Matrices 3 2 Matrix + = +
21
22
21
For
, = (Determinant)
1 , 1 =
If =
For two matrices, and ; + = + = ( ) = + = + = EX: Solve for and . 3 2 = 5 5 3 = 9 3 2 5 = 5 3 9 Let = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 This finds the coordinates of the intersection. Vectors Vectors have magnitude and direction. Position vectors start at the origin. = 2 3
EX: Show that the points (1,2), (2,4), and (3,6) are collinear. = 2 1 = Test: 4 2 1 and = 2 and = and 3 1 = Until there is a relation. 6 2 2 = 4 1 = 2 The two lines are parallel. Since and start at the same point (), the points , , and are collinear. Coplanar vectors: Vectors that lie on the same plane 2 nonzero, non-parallel vectors. 2 1 3 EX: Let = , = . Express the vector = in 1 2 1 terms of a linear combination a and b. = + 3 2 1 = + 1 1 2 3 = 2 + And 1 = + 2 Solve for and , and then substitute into . =
Vectors in 3D = = + +
(2,3)
3 + 3 + 2
= Magnitude (Length) of =
2 + 2 = 4 + 9 = 13
Located vectors: starts at , ends at . Opposite vectors: Parallel vectors which point in opposite directions. Negative of a vector: Same magnitude, point in opposite direction. Equivalent vectors: Parallel, same magnitude, same direction. Collinear: Same gradient, start at same point.
By trig: 42 + 2 = 72 = 33 33 cos = 7 Remembering cos is negative in Q2 1 sin cos = sin 2 2 2 sin cos = sin 6
Gradient
= + = cos + sin = cos + sin = cis is the modulus of (ie ||) , the polar angle, is the argument of z (ie arg ) Principle value of the argument (Arg ) occurs for < = cis = cis() If 1 = 1 cis1 and 2 = 2 cis2 Then 1 2 = 1 2 cis(1 + 2 ) 1 And = 1 cis(1 2 )
2 2
THIS ONLY WORKS FOR THREE ANGLES! Cos Rule: = + 2 cos Sin Rule: cos = sin = sin = 2 Resolution of Forces THIS WORKS FOR MANY ANGLES/VECTORS! sin cos
2 2 2
= sin + cos is along the line of possible motion. is perpendicular to . Complex Numbers Polar form: = cis 2 + 2 = tan1 = cos = sin = Cartesian form: = + Re(z) is Im(z) is If Then And = 2 3 = 2 + 3 = 2 3 and so on
= ()