of STF
at bus 10 and another STF at bus 24 results in further reduction
of the THD level to 0.5928%. The voltage THD level for no
lter, one lter and two lter design cases is compared in Fig.
5. From the gure it is clearly indicated that the optimal choice
of lter location, size and other parameters reduces the total
harmonic distortion in the system to low value.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes an optimal passive lter design solution
to minimize the maximum total voltage harmonic distortion
in radial distribution systems. The lter design parameters
includes the lter location, size, type, quality factor and lters
tuned harmonic order ,which are optimally selected by particle
swarm optimization algorithm. The optimization problem con-
siders the power balance constraints, harmonic constraints de-
scribed by IEEE-519 standard and harmonic lter constraints
reported by IEEE-1531 standard. The fundamental and har-
monic components are estimated using conventional load ow
and followed by decoupled harmonic power ow method. The
proposed method is tested on IEEE 18-bus and IEEE 33-bus
radial distribution systems using particle swarm optimization
algorithm. The results obtained from both test systems show
that the maximum THD level can be signicantly reduced by
optimally designed passive lters.
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V. Ravikumar Pandi (M10) received the B.E., degree from Madurai Kamaraj
University, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2003, the M. Tech., degree from Annamalai
University, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2005, and the Ph.D. degree from Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, in 2010. Currently he is
working as a Post Doctoral Researcher with the Masdar Institute of Science
and Technology, Abu Dhabi, Unite Arab Emirates. His research interest
includes power system optimization, power quality, transmission pricing,
renewable energy and evolutionary algorithms.
H. H. Zeineldin (M06) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from Cairo University, Egypt, in 1999 and 2002, respectively.
In 2006, he received his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from
University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Zeineldin worked for Smith and
Andersen Electrical Engineering Inc. where he was involved with projects
involving distribution system design, protection and distributed generation.
He then worked as a Visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), Cambridge. Currently, he is an Associate Professor with
the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, UAE. His
current interests include power system protection, distributed generation, and
deregulation.
Weidong Xiao (M03) received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering
from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, in 2003.
He received Ph.D. degree at the University of British Columbia, Canada
in 2007. He joined Masdar Institute as Assistant Professor in the Electric
Power Engineering Program in 2010. Dr. Xiao was a Visiting Scholar at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining the Masdar Institute
faculty, he worked with MSR Innovations Incorporation as a R&D engineering
manager focusing on projects related to integration, research, optimization and
design of photovoltaic power systems. He was the award holder of Industrial
R&D Fellowship (2008-2010) and Industrial Postgraduate Scholarships (2004-
2006) granted by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada.