Presente Simple

Uso: normalmente se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, pero en ocasiones

puede tener sentido de futuro.

Afirmativa
I work
You work
He / she / it works
We work
You work
They work

He/she/it:
1. Slo la tercera persona del singular (he/she/it) es diferente de las dems, ya que
se le aade -s.

2. Existen verbos a los que se aade -es en lugar de -s:
- do does; go goes
- verbos que terminan en:
-s pass passes
-ch watch watches
-sh wash washes
-x mix mixes
-z buzz buzzes

3. La terminacin es ies cuando un verbo acaba en consonante + y. La y se
convierte en i y se aade -es:
- study studies
- carry carries

Negacin

I do not work I dont work
You do not work You dont work
He / she / it does not work He / she /it doesnt work
We do not work We dont work
You do not work You dont work
They do not work They dont work
Interrogacin

Do I work? Yes, I do No, I dont
Do you work? Yes, you do No, you dont
Does he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesnt
Do we work? Yes, we do No, we dont
Do you work? Yes, you do No, you dont
Do they work? Yes, they do No, they dont

Presente simple 2 (presente histrico, futuro)

Adems de para expresar acciones cotidianas o verdades universales, el presente
simple se
utiliza tambin en otros casos:


Presente simple con valor de futuro.
Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar de hechos futuros que dependen de algn
horario o
programa, pero no para hablar de planes personales o predicciones. Tambin es
posible utilizar el
futuro con will en estos casos.

Ejemplos:

- The train to Norfolk leaves from platform 7 in 10 minutes.
- The next conference takes place in the other building.
- They arrive before lunch tomorrow and catch the last bus.

Presente histrico.

El presente simple se puede utilizar para hablar de hechos pasados. En estos casos,
el presente
confiere una sensacin de realidad y cercana a los hechos narrados.

Ejemplos:

- Christopher Columbus discovers America by mistake in 1492.
- She was very late and then she tells me she must leave early because she has to
work the
next day.

Presente Continuo

Uso: se utiliza normalmente para hablar de acciones que estn ocurriendo en el
momento en el que se habla. En espaol suele equivaler a estar + gerundio.

Afirmativa

I am working Im working
You are working youre working
He / she / it is working he / she / its working
We are working were working
You are working youre working
They are working theyre working
Negacin

I am not working Im not working
You are not working you arent working
He / she / it is not working he / she /it isnt working
We are not working we arent working
You are not working you arent working
They are not working they arent working
Interrogacin

Am I working? Yes, I am No, Im not
Are you working? Yes, you are No, you arent
Is he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isnt
Are we working? Yes, we are No, we arent
Are you working? Yes, you are No, you arent


Are they working? Yes, they are No, they arent

Reglas ortogrficas de los verbos acabados en ing:

- Los verbos que acaban en una sola e pierden esta vocal y aaden ing:
write writing have having come coming

- Los verbos de una slaba acabados en vocal + consonante duplican la
consonante y aaden ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):
put putting stop stopping shop shopping

Presente continuo con valor de futuro

Uso: El presente continuo tambin se utiliza para referirnos a acciones futuras. Pero
slo
cuando hablamos de actividades ya planeadas y que se realizarn casi con total
seguridad.

Ejemplos:
- Im going to the cinema tonight. Are you coming?
- Theyre leaving at 5 oclock.
- The conference is taking place next Tuesday.
- Im travelling to Tokyo tomorrow.

Diferencia entre presente continuo y to be going to: Aunque ambos se utilizan
para referirnos a acciones futuras ya planeadas, existe una pequea diferencia.
El presente continuo se utiliza para expresar actividades que se realizarn casi con
total seguridad porque ya se han planeado, mientras que to be going to no implica
tanta certeza, sino ms bien una intencin.

Ejemplos:
- I think Im going to start looking for another job. (intencin, no un plan definido)
- The film is starting in one hour. (segn un horario fijo)
- Shes coming for dinner tonight. (ya se ha planeado antes y es algo seguro)
- Were going to start learning Italian. (intencin)

Presente Simple vs. Presente Continuo

El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurren habitualmente o en
general:

- James studies German at university.
- My parents live in the south
- Jane works in Italy every summer.
- My friends have a car.
- Water boils at 100 Celsius degrees.
- Sharks are dangerous animals.

El presente continuo, en cambio, se utiliza para hablar de cosas que estn
ocurriendo en el momento en el que se habla:
- Mary is playing the guitar now.
- Take an umbrella. Its raining.
- Lets go to the park! The sun is shinning.
- They are working in the garage at the moment.


Im playing the guitar

Las oraciones en presente continuo a menudo van acompaadas de expresiones que
indican que la accin se est realizando en ese momento:

Now right now at the moment at present

Existen verbos que slo pueden utilizarse en presente simple:

like depend remember believe dislike know forget prefer love mean want hate
understand need


Pasado Simple

Uso: el pasado simple se utiliza normalmente para referirnos a hechos que sucedieron
en
un momento concreto del pasado
Existen verbos regulares, a los que se aade ed en el pasado, como work (worked
en
pasado) y otros irregulares, que es necesario aprender, como go (went en pasado).

Afirmativa

Verbos regulares (work)
I worked Ortografa de las formas de pasado regulares
You worked - verbos acabados en consonante + y ied:
He / she / it worked study studied
carry carried
We worked - verbos monosilbicos acabados en vocal +
You worked consonante duplican la consonante (excepto
They worked y o w)
stop stopped
shop shopped

Pronunciacin de la terminacin -ed de pasado

Se puede pronunciar como /t/, /d/ o /id/, dependiendo del sonido en el que acabe el
infinitivo:

/t/ watched, stopped, shopped, washed, worked (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido
sordo)
/d/ lived, arrived, opened, called, changed (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido
sonoro)
/id/ started, painted, mended, needed (solamente cuando el verbo acaba en sonido
/t/ o
/d/).








Verbos irregulares (go)
I went
You went
He / she / it went
We went
You went
They went

Negacin

Verbos regulares (work)

I did not work I didnt work
You did not work You didnt work
He / she / it did not work He / she / it didnt work
We did not work We didnt work
You did not work You didnt work
They did not work They didnt work

Verbos irregulares (go)

I did not go I didnt go
You did not go You didnt go
He / she / it did not go He / she / it didnt go
We did not go We didnt go
You did not go You didnt go
They did not go They didnt go

Interrogacin

Verbos regulares (work)

Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didnt
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didnt
Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didnt
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didnt

Verbos irregulares (go)

Did I go? Yes, I did No, I didnt
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did he/she/it go? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didnt
Did we go? Yes, we did No, we didnt
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didnt
Did they go? Yes, they did No, they didnt


Pasado Continuo

Uso: se utiliza para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron durante un tiempo en el
pasado. En espaol equivale normalmente a estaba + gerundio.




Afirmativa

I was working
You were working
He / she / it was working
We were working
You were working
They were working

Negacin

I was not working I wasnt working
You were not working you werent working
He / she / it was not working he / she /it wasnt working
We were not working we werent working
You were not working you werent working
They were not working they werent working

Interrogacin

Was I working? Yes, I was No, I wasnt
Were you working? Yes, you were No, you werent
Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasnt
Were we working? Yes, we were No, we werent
Were you working? Yes, you were No, you werent
Were they working? Yes, they were No, they werent

Reglas ortogrficas de los verbos acabados en ing:

- Los verbos que acaban en una sola e pierden esta vocal y aaden ing:
write writing have having come coming

- Los verbos de una slaba acabados en vocal + consonante duplican la
consonante y aaden ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):
put putting stop stopping shop shopping

Pasado simple vs. Pasado continuo

El pasado simple se suele utilizar para referirnos a situaciones o acciones
completas del
pasado o a situaciones permanentes o de larga duracin, tambin en el pasado.

Ejemplos:
- I lived in Rome till I was 10.
- She bought chocolates because she thought you liked them.

El pasado continuo, sin embargo, se refiere a situaciones o eventos temporales de
un
momento del pasado. Muchas veces se utiliza el pasado continuo para describir una
situacin
durante la cual se produjo otro evento (en pasado simple) que la interrumpi o se
produjo
paralelamente.



The phone rang

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We were watching television

Ejemplos:
-She arrived when we were having dinner.
-Tom was having a shower when someone knocked at the door.
-The neighbour felt ill while he was working in the garden.

Cuando hablamos de situaciones o eventos simultneos en el pasado, puede
utilizarse el pasado simple o el pasado continuo:

Ejemplos:
-They went on holiday while their son was at university.
-Jill was making dinner while he was laying the table.

Presente Perfecto
As se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + have/has + participio de un verbo
Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares aaden ed en el participio.
En el
caso de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo.

Afirmativa

I have worked Ive worked
You have worked youve worked
He / she / it has worked he/she/its worked
We have worked weve worked
You have worked youve worked
They have worked theyve worked

Negacin

I have not work ed I havent worked
You have not work ed You havent worked
He / she / it has not worked He / she / it hasnt worked
We have not worked We havent worked
You have not worked You havent worked
They have not worked They havent worked

Interrogacin

Have I worked? Yes, I have No, I havent
Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you havent
Has he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasnt
Have we worked? Yes, we have No, we havent
Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you havent
Have they worked? Yes, they have No, they havent






Uso del Presente Perfecto:

1. Para expresar una accin o estado que comenz en el pasado y an contina.
- I have lived in Brussels for 3 years = Llevo viviendo en Bruselas 3 aos (An vivo
all)
- She has studied English since last year = Lleva estudiando ingls desde el ao
pasado
(An est estudindolo)
-------------I have worked since 2000 -------------

2. Para expresar un hecho que ocurri en algn momento indeterminado del pasado.

- I have read that book. (no se especifica cuando)
- She has been to Paris.
She has been there

3. Para expresar una accin ya concluida, pero que afecta de alguna manera al
presente.

- Ive lost my keys and I cant go out now.
- Its rained a lot. Are you wet?
Ive lost my keys

NOTA: Al contrario que en espaol, el presente perfecto no se utiliza para hablar de
algo ocurrido en el pasado reciente. En esos casos se usa el pasado simple:

- He desayunado a las diez (hoy) I had breakfast at 10.
- Ha llegado esta tarde He arrived this afternoon.
- Qu has hecho por la maana? What did you do this morning?

Presente perfecto 2 (for, since, ago)

For siempre va seguido de un periodo de tiempo y puede traducirse como durante.
Puede acompaar al presente perfecto y al pasado simple.

Ejemplos:
- I have studied English for four years.
- Shes lived here for ages. (= for a very long time)
- Weve been on holiday for two weeks.
- We were friends for more than 10 years.

Since va seguido de una expresin de tiempo concreta, como un da, un ao, una
estacin, o un hecho concreto. Se traduce como desde. Acompaa al presente
perfecto, aunque puede ir seguido de una oracin en pasado simple.

Ejemplos:
- Shes lived with her father since she was 10.
- They have known each other since 1990.
- Peters worked there since last April.
- Hes had that car since last autumn.





Ago se traduce como hace... Acompaa slo al pasado simple y va precedido de un
periodo de tiempo.

Ejemplos:
- I went to France two years ago.
- She met him at school 10 years ago.
- Phil went shopping two weeks ago.
- My friends did a yoga course a couple of months ago.

Pasado simple vs. Presente perfecto

Uno de los aspectos gramticales del ingls ms conflictivos para los hablantes de
espaol es el uso del pasado simple y el presente perfecto. De hecho, en este punto el
ingls se diferencia bastante del espaol. Por ello, observa atentamente los siguientes
pares de ejemplos:

1. Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado:
- I have lived in Brussels for 3 years = Llevo viviendo en Bruselas 3 aos (An vivo
all)
- I lived in Brussels for 3 years = Viv en Bruselas durante tres aos. (Ya no vivo all)

2. Acciones acabadas que tuvieron lugar en algn momento del pasado:
- I have read that book. (No se especifica cuando, quiz porque no es relevante o se
desconoce)
- I read that book two summers ago. (Se especifica cuando)

3. Acciones que han tenido lugar en un pasado reciente.
- Ive lost my keys and I cant go out now. (La accin pasada tiene una relacin
directa con el
presente)
- I had cereals and orange juice for breakfast this morning. (La accin no tiene ninguna
repercusin en el presente, aunque haya ocurrido en el mismo da en el que se habla).

Presente Perfecto Continuo

As se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa:

Sujeto + have/has + been + verbo principal acabado en ing

Afirmativa

I have been working Ive been working
You have been working youve been working
He / she / it has been working he/she/its been working
We have been working weve been working
You have been working youve been working
They have been working theyve been working

Negacin

I have not been working I havent been working
You have not been working You havent been working
He / she / it has not been working He / she / it hasnt been working
We have not been working We havent been working


You have not been working You havent been working
They have not been working They havent been working

Interrogacin

Have I been working? Yes, I have No, I havent
Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you havent
Has he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasnt
Have we been working? Yes, we have No, we havent
Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you havent
Have they been working? Yes, they have No, they havent

El presente perfecto contnuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se
han producido durante un tiempo y han finalizado hace muy poco o an continan. A
menudo se acompaa de una expresin de tiempo con since o for, por ejemplo.

- Ive been trying to talk to him for weeks.
- Shes been studying French since she was 15, but she still cant speak fluently.
- Hes been living in Rome for five months now.

Tambin se utiliza frecuentemente en preguntas que comienzan con How long...?

- How long have you been waiting for the bus?
- How long has she been trying to find a job?
- How long have they been living there?

Pasado Perfecto

As se forma el pasado perfecto en su forma afirmativa:

Sujeto + had + participio de un verbo

Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares aaden ed en el participio.
En el caso de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo.

Afirmativa

I had worked Id worked
You had worked youd worked
He / she / it had worked he/she/itd worked
We had worked wed worked
You had worked youd worked
They had worked theyd worked

Negacin

I had worked I hadnt worked
You had worked You hadnt worked
He / she / it had not worked He / she / it hadnt worked
We had not worked We hadnt worked
You had not worked You hadnt worked
They had not worked They hadnt worked




Interrogacin

Had I worked? Yes, I had No, I hadnt
Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadnt
Had we worked? Yes, we had No, we hadnt
Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had they worked? Yes, they had No, they hadnt

Uso del Pasado Perfecto:

Este tiempo se utiliza para referirnos a un hecho pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra
accin tambin pasada o antes de algn momento concreto del pasado:

- When he arrived, the film had finished. 1 accin: the film had finished.
2 accin: he arrived.

- She found out that the he hadnt gone to school.
- She said she had been at home that morning.

Pasado perfecto con already y just.
- I had already had dinner when he phoned. (Ya haba cenado cuando l llam)
- She told me to buy some bread when I had just come back from the supermarket.
(Me pidi que comprara pan cuando yo acababa de volver del supermercado)

Pasado Perfecto Continuo

As se forma el pasado perfecto continuo en su forma afirmativa:

Sujeto + had + been + verbo principal acabado en ing

Afirmativa

I had been working Id been working
You had been working youd been working
He / she / it had been working he/she/itd been working
We had been working wed been working
You had been working youd been working
They had been working theyd been working

Negacin

I had not been working I hadnt been working
You had not been working You hadnt been working
He / she / it had not been working He / she / it hadnt been working
We had not been working We hadnt been working
You had not been working You hadnt been working
They had not been working They hadnt been working








Interrogacin

Had I been working? Yes, I had No, I hadnt
Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadnt
Had we been working? Yes, we had No, we hadnt
Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadnt
Had they been working? Yes, they had No, they hadnt

- El pasado perfecto contnuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se
produjeron durante cierto tiempo en el pasado y finalizaron en un momento concreto
tambin del pasado, o poco antes de ese momento:

- Jim had been watching TV all evening when she phoned.
- I had been doing some work before going to bed.
- They had been trying to save for the summer holidays.
- Her parents had been trying to persuade her for weeks but she didnt listen to them.
- El pasado perfecto continuo enfatiza la duracin de una accin o situacin, mientras
que el pasado perfecto se refiere ms a la finalizacin de una actividad o sus efectos:

- She had been phoning for hours but she hadnt got any answer.

Futuro Simple

Afirmativa

I will work Ill work
You will work youll work
He / she / it will work he / she / itll work
We will work well work
You will work youll work
They will work theyll work

Negacin

I will not work I wont work
You will not work you wont work
He / she / it will not work he / she /it wont work
We will not work we wont work
You will not work you wont work
They will not work they wont work

Interrogacin

Will I work? Yes, I will No, I wont
Will you work Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it wont
Will we work? Yes, we will No, we wont
Will you work? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they work? Yes, they will No, they wont






Shall: con I y we se puede utilizar shall en lugar de will, pero su uso es menos
comn:


- I will go to work in five minutes = I shall go to work in five minutes.
- We will buy vegetables this afternoon = We shall buy vegetables this afternoon.

To be going to vs. futuro simple (will)

Planes futuros

1. To be going to + infinitivo se utiliza para expresar acciones futuras ya planeadas
(excepto las que forman parte de un horario o programa):

- Im going to buy a new car next week.
- They re going to move house.
- Shes going to have a baby.
- Were going to get married next summer.
- Lindas going to learn Italian.

2. El futuro simple (will), sin embargo, se usa cuando tomamos la decisin de hacer
algo en el momento de hablar, sin haber hecho ningn plan previo:

- The phone is ringing. Ill get it.
- Ill take my umbrella because its very cloudy.
- Ill have a cup of tea.
- Well go for a walk if you want.

Tambin se utiliza cuando se habla de acciones que forman parte de un horario o
programa:

- The train to Liverpool will leave from platform 11.
- The conference will start in half an hour.

Predicciones

1. To be going to + infinitivo se utiliza tambin para hacer predicciones cuando
tenemos algn indicio para hacerlas:

- Therere very dark clouds. I think its going to rain very soon.
- She didnt study for the exam. Shes going to fail.
- Weve missed the bus, so were going to be late.

2. El futuro simple (will) se utiliza para hacer predicciones, pero cuando no hay
indicios de ellas, sino que son fruto de la opinin del hablante:

- Buy her that book. Shell like it a lot.
- I think England will lose.
- Itll be cold tonight.







Futuro Continuo

As se forma el futuro continuo en su forma afirmativa:

Sujeto + will + be + verbo principal en su forma ing

Afirmativa

I will be working Ill be working
You will be working youll be working
He / she / it will be working he / she / itll be working
We will be working well be working
You will be working youll be working
They will be working theyll be working

Negacin

I will not be working I wont be working
You will not be working you wont be working
He / she / it will not be working he / she /it wont be working
We will not be working we wont be working
You will not be working you wont be working
They will not be working they wont be working

Interrogacin

Will I be working? Yes, I will No, I wont
Will you be working Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he / she / it be working? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it wont
Will we be working? Yes, we will No, we wont
Will you be working? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they be working? Yes, they will No, they wont

- El futuro continuo se utiliza para referirnos a acciones que ocurrirn en un momento
concreto del futuro o durante cierto tiempo en el futuro. A veces se trata de acciones
ya planeadas. Se suele mencionar el complemento circunstancial de tiempo
(tomorrow, next time, etc.)

- Ill be wearing a suit at work every day.
- Shell be leaving tomorrow morning at 9.
- Martha will be renting her flat next year.

Futuro Perfecto

Uso: se utiliza para expresar que algo ya habr sucedido o se habr completado en
cierto momento futuro:

Ejemplos:

- Ill have finished my exams by 20th June. (Ya habr terminado los exmenes el 20 de
junio)
- Shell have paid her mortgage when she is 55. (Habr terminado de pagar cuando
tenga 55)


- Ill have done the shopping by the time you get home. (Habr hecho la compra antes
de que llegues)

Afirmativa

I will have worked Ill have worked
You will have worked youll have worked
He / she / it will have worked he / she / itll have worked
We will have worked well have worked
You will have worked youll have worked
They will have worked theyll have worked

Negacin

I will not have worked I wont have worked
You will not have worked you wont have worked
He / she / it will not have worked he / she /it wont have worked
We will not have worked we wont have worked
You will not have worked you wont have worked
They will not have worked they wont have worked

Interrogacin

Will I have worked? Yes, I will No, I wont
Will you have worked? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he / she / it have worked? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it wont
Will we have worked? Yes, we will No, we wont
Will you have worked? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they have worked? Yes, they will No, they wont

Futuro Perfecto Continuo

As se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa:

Sujeto + will + have + been + verbo principal acabado en ing

Afirmativa

I will have been working Ill have been working
You will have been working youll have been working
He / she / it will have been working he/she/itll have been working
We will have been working well have been working
You will have been working youll have been working
They will have been working theyll have been working

Negacin

I will not have been working I wont have been working
You will not have been working You wont have been working
He / she / it will not have been working He / she / it wont have been working
We will not have been working We wont have been working
You will not have been working You wont have been working
They will not have been working They wont have been working




Interrogacin

Will I have been working? Yes, I will No, I wont
Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will he/she/it have been working? Yes, he/she/it will No, he/she/it wont
Will we have been working? Yes, we will No, we wont
Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you wont
Will they have been working? Yes, they will No, they wont

- El futuro perfecto continuo se utiliza para expresar cuanto tiempo habr durado una
accin o situacin cuando llegue cierto momento. Es necesario mencionar la duracin
de dicha accin (one year, two days...) y el momento futuro que se toma como
referencia (next summer, tomorrow...)

- Next year well have been living in this house for 2 years.
- Hell have been travelling around the world for one month on Monday.