TRAIL CROSSING AGREEMENTS & TRAIL CROSSINGS of STATE HIGHWAYS

Stephen Pohowsky PennDOT District 5-0 Safety Program Specialist & Bicycle Pedestrian Coordinator, Trail Crossing Coordinator

Shared Use Paths

How do we cross safely?

and highway crossings

How do we do that?

It says here we cross this state road with the trail! Who do we call and what do we need?

Trail Crossing Presentation

We will be covering two topics today as they apply to crossing a State Highway with a trail: Trail Crossing Agreements Trail Crossing Plans, Design, Rules, & Best Practices

Objective of this Presentation

Explain what is required to cross a State highway with a trail Eliminate the confusion about trail crossing agreements and trail crossing plans Explain the trail crossing approval process

Offer guidance on trail crossings of state highways

Simplify the procedures as much as possible Educate, inform, share, and hopefully entertain

Trail Crossing Agreements ?

All trail crossings of State Highways require PennDOT approval before they can be installed or modified. This generally consists of the following two items:

A crossing agreement between the trail owner (sponsor) and PennDOT.

PennDOT approval of submitted trail crossing plans. Prior to 2008 this was accomplished via a Highway Occupancy Agreement (HOA). This procedure is no longer used for trail crossings. Crossings installed before 2008 were grandfathered.

Types of at-grade Trail Crossing Agreements Used within the Commonwealth

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 220679 dated April 2005 covers all Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) footpath crossings of state-maintained highways. This was amended in September 26, 2005 to include State Forest hiking trail crossings of state highways.

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 220431 dated December 12, 2009 covers all Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) Shared Use Path crossings of state-maintained highways. Appalachian Trail Agreement covers all crossings of state-maintained highways by the Appalachian Trail.
Footpath Crossing Agreement covers all other footpath crossings of state highways. Shared Use Path Crossing Agreement covers all other multi-use crossings and is the primary focus of this presentation.

Typical At-Grade Crossing Agreements

Footpath Crossing Agreement
Either agreement allows for X-country skiing or snow shoeing

Designed mainly for pedestrian use Hikers, joggers, walkers, etc. Equestrians can be included! Does not include Appalachian Trail or DCNR Trails

Shared Use Path (SUP) Crossing Agreement

Multi use trail Bicycles, pedestrians, joggers, inline skaters, equestrians etc. Does not include DCNR Trails No motorized vehicles, ATVs, or snowmobiles Most common agreement for trails

Shared Use Path Crossing Agreements

At-grade multi use trail crossings of State highways require a Shared Use Path Crossing Agreement

Whats the purpose of an SUP Agreement

A Shared Use Path Crossing Agreement addresses the responsibilities of the trail owner and PennDOT for trail crossings and includes: notification procedures signing and pavement markings maintenance responsibilities sight distances issues traffic safety studies drainage concerns clearing of vegetation liability & indemnity other similar issues The execution of the SUP crossing agreement, in of itself, does not authorize the creation or modification of any crossing. It merely allows the trail owner to submit crossing plans for review and approval.

Whats included in an SUP Agreement?

Fifteen pages of legal definitions, procedures, responsibilities, provisions, traffic control, construction, indemnity, rights, signing and marking statements etc. Plus A formal signature page for all parties involved (page 15) Exhibit A, Traffic safety study sheet for SUP trail crossings Exhibit B, Contractor integrity provisions Exhibit C, Contractor responsibility provisions Exhibit D, Americans with disabilities act provisions Exhibit E, Nondiscrimination and sexual harassment provisions Exhibit F, Right-to-know law contract provisions A resolution statement if the trail crossing owner is a Municipality

There is no mention of any trail names or trail crossing locations in the agreement.

When to use an SUP Agreement

An organization, municipality, group, or sponsor responsible for a trail approaches PennDOT with the intent of establishing a new, or modifying an existing, at-grade trail crossing of a statemaintained highway. Execution of the SUP Crossing Agreement is mandatory and a necessary first step that must be completed before the trail owner (sponsor) can submit individual crossing plans for approval for each new or modified at-grade trail crossing.

All SUP agreements will be issued on a District-wide basis only (i.e. you will need a separate agreement with Districts 4, 5 & 6 for the same trail). Existing crossings are considered grandfathered, however major alterations or improvements to these crossings will require a SUP Crossing Agreement be created or one already be in place with the Commonwealth.

One SUP Agreement will cover all trails and trail crossings of state highway within a PennDOT District Past, Present, & Future !
1994 Existing Rail-Trail with 2 crossings
Grandfathered no plans 1996 Existing Greenway Trail with 2 crossings Grandfathered no plans 2012 New Beltway Bike Path to be built with 3 crossings of state roads 3 trail crossing plans 2015 Modify original 2 crossings of Greenway Trail from 1996 2 crossing plans

Shared Use Path Agreement

Shared use path owner & PennDOT
Signed 2012

2013 Greenway Trail extended adding 1 new crossing 1 crossing plan

2013 Scenic River Trail to be built with 2 crossings 2 crossing plans

Why should I sign an SUP Agreement?

Comments heard from the Community Im not signing it! By doing so Im taking on full legal responsibility and indemnifying PennDOT. Ill just build my trail crossing without one I dont need one, PennDOT owns the road and is responsible for the crossing Ill just end my trail on both sides of the road and let users cross on their own There is nothing that prevents trail users from bringing suit against the trail owners and nothing that prevents PennDOT from seeking damages from the trail owner for their share of any potential liability. PennDOT has exclusive authority and jurisdiction over all state highways per State law. Any non-permitted trail crossing is illegal and subject to closure without notice. PennDOT does not own or maintain any SUP trails or trail crossings. Building a trail crossing without the SUP Agreement invites legal liability for both the trail owner and PennDOT. PennDOT, working with the trail group, is in the best position to determine the safety impacts and potential mitigation factors for at-grade crossings. Safety is the ultimate concern, and the SUP agreement facilitates safe crossings.

SUP Limitations
No Shared Use Path may cross a limited access highway at-grade No Shared Use Path will cross a divided highway, except at places where existing non-motorized traffic cross the median

No parking or trailhead area will be allowed at a State Highway crossing without the issuance of a separate Highway Occupancy Permit (HOP) by PennDOT The installation of flashing warning devices associated with any trail crossing requires a separate Flashing Signal Permit be filed and approved with the District Traffic Signals Unit. Any physical construction within the roadway such as a pedestrian island refuge will require a separate HOP permit from PennDOT.

A very limited longitudinal length of trail in PennDOT ROW necessary to connect non-parallel trail crossing points would be handled by the SUP agreement. 2) SCOPE SUP

Trail

Trail

Handled by the SUP agreement

Handled by the SUP agreement

Trail ending on a State Highway

Trail Terminus Point

Other Trail Agreement Types

Trail Structure Agreement Trail Maintenance Agreement

Right-of-Entry Agreement

Trail Structure Agreement

All new above grade and below grade trail crossings of State highways (bridges and tunnels) are handled by a Trail Structure Agreement on a crossing by crossing (case by case) basis.
State Bridge

Bike/Ped Trail Bridge

Underpass Structures

State Highway

Tunnel Structure

An Exception!
Trails simply passing underneath a State Bridge generally do not require a PennDOT agreement unless a structure is built! No attachments are to be made to bridge or bridge walls.
State Bridge State Bridge

No agreement required! But you should acknowledge that you are aware and will abide by applicable aerial easement note restrictions. No agreement required! Same comment as left

Trail Maintenance Agreement

Trail segments that parallel a State Highway and are within PennDOT right-of-way are handled by a Trail Maintenance Agreement.
Parallel Trail within ROW Parallel Trail within ROW

Right-of-Entry Agreement
Lengthy

on-road segments of a trail using State highways are handled by a Right-of-Entry Agreement when they involve the installation of customized trail directional signage on PennDOT ROW.

Use of Right-of-Entry Agreement

Off road section of trail

Key Points to Remember

on crossing State Highways
An executed SUP agreement must exist:

Prior to construction of a new at-grade trail crossing Prior to making major alterations to an existing trail crossing. Prior to submitting trail crossing plans for review or approval
Shared Use Path (SUP) Crossing Agreements are PennDOT

District office specific.

The agreement covers all at-grade trail crossings on any trail, or

multiple trails, operated by the signer of the agreement within a particular District. No specific crossings are mentioned in the agreement.

SUP Agreements Currently in Place in PennDOT District 5-0

Allentown City
Lehigh County Berks County Northampton County Schuylkill River Greenway Association Hellertown Borough Palmer Township Upper Saucon Township North Whitehall Township South Whitehall Township Stockertown Borough Tatamy Borough Whitehall Township Stroud Township

We also have a Right of Entry Agreement in place with the Schuylkill River Greenway Association and Stroud Township

GOOD TRAIL CROSSING DESIGN

All safe & successful trail crossings of State Highway have two elements in common:
1. A crossing design that is recognized by the driver of a motor vehicle in time to react. 2. A crossing design that encourages trail users to stop, or at the very least pause & look, before crossing the highway.

An Interesting Observation

Trail

Trail

There are currently no State laws, regulations, or standards that mandate the installation of any trail signs, pavement markings, gates or bollards at a trail crossing. But, since the Commonwealth and local governments have full approval authority over the use of their roads they may require their installation to improve trail crossing visibility and safety.

Poorly Designed Trail Crossing

Little advance warning No trail signage at crossing Drivers are surprised!! Unexpected peds/bikes on highway!

Same crossing only warning!

The old standard

Not much better !

No trail signage at crossing Illegal crosswalk pattern Easily missed by drivers

Same crossing poor advance signage

Non-standard sign Too small & easily missed

Crossing needs improvement

Bare minimum crosswalk marking, this type is more for urban intersections ! No signage at crossing

An outdated trail crossing design!

Minimal crosswalk marking, one advance sign

Still needs work

Illegal guiderail, safety hazard No signage at crossing Post should be breakaway

Needs maintenance & signage

Advance sign obscured by tree

Did you see the bicyclist?

No signage at crossing

MUTCD SUP Trail Crossing Design

W16-103P

Larger sizes approved

Some features of a good design

Visible queue area Trees & foliage trimmed back for better visibility & sight distance Sign at X-walk Fluorescent yellow green signs

Bold painted crosswalk

Advance pavement marking

Advance warning sign

CROSSWALK MARKINGS and TRAIL CROSSINGS

Painted Crosswalks at Trail Crossings

Although marked crosswalks are recommended by AASHTO at intersections between shared use paths and roadways it is important that we understand that a crosswalk should not be thought of as a safety device. Since State Regulations (Section 3542 of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. 3542) require motorists to yield to pedestrians in marked crosswalks, many pedestrians feel overly secure when using them. They often place themselves in a hazardous position with respect to vehicles in the mistaken belief that the motorist can and will stop in all cases. It is not unusual for this type of pedestrian behavior to increase the number of accidents.

Examples of Crosswalk Markings for Trails

Crosswalks must follow current TC-8600 standard dimensions. Patterned crosswalks can be used too.

Standard

Type A
Least visible for trails!

Type C
Ladder

Type C or B preferred for trail crossings

Type B
Zebra

Minimum width 6 feet Preferred crosswalk width for trail is 10 feet or actual trail width.

Type C
Continental or Piano Key

What does the law say about Crosswalks?

Title 75 Vehicle Code Chapter 35 Rights and Duties of Pedestrians & Pedalcycles
Un-Signalized Intersections 3542 (a) The driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within any marked or within any unmarked crosswalk (painted or unpainted) at an intersection. Mid-Block (Non-Intersection) (includes most trail crossings) 3543 (a) Every pedestrian crossing a roadway at any point other than an intersection or within a marked crosswalk shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway. Therefore: o At marked (painted crosswalks) pedestrians have the right-of-way. o At unmarked crosswalks vehicles have the right-of-way.
Dismounted Bicyclist - shall be treated the same as a pedestrian above. Mounted Bicyclist according to Title 75 3505 (a) a mounted bicyclist is, and shall be treated like, a vehicle at un-signalized intersection, therefore they Must always stop and yield the ROW! Painted crosswalk or not.

Key Points to Remember

Pedestrians have the right-of-way only at painted mid-block trail crossing crosswalks! Mounted bicyclists never have the ROW! At all other mid-block trail crossings, the motorist has the rightof-way. The installation of trail crossing signage has no impact on ROW for the above bullet points. The legality of the crosswalk comes from PennDOT approval of the trail crossing plans not the mere painting of the crosswalk.

Trail Crossings
Some reasons for and against painted crosswalks
Why install a painted crosswalk?
Provides guidance to trail users where to cross the highway. Acts as a pedestrian channelizing device. Aids in visibility to alert drivers to the trail crossing point Legally establishes pedestrian ROW PennDOT requests or approves a painted crosswalk be installed on your plans To provide for a safer trail crossing.

Why you wouldnt want one?

Traffic speeds are too high Traffic volumes are too high Poor sight distances Crossing distance too wide Motorists may not be able to stop in time to yield ROW due to grade or field conditions PennDOT does not approve a painted crosswalk on your plans To provide for a safer trail crossing.

An extensive FHWA study conducted in 2005 revealed that on two-lane roads there were no significant differences in pedestrian crashes or severity for marked versus unmarked crosswalk sites. (FHWA Publication No. HRT-04-100, Sept 2005) Note: Trail crossings were not part of this study!

Posted Speed Limit of 40 MPH

12000 10000 Data Counts 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 SSD=342 ft for 85th%

Actual road study

Mean speed = 38 MPH 85th percentile = 43 MPH % vehicles > 55 MPH = 0.2%

Crosswalk might be allowed with other measures!

16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 Speed range 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70

N=30,163

Posted Speed Limit of 35 MPH

9000 8000 7000 Data Counts 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 16-20 N=22,091 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 Speed range 51-55 SSD = 488 ft for 85th% exceeds available SD

Actual trail crossing study Mean speed = 48 MPH 85th percentile = 54 MPH % vehicles > 55 MPH = 10.7%

Crosswalk will not be permitted!

56-60

61-65

66-70

Trail Crosswalks may be Supplemented by YTPCDs

Yield to Pedestrian Channelizing Device

Place device on centerline

1. Their use increases the likelihood of a motorist yielding to a pedestrian waiting at a mid-block crosswalk by 17 to 24% 2. Their use is restricted to painted only crosswalks. 3. The posted speed limit must be 35 MPH or less. 4. The devices may not be bolted or permanently affixed to the pavement. 5. They are available free of charge from each PennDOT District office, after approval of the application. 6. We strongly encourage the devices be removed between 9PM and 6 AM. 7. Probably better suited for urban trail crossings.

In your Trail Designs Avoid Skewed Crossings if Possible!

Crossing Distance 20 feet
20 30

Crossing Distance 30 feet

Large skews may need yield signs & markings

5.7 sec to cross

Required sight distance = 397 Required sight distance = 544

8.6 sec to cross

Skewed crossings will require longer sight distances!

* Crossing distance is defined as edge of travel lane to edge of travel lane.

Severely Skewed Trail Crossing

Avoid This!

Better Solution
Make crossing angle as near to 90 degrees as ROW allows

22

Shortens the crossing distance & trail users spend less time exposed to traffic!

6.3 sec to cross

Required sight distance = 426

vs. 5.7 sec & 397 for right angle 20 crossing

Example of 90 Angle Crossing

An example from the SRT Trail

This curvature will also reduce trail user speed prior to crossing !

Yield Lines & Signs at Unsignalized Midblock Crosswalks (Trail Crossings)

Especially useful at skewed crosswalks in urbanized areas!
R1-5

20 to 50

R1-5

You may consider using yield lines and signs in advance of the mid-block trail crosswalk as an added safety measure. Provides added reference where to stop.

Advance Pavement Markings

SIGHT DISTANCE CALCULATIONS

Crossing Sight Distance Issues

Two important measurements need to be made at every trail crossing for plan approval:
(Paragraph 10 of the Shared Use Path Crossing agreement)

1. Trail Crossing sight distance The distance required by a trail user to determine if it is safe to proceed across the travel lanes of a highway at a crossing. d 1.47V (t g ) 2. Stopping sight distance The distance required by a driver at a given speed to stop the vehicle after an object on the roadway (bike/ped) becomes visible to the driver.
PennDOT Design Manual Part 2, Chapter 2.17.

Sight Distances
Sight distances can be affected by many things:
Trees, shrubs, hedges, seasonal farm crops (i.e. corn, wheat), or other foliage Permanent fixed objects, buildings, sheds, fences, walls, utility poles, guiderail, bridge parapets, etc.

Other objects such as traffic signs, mailboxes, parked cars, etc.

Vertical sag or vertical crest in the highway

Horizontal curves in the roadway before the crossing

Environmental and human factors

Trees/Shrubs Curve Sign Pole Guiderail Shadows

Name All Factors Affecting Sight Distance!

Crossing Sight Distance

North

Design speed limit 35 MPH, crossing distance = 21 feet (excludes shoulder) Pedestrian walking speed 3.5 ft/sec + 2 sec perception
d 1.47V (t g )

t g (21 / 3.5) 2
V 35MPH

Area inside curve must remain clear to maintain 420 sight

Skewed crosswalks will have longer sight distances! Use highway design speed in sight distance calculations

Dog Walker Sight Distance

Required distance 412' Measured North 285' Measured South 450'

Bicycle Sight Distance

Required distance 412' Measured North 450' Measured South 420' Report lowest values

Stopping Sight Distance

* (f) and road grade (g) Design speed limit 35 MPH, factors in pavement coefficient of friction Drivers eyes assumed 3.5 above road. Object height 2 above road. t =Perception time 2.5 sec ( f ) from design manual V
2

SSD 1.47Vt

30( f g )

V 35MPH

Report the lowest values in your plans

Objects inside curve can affect sight distance

Red Car Stopping Sight Distance

Required distance 250' Actual To Bikes 440' Actual To joggers 225'

Green Car Stopping Sight Distance

Required distance 250' Actual To joggers 430' Actual To Bikes 390'

Can you stop in time?

Do you see the trail crossing ?

Elements of a Safe Trail Crossing!

The trail crossing is highly visible to the vehicles on the highway! No surprises! Vehicles are given sufficient advance warning of the trail crossing! So they anticipate it coming. Trail users stop/pause to look before crossing the highway! Trail users have adequate sight distance; drivers have adequate stopping distance. (Compensate for deficiencies!) The trail crossing is inspected and maintained at least once a year. Include highway trail sign visibility !

Highway Sign Visibility Issues

Trail crossing signs will not help if the drivers cant see them! Trail sign visibility can be affected by many things including tree branches, shrubs, other signs, etc. The solutions can be simple
Trim the tree or move the After sign

Before

The Impact of Tree Foliage On Driver Perception

Early Spring

Late Summer

Trail Sign Visibility Issue

Advance sign obscured by tree and shadows

You can trim trees or relocate sign

This might have been a better location for flashing light.

Step back, look from a distance. Aim for at least 250 of sign legibility !

Ask homeowner to let you cut back tree foliage? Tree will only get bigger.

Evaluate field conditions & anticipate tree/shrub growth when you locate a trail sign.

What will this look like in a year or two? Bush will get bigger.

How Can We Improve an Existing Trail Crossing?

How do you take an existing trail crossing from this

To This

Trail Crossing Improvements

Add crosswalk and dual fluorescent yellow green signs

Remove Trees in Trail Queuing Area

Trees block views Cleared queue area & sign adjustments

Sign Consolidation or Relocation

Relocated

Lowered 1 sign raised other & consolidated

Improved Trail Sight Distance

Tree & brush removed

How can we improve ?

Trim back tree line

District 5 Guidelines for Good Trail Crossings

Do not mix Colors !

10 ft or trail width

Sign visibility can be improved by using fluorescent yellow green &/or sign post reflective strips.

Better if bollards or gates are outside PennDOT ROW

Stop signs are mandatory for SUP trail crossings!

Larger signs may help too! 30 36

Sign Post Consolidation at the Crossing & Dual Advance Signage

Back to Back on same post

Back to Back on same post

Watch for spacing between back to back supplemental signs if you consolidate
Spacing Looks Good!

Narrow crosswalk

Reverse skew to travel lane

Forward skew to travel lane

Wide crosswalk

Better solution separate posts

Too large

Types of signs currently being used at Shared Use Path Trail Crossings
More descriptive

W11-1
Best for bicycle trails with little pedestrian activity

W11-2
Best for footpath trails or pedestrian crosswalks

W11-15
Best choice for all multi-use SUP trails

Shared Use Path Trail Crossing Signage

All signs must be obtained from a list of State Approved Sign Manufacturers available from PennDOT

All signs must be installed according to TC-8702B standards for height, lateral clearance, & breakaway design.

Optional Trail Name Signage

D3-1

W16-8P

M1-8A
12x 36

M1-8
12x 30
Optional

Custom Approved Design

Example from the field

Things That Go Wrong !

Wrong sign layout & does not meet minimum sign under-clearance of 7 foot (urban) or 5 foot (rural)

Non-approved sign design & mounting!

Crosswalk too Small !

4
Does not meet 6 foot minimum TC-8600 standard. Should aim to match width of trail.

New District 5 Trail Crossing

Good signage Advance pavement marking Highly visible crosswalk Good sight distances

Include: Crossing width Roadway width Sight distances

crossing, stopping

Typical Crossing Plan

Crosswalk pavement markings

Trail width Hwy grade SR, segment & offset Speed limit

Minimal skew angle

Trail crossing signs at the crosswalk and in advance of it

Advance trail crossing pavement markings Stop signs on the trail Gates or bollards designed to get trail users to slow or stop before the trail crossing Include all items from paragraph 3b of the SUP agreement !

Sometimes its necessary to REFUGE ISLANDS use a pedestrian refuge island to cross a highway with a trail.
Used on roads with very high traffic volumes or wide 3 or more lane crossings Requires an HOP Reduces crash rates

The Final Steps

PennDOT will review the trail crossing plan and accept it or suggest modifications. When it accepts a crossing plan, PennDOT will provide the Shared Use Path Group with written approval of the trail crossing plan and authorize creation of the crossing consistent with the provisions of the Shared Use Path Agreement. The Shared Use Path Group shall notify PennDOT when construction of the crossing is completed.

Custom Designed and Approved Signs

Requires PennDOT design approval

Signs must fit into M1-8A or M1-8 sign foot print Normal use is for on-road sections of trail

Trail Wayfinding Signage

Used to Direct Motorists D7-4 Used to Direct Bicyclists
D11-1 or D1 series M1-8A

Requires PennDOT permission before installing. See MUTCD 2009 Section 9B.20-22 & AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities Chapter 4.11 PA Tourism Signing Trust
MUTCD 2009 Section 9B.20 11

Examples of some of the many logos available for wayfinding signage

Wayfinding for vehicles to trailhead

L&NE Rail-Trail

Wayfinding bicycles between two trails

D&L Trail

Link the Trails

Will require PennDOT permission if signs are placed on state roads

South Bethlehem Greenway

Final Comments
The Shared Use Path owner is responsible for maintenance of the shared use path and shared use path signs & markings as depicted on the approved Crossing Plan. PennDOT will maintain other signs such as chevrons, curve warning signs, white edge lines, etc. o With rare exceptions, PennDOT will not install or maintain the signs or pavement markings associated with a trail crossing. o However, if a State highway containing a permitted or approved trail crossing is paved by PennDOT, PennDOT will typically replace in-kind all crosswalk and advance pavement markings but will not maintain them. In the event PennDOT determines an existing trail crossing may be dangerous based upon traffic accident history or lack of adequate sight distance, PennDOT may require the temporary closure of the crossing. Crossing plans must be submitted and approved to correct the deficiencies before the crossing is reopened. No two trail crossings are alike so there is no one size fits all in trail crossing design. Each crossing is unique and has its own individual set of circumstances that need to be addressed. Even so there are standard practices and techniques that can be applied and used at every trail crossing to improve safety.

QUESTIONS?

Stephen Pohowsky Safety Program Specialist - Bicycle Pedestrian & Trail Crossing Coordinator Counties: Berks, Carbon, Lehigh, Monroe, Northampton, Schuylkill PennDOT District 5-0 1002 Hamilton Street, Allentown, PA 18101 spohowsky@pa.gov ph (610) 871-4490

Trail Path Crossing Designs: Gates, Bollards

A good design slows or impedes bicyclists in some way before crossing Not a desirable design! Too wide

Avoid This If possible! Nothing or single bollard

Nothing! Or Wide spaced Bollards typically 5+ ft

Close spaced Bollards Typically 3 ft

Gate & Bollard

Dual Gates or fence overlap

Poor designs for State Highway Trail crossings

Nothing Bikes can speed across!

Difficult maneuver for bicycles or tandems to make

Too wide Bikes can pass through unimpeded

Bollard too narrow min 4 inch diameter

Can be hazard for bicyclists

Designs that force bicycles to stop, pause, or turn before crossing.

Use bright colors or reflective material

36 min width

A design that looks solid while approaching!

Forces a Turn!

Opening

Gate openings

Maneuvering area between gates

Spacing Considerations
Electric Scooter (3 or 4 wheel)
Segway Wheelchair Recumbent Trike Tricycle (3 wheel bike) Bicycle 23 average width 25 average width 27 average width 33 average width 31 average width 27 average width