Article Review Thermal Buckling Plates Shells

Thermal buckling of plates and shells
Earl A Thornton
Dept ofMecli, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA 22903-2442 This review discusses research on thermal buckling of plates and shells since the first work in the 1950s. Elastic thermal buckling of metallic as well as composite plates and shells is described. The role of material thermal properties on thickness and spatial temperature gradients is demonstrated first. Then thermal buckling and postbuckling research for plates, shallow shells and curved panels, cylindrical and conical shells is presented. Analytical, computational and experimental studies are described. Governing equations and formulas for critical buckling temperatures are presented for several practical applications. An assessment of past research is made, and future research needs are highlighted.
1. INTRODUCTION In the fourth AIAA von Karman lecture, Nicholas J Hoff, Hoff (1967), describes the evolution of thin-walled aircraft structures from the early days of aviation to the halcyon days of the Apollo program. A recurrent theme throughout his description of aerospace structures history is the engineer grappling with buckling problems of thinwalled structures. An early paper of Professor Hoff, Hoff (1946), traces aerospace buckling problems back to the wood-steel-fabric biplane era where the Euler buckling formula and beam-column theory were used to design struts of biplane wings and wing spars subjected to compressive loads. In the late 1920s solutions to buckling problems played an important role in the advancement of all-metal semi-monocoque construction. For several decades thereafter, engineers struggled with buckling problems of metallic thin-walled plates and shells under mechanical loads. The results of their work led to safe and reliable aircraft that made commercial aviation a worldwide economic success. Indeed, the basic construction ideas of riveted skin-stringer metallic structures made possible by the buckling analyses of the 1920s-1930s prevail today in modern commercial transports. The importance of thermal effects on aircraft began after World War II with supersonic flight. Aerodynamic heating from supersonic flight induced elevated temperatures that affected material selection and significantly altered structural design practices. Thermal gradients and restrained thermal expansion introduced thermal buckling for the first time. A recent paper, (Thornton, 1992), describes development of thermal structures from the early days of supersonic flight to the more recent challenges presented by hypersonic flight. The development of the National Aerospace Plane
(NASP) presents engineers with their greatest thermal structural challenges yet. New advanced metal matrix composites were developed for severe elevated temperature applications. Complex convectively-cooled thin-walled structures subjected to intense local heating provided unprecedented materials and structural modeling challenges. One example of such an extreme instance of a thin-walled structure subjected to intense local heating is the problem of shock-shock interactions. As hypersonic vehicles accelerate at high speeds in the atmosphere, shocks sweep across the vehicle interacting with local shocks and boundary layers. These interactions expose structural surfaces to severe local pressures and heat fluxes. The first known instance of shock-shock interactions in high speed flight occurred on the X-15 in 1967. In that flight, the intense local heating induced severe local damage on a supporting pylon for a dummy ramjet engine, Thornton (1992). On the NASP these interactions occur on leading edges of integrated engine structures which experience intense, highly localized aerothermal loads. Dechaumphai et al (1989) studied issues relevant to the thermal-structure response of hydrogen cooled, super thermal-conducting leading edges subject to intense aerodynamic heating. A thermoviscoplastic analysis of hypersonic engine structures, Thornton et al (1990), showed similar trends with thinwalled convectively cooled structures subjected to high internal pressures and intense local heating. Poleski et al (1992) describe a three-dimensional thermal structural analysis of a swept cowl leading edge subjected to skewed shock-shock interference heating. The analysis shows that due to the intense localized heating, the thin elastic leading edge experiences very large local compressive stresses. The high level of these compressive stresses suggests the possibility of localized inelastic behavior and/or local buckling. Clearly these
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Appl Mech Rev vol 46, no 10, October 1993
Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells
new, complex problems present structural analysts with new, unprecedented thermal-buckling challenges. This article describes research on thermal buckling of plates and shells. Elastic thermal buckling is emphasized although recent experience on NASP problems has shown the importance of inelastic buckling. However, the literature available on elastic buckling is much more extensive than for inelastic buckling, and an assessment of these studies was given priority for this review. Thermal buckling of metallic as well as composite plates and shells is considered. Thermal buckling studies of composites are much more recent than for metallics, and recent progress with composites is described. Temperature levels and their distributions have a major role in thermal buckling. The article begins with a brief description of temperature distributions in thinwalled structures. Then past literature on thermal buckling of plates and shells is described. In each instance, past research is assessed, and research needs are discussed. The article concludes with brief summarizing remarks. 2. TEMPERATURES IN THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES The determination of temperatures in a thin-walled structure begins with conservation of energy. In the most general form with thermomechanical coupling, Allen (1991), the conservation of energy equation includes terms that represent the conversion of mechanical to thermal energy. In practical aerospace structural heat transfer, thermomechanical coupling is usually neglected. Then the conservation of energy equation involves temperature as the only dependent variable. It may be solved for the temperature distribution independently from the structural problem.
i
TB =T,(x 1 ,x 2 ,x a ,t)
q i i = -<is
n
on.Sl
onS
q i n i =h(T B -T e )
qjiij = O-ET 4 - a q r
onS 3
onS4 ,2\
where qt denotes components of heat flux, n^ denotes components of a unit outward normal vector, and SJ(i = 1,4) denotes portions of the surface. The specified surface temperature is Ts, and the specified heat flux (positive into the surface) is q. In the convective boundary condition on Sp the convection coefficient is //, and the convective exchange temperature is Te. In the radiation boundary condition on S4, a is the StefanBoltzmann constant, e is the surface emissivity, a is the surface absorptivity, and qr is the incident radiation flux. For structural heat transfer with surfaces at significantly different elevated temperatures, radiation exchanges can occur. The determination of radiation exchanges between surfaces is complicated because radiation emitted by a typical surface depends on its surface temperature which is unknown, and the geometrical relationship between surfaces affects the exchanges. Thus the basic aerospace structural heat transfer problem is nonlinear because of temperature-dependent properties and radiation heat transfer. For practical structures, temperature is determined computationally, most often by finite difference methods (Schuh, 1965) but also by finite element methods (Huebner and Thornton, 1982). 2.2 Temperature Distributions Complex thin-walled aerospace structures under service conditions rarely experience uniform temperatures. Often, the external heating is non-uniform. For example, leading edges of wings in high speed flight experience high local heating at stagnation points. Moreover, as the external flow traverses the'airfoil, aerodynamic heating changes with surface curvature and increases significantly at a transition from laminar to turbulent flow. As mentioned in the Introduction, shock interactions cause intense local heating. Even if the external heating is nearly uniform, spatial variations in skin temperatures Occur due to internal reinforcements such as ribs, stiffeners and frames. At points or lines of attachment of local skin reinforcements, temperatures are lower than nearby skin temperatures because the reinforcement offers a greater material volume to absorb energy and a conduction path for heat transfer to the structure interior. Very early recognition of temperature variations in thin-walled structures was made for supersonic aircraft, Hoff (1951). Boley and Wiener (1960) describe research in the 1950s on temperature distributions and give additional references. In orbiting space structures, temperatures are unsteady because of the variation of incident heat fluxes with
2.1 Structural Heatl Transfer Heat transfer in thin-walled structures is conduction dominated, and the classical heat conduction equation is used:
where T(xp x2, xy t) is temperature, k.. are the components of the material's thermal conductivity tensor, p is the density, c is the specific heat, and Q is the internal heat generation rate per unit volume. The components of the thermal conductivity tensor and the specific heat are temperature dependent. The heat conduction equation is solved subject to an initial condition and boundary conditions on the structure's surface. The initial condition specifies the temperature distribution at time zero. The boundary conditions may consist of specified surface temperature, specified heat flow, convective heat exchange, and radiation heat exchange. These may be written as
487
Table 1 Thickness Temperature Gradients for Various Materials 0.1 BTU/in2-s (16.4 W/cm2) h= 0.125" (0.318 cm) Material 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Graphite-Epoxy Titanium (MIL-T-9047) Carbon-Carbon Stainless (17-8PH) HastelloyX Copper (G3-Heat Treat) Graphite-Magnesium Magnesium (AZ80A-F) Graphite-Aluminum Aluminum (6061-T6) Thermal conductivity k (BTU/in-s-'F)' 2.2x10-5 1.1 x l O - 4 2.0x10-4 2.2x10-4 2.6x10-4 5.6x10-4 5.9x10-4 1.0x10-3 1.1 x10- 3 2.2x10-3 (W/cm-'C) 1.6x10-2 8.3x10-2 1.5 x10- 1 1.7x10-1 1.9 x10- 1 4.2x10-1 4.4x10-1 7.6x10-1 8.3x10-1 1.7 Thermal Diffusivity
K
Temperature Gradient, AT 280 56 31 28 24 11 11 6.1 5.6 2.8
(in2/s) 1.5x10-4 5.3x10-3 1.1 x10-2 7.4x10- 3 6.7x10-3 2.1 x 1 0 - 2 2.8x10-2 6.3x10-2 4.9x10-2 9.9x10-2
(cm2/s) 9.9x10-4 3.4x10-2 7.2x10-2 4.8x10-2 4.3x10-2 1.3x10-1 1.8x10-1 4.1 X10-1 3.1 X10-1 6.4x10-1
CC) 160 30 17 15 13 6 6 3.4 3.1 1.6
orbital position, Thornton and Paul (1985). Structural temperatures may experience extremes from +250F to 250F for an orbit where the spacecraft passes through the Earth's shadow. Temperatures vary spatially in orbiting structures because of nonuniform incident heat fluxes, structural conduction and radiation heat losses from surfaces. In the vacuum of space, radiation heat transfer is particularly significant. For example, thin cylindrical shells may have major circumferential temperature variations since typically one-half of the cylindrical surface experiences heating from the solar flux while the remaining portion of the surface is shaded. All surfaces of the cylinder, heated and unheated, experience thermal energy losses to space by radiation. Finally, thermal properties of materials have a major effect on temperature distributions. Metallic and composite materials may have significant differences in thermal properties that yield substantially different temperature distributions. To gain insight into how the properties of several common aerospace materials affect the temperature of a thin-walled structure, it is helpful to examine a simple heat conduction problem. Consider a thin plate of thickness /; with the x,y,z coordinate system located at the middle surface. The initial temperature of the plate is zero. The surface z = -h/2 is perfectly insulated, and for time t > 0 the surface z = h/2 is uniformly heated by a constant heat flux qs. To understand how material properties affect the temperature gradient through the plate thickness, consider the situation where there is no temperature variation with x and y, ie T(z,t), Thermal properties are assumed constant. The solution to the initial/boundary value problem is given by Boley and Weiner (1960) as
\2 i
where the thermal diffusivity K = K/pc. This solution predicts that after an initial transient, temperatures of the top and bottom surfaces of the plate increase linearly with time according to the first term in the square brackets. Thus, the infinite series contributes to the temperature distribution only during the initial transient, and after early time the series contribution becomes negligible. Neglecting the series permits the thickness temperature difference or gradient AT = T(h/2,t)-T(h/2,t) to be expressed by the simple equation,
AT
2k
(4)
Equation 4 shows that the thickness temperature gradient varies linearly with the applied heat flux and plate thickness but inversely with the thermal conductivity. Table I gives thermal properties and thickness temperature gradients predicted for ten metallic and composite plates. Figures 1-2 show Graphite-Epoxy
T(z,t) =
2lh
2
(3)
4 5 6 Time (seconds)
7.
-^(-l) n exp(-n 2 7r 2 rt/h)cosri7ri +
FIG 1 Thermal response of suddenly heated, thin graphiteepoxy plate, qs = 0.1 BTU/in2"s (16 W/cm2) and h = 0.125 in (0.318 cm).
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Appl Mech Rev vol 46, no 10, October 1993 A16061-T6

4.0 3.53.0f
Heated Surface Gradient Insulated Surface 1.5 a 2.0
&. 1.0 J
0.5
Coolant Coolant FIG 3 Centrally-heated, edge-cooled Heldenfels and Roberts (1952).

plate studied by
0.00.000
0.025 Time (seconds)
0.050
~ti%0
FIG 2 Thermal response of suddenly heated, thin aluminum alloy plate, qs = 0.1 BTU/in2"s (16 W/cm2) and h = 0.125 in (0.318 cm). transient temperatures for graphite-epoxy and aluminum plates. Graphite-epoxy and aluminum have the smallest and largest values of thermal conductivity, respectively, and produce extreme values for the temperature gradient. Graphite-epoxy has a very large thickness temperature gradient, and aluminum has a very small temperature gradient. Table I shows, in fact, that the graphite-epoxy composite is exceptional; its thermal conductivity is so low that an extraordinarily large thickness temperature gradient is predicted. Since the practical temperature range of this material is limited to less than 250F (120C), it is doubtful that such a large AT could ever occur in practice. The other metallics and metallic-based composites show relatively small thickness temperature gradients with titanium showing the largest and aluminum the smallest gradients, respectively. The thickness temperature gradients shown may be regarded Graphite-Epoxy
450 t> = 5.0in (13 cm) ., BTU ( , , W"\ in - s ^ cm J 200 250
as upper bounds since often thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature, and the insulated boundary condition on the bottom surface will not be realized as energy losses will inevitably occur due to surface convection or radiation heat transfer. In addition, any heat conduction in the x-y plane due to plate supports or non-uniform heating will lessen the thickness temperature gradient. For thin-walled metallic structures, customary practice has been to neglect thickness temperature gradients. Insight into the effect of thermal properties on the spatial variation of the thin plate temperature, T(x,y), is provided by solution of the linear, unsteady initial/boundary value problem of a plate locally heated, Fig 3. The edges of the plate at y = b are maintained at constant temperature of zero by specified coolant flows. The bottom and top surfaces of the plate are perfectly insulated except along the centerline of the upper plate surface. For time t > 0, the plate experiences uniform heating qs on a narrow strip along the x axis. Hastelloy-X
500
400
150
g
3
300
2 100 E 200
- 50
-100
0.04 y/b
0.06
0.08
0.10 y/b
0.6
1.0
FIG 4 Temperature distribution for locally heated graphiteepoxy plate, qs = 0.1 BTU/in2-s (16. W/cm2), b=5.0 in (13 cm).
FIG 5 Temperature distribution for locally heated Hastelloy X plate, qs = 0.1 BTU/in2-s (16. W/cm2), b = 5.0 in (13 cm).
489
Temperature is assumed uniform through the plate thickness. The solution to the symmetric, one-dimensional conduction problem is given by Carslaw and Jaeger (1980) as,
Tfv t ) U
for high temperature multilayered composite plates and shells and lists 448 references. 3.1 The Plane Stress Problem The classical plane stress problem consists of a thin, perfectly flat, isotropic rectangular plate heated so that the temperature is a function only of the spatial coordinates and time, ie T(x, y, t). Since the temperature does not vary through the plate thickness the thermal moment is zero, and the plate remains flat as the temperature changes. A state of plane stress is assumed, and the non-zero stresses Ov, 0V, xv are functions only of
x y xy
J
(b~y) ' ' 2k

1
qbv H)n **k(2n+l)

J
2b
(5)
where qo = qswl2h with w as the width of the heated strip, and as before, K is the thermal diffusivity. For large time, plate temperatures approach steady-state with the peak temperature at the centerline and a linear decrease to the specified zero values on the plate edges. As with the previous solution, Eq 5 predicts plate transient temperature distributions that depend inversely on the material's thermal conductivity. Using the thermal properties shown in Table I, transient thermal responses were computed for graphiteepoxy, Hastelloy X, and aluminum, (Figs 4-6). These results indicate the responses of low, medium and high thermal conductivity materia] plates to local heating. The results show for low thermal conductivity graphiteepoxy (Fig 4) that temperatures rise rapidly with very steep temperature gradients and a highly-localized heated region. On the other hand, for aluminum with high thermal conductivity (Fig 6) temperatures rise more slowly with lower gradients as thermal energy is conducted into the cooler boundaries. The response of the Hastelloy X, a high temperature nickel-based alloy, falls somewhere in between these two extremes, but the material demonstrates high local temperatures, steep gradients and a relatively small heated region. Thin walled structures of this alloy subjected to localized heating are likely to experience inelastic buckling behavior due to the high local temperatures. These examples demonstrate two types of thermal gradient responses characteristic of thin-walled structures. For low thermal conductivity materials such as graphite-epoxy, high thickness temperature gradients will occur. However, for metals and metal matrix composites, thickness temperature gradients are negligible, and spatial temperature gradients are most likely to occur in applications.
the spatial coordinates and time. Assuming elastic quasistatic behavior with constant properties, the elasticity problem may be formulated in terms of the two non-zero equilibrium equations, the strain-displacement relations and Hooke's law. Some of the earliest thermal-stress analyses relevant to thermal buckling were concerned with solving the plane stress problem for a steady temperature distribution T(x, y). A popular approach was to introduce an Airy stress function F(x, y) such that <?2F
"y=-
<?2F
Txy
dzdy
(6)
Equilibrium is then satisfied, and by using the membrane strain compatibility equation F is a solution of the non-homogeneous biharmonic equation V F = -EaV 2 T
(7)
Aluminum
3. THERMAL BUCKLING OF PLATES This section reviews past research on thermal buckling of rectangular plates. The review is divided into three parts: (1) the plane stress problem, (2) the buckling problem, and (3) the postbuckling problem. Within each part papers are described in chronological order. A survey of thermally induced flexure, buckling and vibration of plates, Tauchert (1991), provided some of the references in this review. A recent review article by Noorand Burton (1992) describes computational models
y/b
FIG 6 Temperature distribution for locally heated aluminum plate, q, = 1 BTU/in2-s (16; W/cm2), b = 5.0 in (13 cm).
490
where E is the modulus of elasticity, and a is the coefficient of thermal expansion. The stress function F, of course, must satisfy appropriate boundary conditions on the plate edges. Heldenfels and Roberts (1952) investigated the plane stress problem theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical studies produced an approximate complementary energy solution for the Airy stress function. In the experimental studies, simple "tentlike" steady-state temperature distributions were introduced by heating a rectangular plate along a centerline with a heating wire and maintaining constant temperature along parallel edges by water flow through coolant tubes (Fig 3). Top and bottom surfaces of the plate were insulated to produce uniform, one-dimensional, linear temperature variations between the heated centerline and cooled parallel edges. In the experimental study, in-plane plate displacements were permitted to occur freely, but out-ofplane displacements were prevented by restraints that forced the plate to remain flat. Thermocouples and strain gages were used to measure temperatures and strains, respectively. Experimental results were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the approximate theoretical results. The results showed important characteristics of the stress distribution. The tentlike temperature distribution (Fig 7) causes the central portion of the plate to be in compression. For example, the stress ojo,y) is compressive for -b/2 < y < b/2 where the transverse width of the plate is 2b. For an unrestrained plate, these compressive stresses must be equilibrated by tensile stresses Ox along the outer regions of the plate. The most important point, however, is that the unrestrained plate may experience thermal buckling due to compressive stresses induced by the spatial temperature gradients. A few years later Przemieniecki (1959) used characteristic beam vibration modes to derive an approximate solution for the plane stress problem for arbitrary temperature distributions. Two years later, Rao and Johns (1961) compared various solutions for the
plane stress problem assuming a symmetrical temperature variation across the width of the plate. These investigations provided insight into the membrane thermal stress distributions that establish the possibility of thermal buckling due to the local compressive stresses. The plane-stress problem remains important today. In a study of the viscoplastic response of plates due to unsteady heating, Thornton and Kolenski (1991) investigated the plane stress problem using a finite element approach. Plate elastic and inelastic membrane stresses were investigated for prescribed transient temperature distributions. Local yielding significantly alters membrane stress distributions, and for rapid rises of temperature, the nickel-based alloy materials display initially higher yield stresses due to strain rate effects. As temperatures approach elevated values, yield stress and stiffness degrade rapidly and pronounced plastic deformation occurs. 3.2 Buckling To determine the critical buckling temperature, small transverse bending displacements of the plate are assumed. The stresses obtained from the solution of the uncoupled plane stress problem is used to define the inplane stress resultants JVy N. N which are obtained by multiplying the stresses by the plate thickness h. The displacement w(x,y) of the buckled plate is governed by the linear differential equation
dx2
*ydxdy
ay2
(8)
where D is the flexural rigidity of the plate, D = Eh3/12(l-x?), and v is Poisson's ratio. One of the basic thermal buckling solutions to Eq 8 is for a fullyrestrained plate with a uniform temperature rise. For a rectangular plate with dimensions (2a x 2b) subjected to uniform compressive membrane forces Nx and N, Timoshenko and Gere (1961) give the critical condition as
2 2 2 2
N v
^ V
+ N
(2a)
= Dm %
n%
where m, n denote the number of half-waves in the x and y directions, respectively. Due to a uniform temperature rise AT, Nx=Ny = hEccAT/(l-v) for the fully restrained plate. Thus the critical buckling temperature is determined by substituting for Nx and N and solving for AT 7 r 2 D ( l - u ) f m 2 , rr ~ Z n ' - < 4Eah
AT. . FIG 7 Tentlike temperature distribution and axial stresses in Heldenfels and Roberts (1952) plate.
491
where the minimum value occurs for m = n = 1. Substituting for 2? yields,

AT =
n n 1 48(l+u)aVa
1 (9)
ling temperatures were computed in these two papers for a plate of dimensions (2a x 2b) and the parabolic temperature distribution,
T = T0 + T,
1-1
i-l
1-1 i_z
Equation 9 shows that the critical buckling temperature is independent of the material's modulus of elasticity. For thin plates fully-restrained against in-plane displacements, Eq 9 predicts quite small critical buckling temperatures. For example, an aluminum plate with a = 18 in, b = 12 in and h = 0.25 in buckles at a critical temperature ATcr= 8.4F. Shortly after the Heldenfels and Roberts paper on the plane stress problem was published at NASA Langley, a closely related paper by Gossard, Seide and Roberts (1952) described the buckling and post buckling behavior of the same plate. The paper made two important contributions. First, the critical buckling temperature for the unrestrained plate with the tentlike temperature distribution was determined analytically. Secondly, the post-buckling nonlinear, out-of-plane bending displacement w(x,y) was studied analytically and experimentally. The critical buckling temperature was obtained for simple supports by the principle of minimum potential energy using a series of trigonometric functions for the transverse displacement. The in-plane displacements are unrestrained. For a panel with aspect ratio oicilb = 1.57, the critical buckling temperature was determined to be
Tw =
(11) The results of these two papers showed that the critical buckling temperature is given by Eq 10 in the genera] form
T _-!_ l h
2 2
1 - v a b2
(12)
where T
is the critical value of the temperature rise.
The thermal buckling coefficient kT depends on the plate aspect ratio and in-plane boundary restraints. Equation 12 assumes fully restrained simple supports, and that the plate buckles in a single half-wave in each direction. The variation of the critical buckling temperature with the aspect ratio alb for the parabolic temperature distribution is shown in Fig 8. Thermal buckling of a simply-supported rectangular panel unrestrained in the plane is considered by Boley and Weiner (1960). The edges x = 0,2a and y = 0,2b are assumed to remain straight. A temperature distribution T T0-T1 cos ny/b is assumed. An analytical solution is
lh2 5.39^ 12 1 - t / a b 2
(10)
u.oT, CR 0.5kT 1 h2 1-v 2 a b 2
In Eq 10, Tlcr is the critical value of the temperature differential, the difference T1 between the center and edge temperatures in a tentlike temperature distribution, Fig 7. The paper also studied the plate's postbuckling behavior which will be described in the next section. After the Gossard, Seide and Roberts paper, other authors investigated bifurcation thermal buckling of rectangular plates. Hoff (1956) investigated thermal buckling of supersonic wing panels. Temperature and thermal stress distributions due to aerodynamic heating were analyzed for supersonic wing structures. An analytical approach for determining critical thermal buckling stresses for wing cover plates was developed, van der Neut (1957) investigated approximate analysis methods for determining critical buckling temperature for panels with assumed distributions of thermal stress. Klosner and Forray (1958) studied buckling of simply supported plates under an arbitrary symmetrical temperature distribution. In-plane displacements of the plate are assumed to be elastically restrained by supporting edge members. The critical buckling temperature was determined by a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure. Miura (1961) used a similar procedure to obtain the critical buckling temperature when in-plane displacements are completely restrained. Critical buck-
0.4-
0.3-
T0/T1 = 0
0.20.5 0.1_ 1 2 3 5
1 1
no-
a/b
FIG 8 Buckling coefficient for simply-supported, fullyrestrained plate with parabolic temperature distribution, Klosner and Forray (1952).
492
developed by first determining the stress function F that satisfies Eq 7. Then the transverse displacement w(x,y) is expanded in an infinite series where a typical term has the formAmn sin (m7ix/2a) sln(nnyl2b). Satisfaction of Eq 8 leads to an infinite determinant for computing the critical values of the buckling temperature T} (Note, as with the unrestrained plate of Gossard and Seide, that buckling does not depend on 7\). The critical temperature has the form AT
l
_ ky
"
i
2
i h2
24 1 - D a b !
/13)
where kj is a function of in and the aspect ratio a/b; in is the number of half-waves in the x direction. A curve is given showing the variation of kj with aspect ratio. The minimum value of k} is 3.848. For an aspect ratio a/b < 1.4, the plate buckles in one half-wave, m = 1; for 1.4 < alb < 2.5, m = 2; for 2.5 < a/b < 3.5, m = 3; etc. The Boley and Weiner text also includes the effect of an axial applied stress a x , and an interaction curve is given. Thermal buckling of parallelogram (skewed) rectangular plates were investigated in the 1970s. For applications to aircraft wings Matsumoto (1973) analyzed parallelogram, shallow curved panels using Galerkin's method for clamped boundary conditions and an arbitrary temperature distribution. Using a measured temperature distribution, buckling temperatures were computed for parallelogram and rectangular panels. The critical buckling temperature for a parallelogram panel was higher than the corresponding rectangular panel. Shallow panel curvature increased buckling temperatures. Prabhu and Durvasula (1974a, b) analyzed skewed, flat plates using a Ritz method. Critical buckling temperatures are given as a function of the skew angle for restrained plates with simple and clamped transverse deflection boundary conditions. More general analyses of thermal buckling of flat plates were presented in the 1980s. Thermal buckling of initially stressed thick plates was investigated by Chen et al. (1982). The paper shows that transverse shear effects can reduce the plate critical buckling temperature. Bednarczyk and Richter (1985) consider thermal buckling of unrestrained plates with self-equilibrated stresses. They study the influence of the spatial temperature distribution on critical buckling modes and seek the temperature distribution that yields the lowest critical buckling temperature. For square plates, the lowest eigenvalue occurs when the temperature distribution is piecewise constant. An example shows a central square patch of a plate having uniform temperature surrounded by a "picture frame" of zero temperature. The implication of the analyses is that minimum buckling temperatures occur under a condition of localized thermal shock. Bargmann (1985) considers a rectangular flat plate with a non-uniform temperature distribution and simply supported boundary conditions. In-plane forces are distributed so that the plate edges
remain straight during deformation. Stability conditions are derived for: (1) a uniaxial stress field, (2) biaxial combined compression and tension and (3) biaxial combined compression, tension and shear. In a study of thermal buckling that occurs in the growth process for producing sheets of silicon, Ahmed and Dillon (1987) study thermal buckling of plates with reinforced edges. A prescribed temperature profile, T(x), is assumed. The plane stress problem for the membrane stress is analyzed first, and then the industrial process is modeled as a cantilever plate. The role of the edge stiffeners is examined, and the authors conclude that edge stiffeners can either help or hinder thermal buckling as compared to a flat plate. Studies of the effects of the environment on laminated composites in the 1970s led to the first thermal buckling analyses of composite plates. Whitney and Ashton (1971) used an energy formulation in conjunction with a Ritz method to determine critical buckling temperatures for restrained angle ply laminates. Flagg and Vinson (1978) used a similar approach to study the effects of moisture and temperature on critical buckling loads. It was shown that these hygrothermal effects reduce critical buckling loads. Since the 1980s, much thermal buckling research has focused on buckling of composite laminated panels. The book by Whitney (1987) formulates the governing equations for expansional strain effects in laminated plates. Thermal buckling of rectangular plates with symmetric angle-ply laminates are analyzed using the Ritz method. Thermal buckling behavior has been studied also with approximate analytical methods by Tauchert (1987), Tauchert and Huang (1987), Chen and Chen (1987a), Chandrashekhara (1991a), Huang and Tauchert (1990), Sun and Hsu (1990) and Chang and Leu(1991) and computationally by the finite element method by Thangaratnam et al (1989), Chen and Chen (1989a,b), Chang and Shiao (1990) and Chang (1990). The effects of various laminated plate parameters have been investigated. A recent collection of papers on thermal effects on structures and materials edited by Birman and Hui (1990) includes additional references on thermally induced buckling of composites. Paley and Aboudi (1991) develop a method for determining critical buckling temperatures for metal matrix composite plates. 3.3 Postbuckling The 1952 paper by Gossard, Seide and Roberts describes the first theoretical and experimental investigations of thermal postbuckling. When a plate's transverse displacements became large (eg, of the order of the plate thickness), stretching of the middle surface may occur. Because of this stretching, the membrane forces change as the plate deforms. The membrane stresses (or the stress function F) and the displacement w(x, y) must be determined simultaneously. The postbuckling theoretical problem is described by von Karman's equations,
493
hV F = Eh
<?x<?yj
dx2 dy2
-V N T
DV4w = h
2 <?2F<?2w _ 2 <? F d2w - + <92F<?V dy2 dx <?x<?y obc<?y dx dy2
-V2MT (14)
where the thermal force per unit length is

N
T=E4hK/2T(X'y'Z)dZ
(15)
and the thermal moment per unit length is MT=Ea| T(x,y,z)zdz U/ 2
(l6)
Equations (14) are solved subject to appropriate boundary conditions, see Boley and Weiner (1960). Gossard, Seide and Roberts (1952) obtain an approximate analytical solution based on the Galerkin method. Two cases are considered: (1) an initially perfectly flat plate, and (2) a plate with an initial deflection. Experimentally, the plate was tested with simple supports for bending displacements, and in-plane displacements were unrestrained. The plate was tested under steady conditions with the tentlike temperature distribution (Fig 7) used by Heldenfels and Roberts (1952). Temperature is assumed constant through the plate thickness, and the thermal moment is zero. The maximum temperature rise during the test was about 150F, and the critical buckling temperature rise, Eq 10, was slightly less than 200'F. The experimental results showed that the effect of the initial plate deflection was appreciable. The maximum initial deflection was about 18% of the plate thickness. The test results show a strongly nonlinear variation of the plate deflection with the temperature rise even for deflections less than onehalf the plate thickness. The largest plate deflection measured was less than a plate thickness. With initial deflections considered, good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretical results. After the Gossard, Seide and Roberts paper, other authors in the 1950s and 1960s investigated thermal postbuckling of plates. Williams (1955,1958) performed a large deflection analysis to determine deflections and membrane stresses for an infinite strip (cylindrical bending) subjected to pressure and temperature variations. Forray and Newman (1962a,b) study the postbuckling behavior of flat simply supported rectangular plates with parabolic temperature variations in x and y. Wilcox and Clemmer (1964) analyzed the large deflections of a simply supported rectangular plate with elastic in-plane deflection restraints. Pressure and temperature changes were considered. Subsequently, interest in thermal buckling of isotropic plates decreased with only a few papers over the next two decades. Prabhu and Durvasula (1976) investigated
thermal post-buckling characteristics of clamped skew plates with restrained edges subjected to planar temperature distributions. Approximate solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equations are obtained by a perturbation method. The results showed that the plate nonlinearity tends to increase with skew angle for both uniform and nonuniform temperature distributions considered. HE Williams (1979) reconsidered the stability conditions for the cylindrical bending problem originally studied by ML Williams in the 1950s. Jones et al (1980) investigated thermal postbuckling of flat plates using Berger's approximation to plate bending theory. HE Williams (1982) studies buckling and postbuckling using the "Neale Plate" equations. The unique feature of this approach is the equations used are a generalization of von Karman's equations in rate form. The approach is used to study thermal buckling of rectangular plates including plasticity. The effect of temperature-dependent elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion on the postbuckling behavior of heated square plates was investigated by Kamiya and Fukui (1982). Finite difference numerical solutions are obtained for constrained in-plane displacements and simply-supported and clamped edges. The temperature-dependent properties lowered critical buckling temperatures and reduced postbuckling stiffness for increasing temperature and deflection. Paul (1982) developed a procedure for the prediction of the postbuckling behavior of clamped rectangular plates subjected to arbitrary planar temperature distributions. Design charts and tables are provided for several cases. The report concludes that thermally loaded plates possess considerable postbuckling load carrying capability which is not fully utilized in design practice. Several recent papers study the thermal postbuckling for laminated composite plates. Huang and Tauchert (1988a, b) analytically study postbuckling behavior of flat angle-ply laminates for spatially symmetric parabolic variation of the plate temperature and uniform temperature. Ply angles are arranged antisymmetrically about the middle surface. The unsymmetric layup causes a coupling between the in-plane displacements u,v and the transverse displacement w. Thus as the temperature increases, out-of-plane displacements increase even for small deflections. Above the critical buckling temperature, transverse displacements increase rapidly as expected. Chen and Chen (1989b, 1991) study thermal postbuckling behavior of laminated composite plates by the finite clement method. The influence of composite laminate characteristics on thermal postbuckling is studied first, and then the effects of temperaturedependent properties are considered. Temperaturedependent properties lower predictions of critical buckling temperatures. Librescu and Souza (1991) study the static postbuckling of simply supported, shear deformable composite flat panels exposed to a stationary temperature field and in-plane compressive edge loads.
494
An analytical approach using Galcrkin's method is employed. Numerical results are presented for the postbuckling response of composite panels with an assumed sinusoidal temperature distribution. Meyers and Hyer (1991) analytically study the thermal buckling of flat, symmetrically laminated composite plates for a uniform temperature rise. For the symmetric layup, the plates demonstrate bifurcation buckling behavior similar to an isotropic plate. Effects of support conditions and material axis orientation are studied para metrically. Noor and Peters (1992a) study the postbuckling response of composite plates subjected to combined axial load and a uniform temperature distribution. The analysis is based on a first-order shear deformation, von Karman nonlinear plate theory and used a mixed finite element formulation. Sensitivity derivatives are used to study the sensitivity of postbuckling to composite plate parameters. Noor and Peters (1992b) also study the thermal postbuckling of thin-walled composite stiffeners. Using the same approach employed in the previous paper, numerical studies are presented for anisotropic stiffeners with Zee and channel sections. In one of the few recent experimental programs, a paper by Teare and Fields (1992) describes buckling analysis and test correlations of high temperature structural panels. A titanium, stiffened panel was simultaneously heated and subjected to axial compressive forces in a testing machine. Good correlation between test and analysis provided both a validation of the computational methods and verification of the structural concept. A postbuckling test indicated that the panel was capable of withstanding more than 200% of the initial buckling load without permanent deformation. The paper concludes that vehicle weight can be reduced by taking advantage of the postbuckled strength as exhibited in the test. 3.4 Assessment Since the original investigations of Heldenfels and Roberts (1952) and Gossard, Seide, and Roberts (1952), numerous investigators have studied thermal buckling and thermal postbuckling of plates. Until the 1980s, most
THERMAL BUCKLING OF PLATES
studies were performed for isotropic plates, but in the 1970s research was initiated for laminated composite plates. Figure 9 shows the relative number of papers on thermal buckling of metallic and composite plates over the last four decades. Almost all of the work has assumed: (1) perfectly flat initial configurations and (2) elastic behavior. There is a need for further study of buckling of plates with initial imperfections and inelastic behavior. Aerospace designers also need rapid postbuckling analysis methods for both mechanical and thermal loads. With the exception of the original (1952) papers and the recent paper by Teare and Fields, the investigations have been analytical or computational; there have been no further experimental studies. There is a need for further experimental studies of thermally induced buckling for both isotropic materials and laminated composites. Applications to aircraft structures strongly suggest that experimental programs be conducted for plates with spatial temperature variations.
4. THERMAL BUCKLING OF SHELLS

Buckling of shells has been the subject of extensive research in the aerospace industry because of the widespread use of shell structures in flight vehicles. Analytical, computational and experimental studies have investigated the behavior of shell structures subjected to mechanical loads. Much less research has occurred for buckling and postbuckling of shells in a thermal environment. And yet future designs of airframes for high speed flight and spacecraft structures will have to consider carefully the effect of the thermal environment on structural and material behavior. There are several excellent textbooks on the theory and buckling of shells, but most classic books do not include temperature in the formulation of the equations nor address thermal buckling. Thus, with a few exceptions, solutions of shell thermal buckling problems appear in papers and reports rather than texts. Furthermore, in contrast to the study of shell buckling under mechanical loads, studies of thermal buckling are relatively more recent. For example, solutions for critical buckling loads of cylinders under axial loads were presented in the early 1900s, but studies of critical buckling temperatures for cylindrical shells were not undertaken until the 1950s. At that time, the design of lightweight structures for high speed flight of aircraft and missiles provided strong motivation for the first studies of thermal buckling. During the early days of supersonic flight, researchers learned that aerodynamic heating raised surface temperatures significantly and induced strong temperature gradients. Consideration of thermal effects on material and structural performance stimulated the first thermal buckling research for shells in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A paper on buckling at high temperatures by NJ Hoff (1957a) describes initial work on thermal buckling of thin circular cylindrical shells. Over thirty years later a survey article by Ziegler
Total Number 10 of Papers
FIG 9 Relative number of_ papers on thermal buckling of metallic and composite plates.
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495
and Rammerstorfer (1989) summarizes thermoelastic stability research for elastic and viscoelastic structures including shallow and cylindrical shells. In the same volume, Lukasiewicz (1989) presents a comprehensive review of thermal stresses in shells and discusses thermal buckling. A book by Bushnell (1989) describes a computerized buckling analysis approach of shells for mechanical loads and presents thermal buckling examples. A comprehensive bibliography by Keene and Hetnarski (1990) lists 778 references to publications on thermal stresses in shells. This section focuses on thermal buckling of shells with particular emphasis on aerospace applications. The review considers: (1) shallow shells, (2) cylindrical shells and (3) conical shells. Within each section papers are described in chronological order. 4.1 Shallow Shells a n d Curved Panels The shallow shell idealization is used to consider the effects of curvature on the structural response of shell segments and panels. The idealization permits use of a simplified set of equations similar to the von Karman equations for flat plates rather than the full shell equations. The classical shallow shell problem consists of a thin, doubly curved surface with curvatures &v and kv in the x and y directions, respectively. The temperature T may vary with the spatial coordinates x and y, through the thickness h of the shell, and with time. Typically quasistatic behavior with constant thermal properties is assumed, and published analyses have assumed steady temperature distributions. The non-zero stresses a , a , T are expressed in terms of an Airy stress function F(x,y) by Eq 6 such that the in-plane equilibrium equations are satisfied. Satisfaction of membrane strain compatibility and the remaining transverse equilibrium equation produces for an isotropic material the nonlinear governing equations hV 4 F = Eh <92w "^ ^dxdy) w <? w -T- <? dx dy
2 2 2 2
buckling of bimetallic spherical shells. Snap-through buckling is a dramatic form of elastic buckling of a shallow shell associated with large transverse deflections and a complete reversal of the curvature of the shell surface. Such shells have applications as temperaturesensitive components in automatic control instruments. Wittrick et al (1953) studied the stability of a closed-top bimetallic spherical shallow shell and analyzed the influence of the geometrical and physical parameters on such quantities as minimum arch height for buckling and the buckling temperature. Later, Tsu-tao et al (1966) developed a theory for an open bimetallic shallow shell. The critical buckling temperature is related to geometric and physical parameters including the extent of the shell opening. In a later paper Liu (1983) develops analytical solutions for thermal stability of a bimetallic shallow shell with a circular hole at the center and a bimetallic truncated shallow conical shell under a uniform temperature field. Thermal buckling of isotropic shallow shells of rectangular planforms were studied in the 1960s by Mahayni (1966) and Haydl (1968). Mahayni considers a simply-supported panel with temperature that varies quadratically with x over the panel surface but is constant through the panel thickness. An approximate analytical solution of the nonlinear equations is obtained by Galerkin's method. Haydl considers similar problems by the same approach but with temperature varying sinusoidally with x and y and linearly through the shell thickness. The papers establish approximate analytical expressions for critical buckling temperatures and conditions for snap-through buckling. Haydl, for example, shows that shallow shells can have from one to three equilibrium positions. He demonstrates for an aluminum panel that relatively small temperature gradients (50 to 100F) between the center and edge of a panel can result in snap-through. Kamiya (1978) studied the nonlinear bending of shallow sandwich shells using Berger's plate approximation. Using Galerkin's method with sinusoidal spatial and linear thickness temperature variations, the nonlinear displacement response is derived and illustrated for two different panel aspect ratios. In the last few years the design of lightweight structures from advanced composite materials has initiated thermal buckling studies of laminated curved panels and shells. In recent papers, Chen and Chen (1987b, 1990) have studied thermal buckling of laminated composite cylindrical panels. In the former, the Galerkin method is used to determine the critical temperatures of shallow laminated cylindrical panels subjected to a uniform temperature change. In the latter, thermal buckling behavior of cylindrical laminated plates subjected to a nonuniform temperature field is studied by the finite element method. In the finite element calculations, the temperature is assumed constant through the thickness, and a "tent-like" distribution with y is assumed. A matrix eigenvalue
<? 2 w
<?2w
V 2 N T (17)
DV 4 w =h ^F^w dy2 dx2 V2M (18)

+
<?2F d2w dx2 dy2
<?2F <?2w ,92F + dxdydxdy * dy2 +
d2F dx2
1-v
For a perfectly flat plate the curvatures kx and k are zero, and Eqs 17-18 reduce to von Karman's equations, Eql4. Among the earliest solutions of shallow shell equations of this type were studies of "snap-through"
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Appl Meoh Rev vol 46, no 10, October 1993
Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells restraining frame inducing compressive circumferential membrane stresses N e (x), Fig 10. Initial research was aimed at determination of critical skin temperature levels for buckling due to the compressive membrane stresses. The first papers that studied thermal buckling of cylindrical shells solved the linear Donnell stability equations in uncoupled form:
4 V<93W _1_ <?2w
problem is solved to determine critical buckling temperatures. The effects of bending-extension coupling, lamination angle, modulus ratio, plate aspect ratio and radius of curvature on critical buckling temperature are studied. Huang and Tauchert (1991) study thermally induced large deflections of laminated composite cylindrical and doubly-curved panels using the finite element method. First order shear deformation theory is used, and a uniform temperature rise is assumed. Post-critical equilibrium paths are traced and the strength limits of laminates are predicted using the Tsai-Wu criterion. For certain laminate configurations, the equilibrium path is characterized by the existence of limit-point and/or bifurcation instabilities. Some laminates are found to undergo two snap-fhroughs prior to failure. Kossira and Ffaupt (1991) study the buckling of laminated plates and cylindrical shells subjected to combined thermal and mechanical loads using the finite element method. The nonlinear pre- and post-buckling behavior of cylindrical composite shells is studied for three different temperature distributions. The effect of radius of curvature is studied, and computations show that the buckling temperature increases as the radius of curvature decreases. For large ply angles, snap-through behavior is predicted. Chandrashekhara (1991b) studies thermal buckling of anisotropic cylindrically curved panels using Sanders' shell theory extended to laminated shells. First order transverse shear deformation is included. Numerical results are presented using the finite element method, and the effect of various parameters on the critical buckling temperature of a curved graphite-epoxy panel with simple and clamped boundary conditions is demonstrated. 4.2 Cylindrical Shells Early work on cylindrical shells was initiated to study potential thermal buckling of frame-reinforced fuselages for aircraft in high speed flight. Due to aerodynamic heating, the thin cylindrical shells experience higher temperatures than the heavier reinforcing frames. The hotter shell tends to expand radially more than the
a
v4y =
dx3+a*dxde2 3V 1 <?3w
dd3
(19a)
_(2+v) EhcTw a 2 dx' 92w dx
(19b)
DV 4 w +
-V4 N
2,T a
(?2W
+
_1_
2
d2W
d*de a.
de2
=0
(19c)
where a is the shell radius. The membrane forces, N , N 6 , and N e are obtained from a linear prebuckling analysis. Zuk (1957) described a solution procedure based on taking N x = N x 6 = 0 and assuming a form for N e proportional to EaAT. The temperature rise AT of the shell is assumed uniform. The N e membrane force was assumed to vary trigonometrically with x and to be compressive over the length of the shell. Assuming a shape for w that satisfied zero deflection and slope at each end of the shell, he used Galerkin's method to satisfy Eq 19 approximately. The result was an expression that permitted determination of the critical buckling temperature of a clamped cylindrical shell although no numerical results were presented. Later, Johns (1959, 1962) pointed out that circumferential stresses introduced at the junction of a frame and thin shell are localized and decrease rapidly away from the support. He proposed a function for the circumferential stress that decreased exponentially with x. Hoff (1957b) presented an analysis for the buckling of a simplysupported cylindrical shell where the circumferential stresses are determined from a prebuckling analysis. The displacement components u, v, w were assumed as infinite series of trigonometric functions that satisfied simply-supported boundary conditions. At the ends x = 0, L of the shell, the radial and circumferential displacements as well as the axial membrane stress and the axial bending moment were assumed to vanish. The approach leads to an infinite determinant for the critical buckling stress. The prebuckling circumferential membrane force is obtained by first solving for the displacement w from the linear equilibrium equation, d4w dx
4 1
1 2 ( 1 - v2) a h
i2 2 i-w =
1 2 ( 1 - v2) aAT = ah 2
(20)
FIG 10 Circumferential membrane force induced temperature distribution T(x) in cylindrical shell.
by
assuming a uniform rise AT in the shell temperature. For a steel cylinder with a/h - 300, a critical buckling temperature of over 2300F was computed. The paper concluded that circumferential thermal stresses due to a
497
uniform temperature rise are not likely to cause elastic buckling. In a closely related paper, Anderson (1962a) developed a similar theory to predict the buckling temperature of a uniformly heated, ring-stiffened shell and included axial compression. He used a shell theory by Batdorf and considers both simply supported and clamped shell end conditions. The paper concludes, consistent with Hoff, that buckling of a ring-stiffened cylinder due to uniform temperature alone will not occur for small values of the radius to thickness ratio, a/h. However, the paper notes that for large values of a/h (eg, a/h = 2000), such buckling can occur. Sunakawa (1962) also investigated the deformation and buckling of cylindrical shells due to aerodynamic heating. The book by Johns (1965) gives a simple formula for the critical temperature for buckling by circumferential membrane stresses,
where for a simple shell with simply supported ends k = 5.3, for a single or multibay shell with clamped ends k = 3.76, and for a multibay shell with simply supported ends k= 2.1. This early work on cylinders with uniform temperatures was based on applications to fuselages with assumed axisymmetric heating. At about the same time, work began on cylinders nonuniformly heated around their circumference. Previous research on flat plates with spatial temperature gradients, eg, Gossard and Seide (1952), had established that thermal buckling could occur for relatively small spatial temperature gradients. Abir and Nardo (1959) investigated thermal buckling of circular cylindrical shells with circumferential temperature gradients. For a simply supported shell, they solved Eqs 19 following the approach employed previously by Hoff (1957b), but they investigated buckling due to the variation of the axial membrane force N around the shell circumference, Fig 11. The study concluded that the critical value of the axial thermal stress distribution occurs at a value equal to the critical stress in uniform axial compression. The critical stress for a cylinder in uniform axial compression is o v = [3{l-X^)]-in Eh/a, Timoshenko and Gere (1961). For a fully restrained cylinder the axial compression stress for a temperature increase AT is a v = EaAT. Thus the critical buckling temperature for uniform compression is
shells heated along an axial strip. In the analysis, the Donnell shell equations were used and were solved approximately using a Ritz method. A simplified axial thermal stress distribution was assumed where the stress is constant in x but varies around the circumference. In the experiments, aluminum and steel cylinders were locally heated by infrared lamps, and two types of cylinder end conditions were employed. Temperatures were measured with thermocouples, and displacements were measured with Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs). Cylinder buckling was demonstrated where the buckling deformations depended strongly on the experimental end conditions. For aluminum cylinders with a/h = 430, critical buckling temperatures were relatively low ranging from AT = 65F to 100F depending on end conditions. Experimental results for the critical buckling temperature were in reasonable agreement with the theoretical calculations. The study showed the difficulty of performing analytical predictions for the thermal buckling stresses due to localized temperature distributions and demonstrated the practical problems of creating experimental end conditions consistent with a mathematical model. Anderson and Card (1962) described a study where several stainless steel ring-stiffened cylinders were subjected to a pure bending moment and heated rapidly until buckling occurred. For most of the cylinders the heating was non-uniform around the circumference. Temperature and deflections were measured at several locations, and in some tests strains were measured. Strains were successfully measured below 175F, but data was unreliable for higher temperatures. An elementary thermal stress theory was found to be inadequate for the prediction of the thermal stresses. In a related paper, Anderson (1962b) reviews theoretical and experimental investigations on buckling of cylinders due to both circumferential and axial thermal stresses. The paper notes that the severity of the circumferential thermal stress is strongly dependent on the boundary conditions and suggested the need for additional experimental results. For cylinders that are heated non-
Bijlaard and Gallagher (1960) also studied the elastic instability of a cylindrical shell under an arbitrary circumferential variation of axial stress. Their conclusions were consistent with Abir and Nardo. In a closely related study, Hill (1959) analytically and experimentally studied buckling of circular cylindrical
FIG11 Longitudinal membrane force N x induced temperature distribution T(6) in cylindrical shell.
by
498
uniformly, the paper discusses the difficulty of predicting axial thermal stresses and identified the need for research in thermal buckling of longitudinally stiffened cylindrical shells for launch vehicles. In the mid-1960s, the Stanford University group of NJ Hoff continued to investigate thermal buckling of cylinders. Three papers describe further research on buckling of thin circular cylinders heated along an axial strip. Hoff, Chao and Madsen (1964) analytically study the problem assuming uniform compressive axial stress to occur in a narrow strip while the rest of the shell is stress free. The shell is assumed very long, and Donnell's equations are used. The results of the analysis support the earlier conclusion of Abir and Nardo (1959) that the critical stress of the heated strip is the same as the critical stress of a complete cylindrical shell subjected to uniform compression unless the heated strip is very small. With very narrow heated strips, the critical stress rises rapidly as the strip width decreases. Ross, Mayers and Jaworski (1965) continued and extended the experimental studies initiated by Hill. A series of stainless steel and cold-rolled steel cylinders (alh = 334 and 291, respectively) were heated along an axial strip by infrared heat lamps. Ends supports were designed to simulate fully-fixed conditions. Instrumentation included thermocouples and a microphone to provide an audio signal at the instant of buckling. The heated width was varied from 1.5% to 18% of the total shell circumference. Tests were conducted by subjecting (he cylinders instantaneously to maximum heating from the infrared lamps; axial and circumferential temperature distributions were then recorded until the shell buckled. For the stainless-steel cylinders, buckling temperatures were around 300F; for the thicker, cold-rolled steel cylinders buckling occurred around 500F. There was significant scatter in the data. For tests conducted on cylinders having narrow heated strip widths, buckling took place as a sudden localized "snap-through" accompanied by a distinctly audible sound. Al larger values of the heated strip width, localized buckling patterns appeared simultaneously within the heated strip at several locations. For tests conducted on the thicker cold-rolled sheet steel cylinders with larger values of the strip width, a different failure mode occurred with a barrel-shaped deformation leading to yielding failure at the clamped support. Computations were performed with the Donnell theory using measured circumferential temperature distributions. Agreement of analysis with experiment was fair, but it was judged good enough for the authors to confirm previous conclusions of several investigators that the buckling temperature corresponding to uniform axial compression provides a lower limit of stability for thin cylindrical shells subjected to highly nonuniform circumferential healing. Hoff and Ross (1967) performed further analysis of the problem using the experimental temperature distributions and obtained reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The consistent trend demonstrated by
these analyses was that experimental critical buckling temperatures were consistently higher than values predicted by analyses. This trend was in direct contradiction to the well-established trend that for mechanical loads experimental critical buckling values are consistently lower than predicted values. Ross, Hoff, and Horton (1966) conducted additional experiments to address the thermal buckling anomaly. Six stainless-steel cylinders (a/h = 344) and five coldrolled steel cylinders (a/h = 291) were heated axisymmetrically by an array of twelve infrared heat lamps. The cylinders' ends were longitudinally restrained and clamped. The test procedure was essentially the same as used by Ross et al (1965). Upon heating, a test cylinder experienced thermal expansion in the radial direction, and the thin cylindrical shell became barrelshaped. Ultimately, the shell buckled near the clamped end supports. Comparison of experimental results with the predictions of available shell-buckling theories showed poor agreement. The authors concluded that because the cylinder "barrels out" during heating, the axial compressive stress is reduced resulting in higher critical temperatures than is predicted by linear buckling theory. Hoff (1965) and Ross (1966) also investigated the use of simple models to explain thermal buckling of shells. Hoff uses a two bar mechanism with a nonlinear spring, and Ross uses a beam-column with a nonlinear spring. Gellatly, Bijlaard, and Gallagher (1965) investigated thermal buckling of sandwich cylindrical shells for simply and clamped supports. Using the approach of Hoff (1957b), critical buckling temperatures were determined for circumferential stresses varying with x. Numerical results are presented for isotropic and sandwich cylinders. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, digital computers had become widely used in engineering research, and numerical models were being developed to solve complex problems. Chang and Card (1970,1971) at NASA Langley developed programs for analyzing thermal buckling of orthotropic, multilayered, cylindrical shells stiffened by uniform, equally spaced rings and stringers. Thermal effects are accounted for by specifying axisymmetric temperature distributions in the shell and stiffeners. The theory was developed from strain energy expressions corresponding to nonlinear Donnell-von Karman displacements, and equilibrium equations were derived by the principle of minimum potential energy. These equations were separated into equations governing axisymmetric prebuckling behavior and equations governing behavior at buckling. The ends of the stiffened cylinder were assumed to be free to expand longitudinally. In the analyses thermal buckling occurs as a consequence of circumferential compressive stresses (Fig 10) introduced by radial restraint at the boundaries (w = 0) and/or from restraints resulting from differences in expansion between the stiffeners and shell. The prebuckling and buckling solutions were based on
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finite difference discritizations of the shell equations. Thermal buckling behavior of unstiffened, ring-stiffened, stringer-stiffened and ring/stringer-stiffened shells were investigated. For unstiffened cylinders the numerical solutions were validated by comparisons with the analytical solutions of Hoff (1957b) and Sunakawa (1962). Recall that the Hoff analysis (1957b) of a simply supported cylinder under hoop stresses varying in the x direction predicted buckling at a very high temperature. Chang and Card's computer analysis of the same cylinder was unable to determine this critical buckling temperature; no buckling temperature could be found within a practical temperature range. The difference between the two analyses was determined to lie in the assumptions made in the linearized Donnell prebuckling equations employed by Hoff where rotations and derivatives of rotations are neglected. These prebuckling rotations were included in the Chang and Card formulation, but when these terms were suppressed the Chang and Card predictions were in agreement with Hoff. The conclusion was that the prebuckling rotations are required, and for simple supports the buckling temperature is beyond the elastic range. Chang and Card's predictions were in good agreement with Sunakawa's analysis for a clamped cylinder since Sunakawa's shell theory included prebuckling rotations. For ring-stiffened cylinders comparisons were made successfully with Anderson's analysis (1962b). Thermal buckling studies of an aluminum large diameter, longitudinally stiffened cylinder and a titanium ring- and stringer-stiffened cylinder were also conducted. At about the same time, Bushnell of the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory was developing a computer program called BOSOR for the general analysis of shells of revolution. Applications of BOSOR to thermal buckling are described in a book (1989) and several papers (1971a, b, 1973). The BOSOR program is based on an energy formulation with the method of finite differences. Axisymmetric ring-stiffened shells are assumed. The program has been used to solve several of the thermal buckling problems discussed previously and other, more complex, thermal buckling problems. Bushnell (1971a) solves the Hoff (1957b) problem of the simply supported cylinder subjected to a uniform temperature rise. Buckling of a ring-stiffened aluminum cylinder subjected to axial compression, external pressure and various temperature distributions is also studied in detail. The effect of ring-oul-of-plane bending stiffness on thermal buckling of ring-stiffened cylinders is discussed by Bushnell (1971b) and demonstrated to be important. Bushnell and Smith (1971) describe calculations of thermal stresses and buckling of nonuniformly heated cylinders and cones. The BOSOR program was used to analyze several cylinder tests including the studies of Hill (1959), Anderson and Card (1962), Ross, Mayers and Jaworski (1965), as well as Ross, Hoff, and Horton (1966). These analyses arc valuable because they
represent the first systematic comparison of computational results with experimental data. In addition, the computational approach permitted issues to be addressed that previously had been intractable because of limitations of analytical methods. Particular attention was given to the effect of boundary conditions on predicted stress and critical temperatures. For example, the anomaly raised in the experimental study of Ross et al (1966) is attributed to undesired flexibility in the experimental boundary condition. The paper also concluded that for shells which are long compared to a "boundary layer (ah)112", critical temperatures of uniformly heated monocoque cylinders and cones are as sensitive to initial imperfections as are critical axial loads. In a later paper, Bushnell (1973) uses BOSOR to study thermal buckling of cylinders with axisymmetric thermal discontinuities. The first problem considered was buckling of a cylinder heated halfway along its length. The problem was considered because of questions raised by the Hoff (1957b) problem of thermal buckling due to circumferential stresses. Bushnell reaches the same conclusions that Chang and Card; prebuckling rotations should be included in the analysis, and elastic buckling will not occur for the simply supported cylinder with uniform temperature. The second problem considered was a clamped cylindrical shell (a/h = 2540) analyzed and tested by Johns (1962). A BOSOR analysis (with prebuckling rotations) of the Johns' cylinder predicted a critical temperature of 150C whereas the experimental value was 324C. Subsequent investigation showed that the large discrepancy between the computation and test could be explained by the presence of temperature gradients near the boundaries of the cylinder. The paper concludes that critical buckling temperature calculations are sensitive to the shape of the temperature distribution. To obtain good correlation between predictions and tests, temperature distributions have to be measured carefully and the spatial variations included in the analysis. Two papers in the mid-1970s analyzed thermal buckling of orthotropic cylindrical shells. Gupta and Wang (1973) use a Rayleigh-Ritz approach to analyze a simply-supported orthotropic shell with uniform temperature. Prebuckling rotations are not considered. Parametric studies illustrate the effects of the axial and circumferential coefficients of thermal expansion. Radhamohan and Venkataramana (1975) analyze an orthotropic clamped cylindrical shell using an approach based on Sanders' nonlinear shell theory. Effects of prebuckling rotations, different forms of clamped boundary conditions and other parameters are studied. A brief paper by Belov (1978) describes an experimental study of stability of cylindrical shells partially filled with liquid. The study was motivated by aerodynamic heating of fuel tanks. In the experimental program, cylindrical shells were subjected to heating and were loaded by axial compression and internal pressure.
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Although good agreement between calculations and experiment data is stated, details of the analysis and tests are not given. In the late 1970s, two test programs on buckling of cylinders with combined mechanical and thermal loads were conducted at the Technion in Israel. Frum and Baruch (1976) describe buckling of cylindrical shells heated along two opposite generators. A series of fortysix tests of aluminum cylinders with a/li = 301 were conducted. End supports were designed to be fully restrained. Axial loads were applied by a hydraulic jack. Two infrared line heaters were installed above and below the shell. The temperature distribution was measured with thermocouples, and displacements were measured with LVDTs. The instant of buckling was detected with a microphone. The effects of the u displacement boundary conditions were studied, and the authors conclude that previous investigators had not treated the condition with enough care. They conclude that the n displacement has a dominant influence on the buckling results. Comparisons of experimental data with computations are only fair. The experimental data was used to construct an axial load-temperature interaction curve. Ari-Gur, Baruch and Singer (1979) describe buckling of cylindrical shells under combined axial preload, nonuniform heating and torque. Similar test cylinders and the test rig employed in the previous study were used after modifications to allow torsion. A series of 35 tests were conducted. A temperature-torque interaction curve was developed from the experimental data. Studies of thermal buckling of laminated composite circular cylinders began in the 1980s and continue to the present time. So far, the studies have been analytical; experimental studies have not yet been conducted. Wilcox and Ma (1989) use an energy approach to derive a set of equilibrium equations based on classical thin shell theory with Donnell's assumptions. Galerkin's method with an assumed trigonometric variation for w for a simply-supported cylinder leads to a matrix eigenvalue problem. Numerical results are presented for critical buckling temperatures for various composite parameters such as lamination angle. Thangaratnam et al (1990) uses the finite element method to conduct parameter studies of a simply supported cylinder with uniform temperature. Birman (1991) studied the thermally induced dynamic response of reinforced composite cylinders. The study is based upon Donnell's theory of geometrically nonlinear shells and includes axial and ring stil'fcncrs. Solutions are developed for a simply supported cylinder subjected to a uniform rise in temperature. The paper concludes that if a shell is subject to an instantaneous rise in temperature it exhibits stable steady-state oscillations but if the temperature exceeds a critical buckling level, the character of the response changes and the deflections can increase dramatically.
4.3 Conical Shells Work on thermal buckling of conical shells began in the mid-1960s and was motivated by aerodynamic heating effects. The analyses typically were based on Donnelltype equations written in terms of a stress function F and the w displacement. A truncated cone with vertex angle 2a is considered. The non-zero stresses are defined in terms of the Airy stress function F(s, <|)) where a point on the middle surface of the shell is defined by the longitudinal coordinate a and an angular coordinate < > | defined by < > | = 9 sin a where 9 is the circumferential angular coordinate. The non-zero stresses are ldF_
+
1 d2F
2
s <?s s df
c=-
d2F ds2
lfldF ctel^S dip
(23)
The nonlinear governing equations are

44
V F = E cota + i---r-jhnds s dip2 ) ds2 l(d2v/ ldw -EaV 2 T S2 {dsdlp S dip

(24)
^ ..11.
dw
1<?2WV2W
DVV = h
15F
1 (92FVW
s ds s a<p2 J ds2
ds sdfjds2 ds{s dip J ds{s dip J (25)
+2
s{
where V 2 =Id + 1
2
(26) s ds s In the above, the temperature is assumed uniform through the thickness of the shell, and the thermal moment is zero. For a = 0, Eqs 24 and 25 reduce to the von Karman equations for a flat circular plate. Some of the earliest analytical and experimental work on conical shells was done by Bendavid and Singer (1967) who studied buckling of truncated conical shells heated along a generator. The work is closely related to Hill's (1959) study of buckling of thin cylindrical shells heated along a strip. Critical buckling temperatures are investigated for axial compressive stresses induced by circumferential temperature distributions. A RayleighRitz analysis is employed, and numerical results are compared with an experimental study. In the experimental study a steel cone with vertex angle a = 12.4, thickness h = 0.0155 in and a small opening radius of 6 in was heated along a generator with a quartz lamp.
.+_ ds>
dip2
Thornton; Thermal buckling of plates and shells
501
The experimental temperature distribution varied both in the circumferential and axial directions. Boundary conditions are assumed simply supported, and the ends are assumed restrained in the direction of the generator. The experimental buckling temperature was 103C and the calculated value was 137C. Lu and Chang (1967) calculated thermal stresses and bifurcation buckling temperatures of axisymmetrical and nonsymmetrically heated simply-supported cones. In the axisymmetric case, the temperature varies along the generator which is restrained at the ends. In the other case, the temperature varies circumferentially as well, but the shell is assumed free of axial forces at the ends. A formulation similar to Eqs 24-25 is used, but the nonlinear von Karma n strains are neglected. A Galerkin approach with assumed deflection shapes is used to obtain critical temperatures. The variation of critical temperatures with various shell parameters such as the average radius-thickness ratio, the average radius-height ratio and the cone's vertex angle are evaluated. The radius-thickness ratio has the most significant effect on the critical temperature. In further work, Chang and Lu (1968) included the nonlinear strain terms neglected in their previous paper. The analysis showed that the nonlinear theory predicted lower crilical temperatures than the linear theory. A brief discussion is given of an experimental study of a brass cone heated uniformly by heat lamps. The experimental cone had vertex angle a = 10, an average radius to thickness ratio of 500 and a height to average radius ratio of 2. The ends of the cone were assumed simply-supported but restrained against axial expansion. The average experimental buckling temperature for three lesl.s was 128'F, and the predicted value was 9SF. Bushnell and Smith (1971) used the computer program BOSOR to analyze thermal buckling of conical shell experiments performed by Smith (1964) at Stanford University. Truncated steel conical shells with clamped ends restrained against axial displacement were heated along axial strips of various widths by quartz lamps. Test cones have a wall thickness of 0.0155 in, a small opening radius of 6 in, a large opening radius of 12 in and a slant length of 28 in. Circumferential-and axial temperature variations were induced and measured with thermocouples. The instant of buckling was determined by a microphone; buckling occurred with a loud noise. Critical buckling temperatures for eight test specimens varied from about 55C to over 100C; the scatter in the data was attributed lo initial imperfections in the test specimens. In the analyses, a test was modeled in three ways: as a fully clamped shell, as a simply supported shell, and as a portion of a larger structure which includes the test rig. Using measured critical temperature distributions, axial membrane stress distributions were computed for the three models. Treatment of the test rig as a structure of finite flexibility led to results that were
with 5% of those obtained with the assumption that the test rig is rigid. In the stability analysis, the meridional prebuckling membrane stress distribution was assumed to be axisymmetric. Depending on the experimental temperature distribution used, the discrepancy between test and theory for critical temperatures was from 11% to 52%. Tani (1978) studied the effect of axisymmetric initial deflections on the thermal buckling of shallow, truncated conical shells under uniform heating. The shell is analyzed for two cases where the supports are assumed clamped but may be either constrained or free in the axial direction. A uniform temperature distribution is assumed. Nonlinear buckling equations based on Eqs 1718 are modified to include initial shell deformations. A central finite difference scheme is used to discritize the equations in the s direction with a cos nq expansion in the circumferential coordinate. Numerical results show that the buckling temperature and number n of circumferential buckling waves of shallow cones with axial constraint vary significantly with the amplitude of axisymmetric initial deflections. Without axial restraint, the initial imperfections have only small effects on the buckling mode. Initial deflection amplitudes equal to plus or minus the shell thickness were studied. In shallow shells, local buckling occurred near the cone edges due to hoop compression. In a further study Tani (1984) analyzed instability of truncated conical shells under combined uniform pressure and uniform temperature. Following the approach of the previous paper, the Donnell-type shell equations with nonlinear prebuckling deflections are solved using a finite difference method. Numerical results show that for shallow conical shells, the critical combination of buckling loads changes with the loading order; for deep conical shells, the critical combination of buckling loads does not change with loading order. Generally, the critical buckling temperature increases with internal pressure.
4.4 Assessment In the 1950s and 1960s, there was significant research on thermal buckling of metallic shells as aerodynamic heating became important in the design of supersonic aircraft and missiles. Since then, research in thermal buckling of metallic shells has diminished. Beginning in the 1970s, there has been significant growth in the research efforts devoted to thermal buckling of composites. Figure 12 shows a bar graph illustrating the relative research efforts devoted to thermal buckling of me tallies and composites as measured by published papers. In the 1990s thermal buckling research so far has been devoted exclusively to composites.
502 .
Table II Experime ntal Studies of Thermal Buckling of Sheills Cylindrical Experiments 1. Hill 2. Johns 3. Anderson and Card 4. Ross, Mayers and Jaworski 5. Ross, Hoff and Horton 6. Frum and Baruch 7. Ari-Gur, Baruch and Singer Cone Experiments 8. Smith 9. Bendavid and Singer 1964 1967 Steel Steel Heating Along Axial Strip Heating Along Axial Strip Year 1959 1962 1962 1965 1966 1976 1979 Materials Aluminum and steel Steel Stainless steel
Loading
Heating Along an Axial Strip Axisymmetric Heating Bending Moment and Non-uniform Heating Heating Along Axial Strip
Stainless and cold-rolled steel Stainless and Heating Along Axial Strip cold-rolled steel Aluminum Heated Along Two Opposite Generators and Axial Loads Aluminum Combined Axial Preload, Nonuniform Heating and Torque
Since the original investigations of Hoff (1957), numerous investigators have studied thermal buckling of shells. Many of the studies have been analytical particularly through the 1950s-1960s, but since 1970 there has been increasing reliance on computational methods. Many of the computer programs such as BOSOR have used finite difference methods, but analyses of composite shells are using the finite element method. There was also an effort made through the 1950s-1970s to investigate thermal buckling of shells experimentally. Table II summarizes experimental studies for cylinders and cones. The vast majority of the experimental studies considered monocoque shells. With the exception of the study by Anderson and Card (1962), there have been no further investigations of stiffened shells. Experimental measurements were typically limited to a modest number of transducers. No data arc available for initial imperfections, details of temperature distributions are lacking, and little documentation of
THERMAL BUCKLING OF SHELLS
Total Number ot Papers
lo-
FIG 12 Relative number of papers on thermal buckling of rrmrnllin and mmnnsite shnlls
post-buckling damage is available. Virtually no strain data was taken in the experiments because of strain gage limitations at elevated temperatures. Most experiments were conducted on steel or stainless steel. There is limited data available for aluminum, and no experiments have studied the buckling of titanium shells. Experimental studies of composite shells have not yet been published. Details of shell temperature distributions, particularly in stiffened shells, have an important role in the buckling response. The assumption of uniform temperature between stiffeners is usually not a good approximation. Since material properties such as thermal conductivity have significant effects upon the shape of temperature distributions, thermal buckling tests should be conducted using the materials that will be used in actual structures. With one notable exception, there have been no validation studies of computer analyses of thermal buckling of shells. The exception is the very thorough analyses of several experiments by Bushnell using the computer code BOSOR. Generally, agreement between analytical solutions, computer solutions and experimental data has been only fair to good. A typical reason cited for discrepancies has been uncertainties in experimental boundary conditions. There have been relatively few tests with combined mechanical and thermal loads. For example, no tests of heated cylinders with internal pressures have been reported. There is a need for further experimental studies of thermally induced buckling of shells for both isotropic materials and laminated composites. Applications to aerospace structures strongly suggest the need for experimental programs for unstiffened and stiffened shells with thermal loads as well as combinations of thermal and mechanical loads.
503
5.0 C O N C L U D I N G R E M A R K S Thermal buckling research for plates and shells has been described. The role of material thermal parameters on thickness and spatial temperature gradients was demonstrated first. For metallic and metal matrix composites subjected to surface heating, thickness temperature gradients are small and may be neglected in applications. Indeed, this assumption has been made in most analytical and computational research studies, and it has been validated experimentally. Of the materials considered, only graphite-cpoxy which has very low thermal conductivity exhibited an appreciable thickness temperature gradient. However, most materials, particularly in aerospace applications, will experience spatial (in-plane) temperature gradients. Due to localized heating, metals with relatively low thermal conductivity, eg, stainless steels, will exhibit high local temperature gradients and are likely to experience inelastic buckling. Metal panels with high thermal conductivity, eg, aluminum, tend to have much smaller temperature gradients as they conduct thermal energy to supporting structural members. The review of research on thermal buckling of plates showed research in the 1950s-1960s was limited to metals. Composite plates were considered first in the 1970s, and since then the majority of research has been for composite plates. The majority of research in the last two decades has been analytical or computational with very few experimental studies. There is a need for further experimental studies of thermally induced buckling for both isotropic materials and laminated composites. Applications to aerospace structures strongly suggest that experimental programs be conducted for plates with spatial temperature variations. The review of thermal buckling research for shells showed trends similar to thermal plate buckling. Research in the 1950s and 1960s considered only metallic shells. Research on composites began in the 1970s and has become the predominant effort since then. However, the current level of research on thermal buckling of composites is still relatively small compared to the efforts devoted to metallic shells in the 1960s. Many of the early shell thermal buckling studies were analytical, but since the 1970s there has been increasing reliance on computational methods. There was a significant early effort to study thermal shell buckling experimentally although there are deficiencies in the experiments, eg, the lack of strain data. Another deficiency has been uncertainties in experimental boundary conditions. So far, there have been no published experimental studies of thermal buckling of composite shells. There is a clear need for such studies for high temperature metallics such as titanium as well as for composite shells. There is also a need for experimental studies of heated cylinders (with and without stiffeners) subjected to mechanical loads including internal pressure. As with plates, the . experimental
programs should be conducted with spatial temperature distributions. For both thermal buckling of plates and shells, renewed emphasis should be placed on validation of analytical/computational studies with experimental data. Computational analyses of several thermal-buckling experiments by Bushnell are described in the review. The lessons learned from these analyses include the uncertainties in boundary conditions previously mentioned as well as limitations and/or gaps in experimental data. On the other hand, such comparisons in the past have also identified deficiencies in computational models. An interesting contrast between buckling due to mechanical and thermal loads is the respective roles of elastic material properties. Critical buckling forces for beams, plates and shells made from isotropic materials are directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity. Critical buckling temperatures for isotropic materials are typically independent of the modulus of elasticity and are inversely proportional to the coefficient of thermal expansion. Thus for optimum performance under combined mechanical and thermal loads, desirable material characteristics are high elastic modulus and low coefficient of thermal expansion. Of materials available, only advanced composites provide the potential for achieving such beneficial characteristics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research efforts of the author are supported in part by the Aerothermal loads Branch and the Aircraft Structures Branch at NASA Langley and the Light Thermal Structures Center at the University of Virginia. The author is most appreciative of the encouragement of his NASA technical monitors Drs Allan R Wieting and James H Starnes, Jr. The author is also grateful for very helpful discussions with Dr Michael P Nemeth of the Aircraft Structures Branch. Max L Blosser of the Aircraft Structures Branch provided important assistance in identifying and obtaining references and valuable discussion of past experimental studies.
504
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Prabhu, MSS, and Durvasula, S (1974b). Thermal Buckling of Restrained Skew Plates. J Eng Mech Div, Proc ASCE, 100, 12971295. Prabhu, MSS, and Durvasula, S (1976). Thermal Post-Buckling Characteristics of Clamped Skew Plates. Comput Struct, 6, 177-185. Przemieniecki, JS (1959). Thermal Stresses in Rectangular Plates. Aeronaut Quart, 65-78. Radhamohan, SK, and Venkataramana, J (1975). Thermal Buckling of Ortholropic Cylindrical Shells. AIAA J, 13(3), 397-399. Rao, KR, and Johns, DJ (1961). Some Thermal Stress Analyses for Rectangular Plates. J Aeronaut Soc of India, 13(4), 99-104. Ross, B (1966). An Analog Study of the Thermal Buckling Behavior of Thin Cylindrical Shells. AIAA J, 4(8), 1437-1439. Ross, B, Hoff, NJ, and Horton, W H (1966). The Buckling Behavior of Uniformly Heated Thin Circular Cylindrical Shells. Exp Mech, 6(11), 529-537. Ross, B, Mayers, J, and Jaworski, A (1965). Buckling of Thin Cylindrical Shells Heated Along an Axial Strip. Exp Mech, 5(8), 247-256. Schuh, H (1965). Heat Transmission in Structures Pergamon Press. Smith, S (1964). Ad Experimental Investigation of the Thermal Buckling of Conical Shells. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Sun, LX, and Hsu, TR (1990). Thermal Buckling of Laminated Composite Plates with Transverse Shear Deformation. Comput Struct, 36(5), 883-889. Sunakawa. M (1962). Deformation and Buckling of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Heating. Univ. Tokyo: Aero. Res. Inst. (Rep. 370). Tani, J (1978). Influence of Axisymmetric Initial Deflections on the Thermal Buckling of Truncated Conical Shells. Nucl Eng and Des 48, (pp. 393-403). Amsterdam, North-Holland. Tani, J (1984). Buckling of Truncated Conical Shells Under Combined Pressure and Heating. J Thermal Stresses, 7, 307-316. Tauchert, TR (1987). Thermal Buckling of Thick Antisymmetric AnglePly Laminates. J Thermal Stresses, 10, 113-124. Tauchert, TR (1991). Thermally Induced Flexure, Buckling, and Vibration of Plates. Appl Mech Rev, 44(8), 347-360. Tauchert, TR, and Huang, NN (1987). Thermal Buckling of Symmetric Angle-ply Laminated Plates. IH Marshall (editor), Composite Structures 4 (4th ICCS), Paisley, Scotland. London: Elsevier, 1.4241.435. Teare, WP, and Fields, RA (1992). Buckling Analysis and Test Correlation of High Temperature Structural Panels. EA Thornton (editor), Thermal Structures and Materials for High Speed Flight, Progress in Astronaut and Aeronaut (pp 337-352). Thangaralnam. KR, Palaninathan, and Ramachandran, J (1989). Thermal Buckling of Composite Laminated Plates. Comput Struct, 32(5), 1117-1124. Thangaratnam, RK, Palaninathan, R, and Ramachandran, J (1990). Thermal Buckling of Laminated Composite Shells. AIAA J, 28(5), 859-860. Thornton, EA, and Paul, DB (1985). Thermal-Structural Analysis of Large Space Structures: An Assessment of Recent Advances. J Spacecraft and Rockets, 22(4), 385-393. Thornton. EA, Oden, JT, Tworzydlo, WW, and Youn, SK (1990). Thermo-Viscoplastic Analysis of Hypersonic Structures Subjected to Severe Aerodynamic Heating. J Aircraft, 27(9), 826-835. Thornton, EA, and Kolenski, JD (1991). Viscoplastic Response of Structures with Intense Local Heating. 32nd AIAA/ASME/ASCEIAHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. Baltimore, MD, April 8, 1991, AIAA 91-1149. Thornlon, EA (1992). Thermal Structures: Four Decades of Progress. J Aircraft, 29(3), 485-498. Thornton, EA, Kolenski, JD, and Marino, RP, Finite Element Study of Plate Buckling Induced by Spatial Temperature Gradients. (1993). A1AAIASMEIASCEIAHSIASC 34th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, April 19, 1993, AIAA Paper No 93-1572. Timoshenko, S, and Gere, JS (1961). Theory of Elastic Stability (Second Edition).: McGraw-Hill. Tsu-tao, L, De-yao, N, Han-dong, L, Wi-wen, L, and Jian-xun, S (1966). Thermal Snap-Through Buckling of a Bimetallic Shallow Spherical SheW. Acta Mech Sinica, 9(1), 1-14. van der Neut, A (1957). Buckling Stresses Caused by Thermal Stresses. Nicholas J Hoff, High Temperature Effects on Aircraft Structures. New York: Pergamon, 215-247. Whitney, JM (1987). Structural Analysis of Laminated Anisotropic Plates. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA. Whitney, JM, and Ashton, JE (1971). Effect of Environment on the Elastic Response of Layered Composile Plates. AIAA J, 9(9), 17081713.
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Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells Williams, ML (1955). Large Deflection Analysis for a Plate Strip Subjected to Normal Pressure and Heating. Transocliolls of ASME, 77,458-464. Williams, ML (1958). Further Large Deflection Analysis for a Plate Strip Subjected to Normal Pressure and Heating. J Appl Mech, 25, 251258. Wittrick, WH, Myers, OM, and Blunder, WR (1953). Stability of a Bimetallic Disk. QlIarl J Mech alld Appl Malh, 6(1), 15-31. Ziegler, F, and Rammerstorfer, FG (1989). Thermoelastic Stability. R Hetnarski (editor), Thermal Slresses JII, (pp 108-189). Elsevier Science Publishers. Zuk. W (1957). Thermal Buckling of Clamped Cylindrical Shells. J Aeronoul Sci, 24{5), 389 (Reader's Forum).
Wilcox, MW, and Clemmer, LE (1964). Large Dellection Analysis of Heated Plates. J Eng Mech Div: Proceedings of Ihe American Society of Civil Engineers, 165-189. Wilcox, MW" and Ma, S (1989). Thermal Buckling of Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Composite Circular Cylindrical Shells. 30lh AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural DVllamics and Malerials Conference Vol AIAA Paper No 89-11 n-cp;, 1989, April 3 (pp 113-120). Also Ma. S-F and Wilcox.MW, "Thermal Buckling of Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminated Cylindrical Shells," ComposileEng, Vol 1. No 3,1991, pp 183-192. Williams, HE (1979). On the Stability of the Postbuckling Behavior of Long Heated Rectangular Flat Plates. J Thermal Slresses. 2. 291308. Williams, HE (1982). 'Neale Plate' Equations and Applications to Buckling of Rectangular Plates. J Thermal Slresses, 5, 207-243.
Earl A Thornton is Professor ofAerospace Engineering and Director of the Center for Light Thermal Structures at the University of Virginia. He received his PhD in 1968 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. For over 20 years, he has conducted computational research for aerospace structures at elevated temperatures. He is co-author of the textbook The Finite Element Method for Engineers, an Associate Fellow in the ATM, and an Associate Editor of the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets.

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Thermal buckling of plates and shells

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Appl Mech Rev vol 46, no 10, October 1993

Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells

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Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells

Temperature Gradient, AT 280 56 31 28 24 11 11 6.1 5.6 2.8

CC) 160 30 17 15 13 6 6 3.4 3.1 1.6

-^(-l) n exp(-n 2 7r 2 rt/h)cosri7ri +

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Appl Mech Rev vol 46, no 10, October 1993 A16061-T6

Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells

Heated Surface Gradient Insulated Surface 1.5 a 2.0

Coolant Coolant FIG 3 Centrally-heated, edge-cooled Heldenfels and Roberts (1952).

0.025 Time (seconds)

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(b~y) ' ' 2k

qbv H)n **k(2n+l)

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Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells

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where the minimum value occurs for m = n = 1. Substituting for 2? yields,

is the critical value of the temperature rise.

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Thornton: Thermal buckling of plates and shells

2 <?2F<?2w _ 2 <? F d2w - + <92F<?V dy2 dx <?x<?y obc<?y dx dy2

where the thermal force per unit length is

and the thermal moment per unit length is MT=Ea| T(x,y,z)zdz U/ 2

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4. THERMAL BUCKLING OF SHELLS

Total Number 10 of Papers

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DV 4 w =h ^F^w dy2 dx2 V2M (18)

<?2F d2w dx2 dy2

<?2F <?2w ,92F + dxdydxdy * dy2 +

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_(2+v) EhcTw a 2 dx' 92w dx

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Appl Mech Rev vol 46, no 10, October 1993

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500 - Appl Mech Rev vol 46, no 10, October 1993