Aster Teleservices Pvt Ltd

Training Division
No
1 Workshop on Induction Programme ID: SBU Name: Date: 1 What is ATPL a Aster Telecom Pvt Ltd b Aster Transmissions Pvt Ltd c Aster Teleservices Pvt Ltd d Aster Testing Pvt Ltd 2 What is ECP a Engineering Construction and Projects b Economic Construction Projects c Engineering Complete Projects d Engineering Constrction and Planning 3 Who manufactures towers for ATPL a Vendors b Asters own fabrication facilities c Customers and / or their other vendors d All or any of the above 4 Which SBU installs and commissions the Microwave hops a ECP b ESD c RFES d T&D 5 Which SBU maintains the Optical Fibre Cables for customers a ECP b ESD c O&M d RFES 6 What it TTDS a Transmission Tower Design and Supply b Telecom Tower Design and Supply c Total Tower Design and Supply d Tower Testing, Drawings and Supplying 7 Which divisions or verticals handles works pertaining to tower transmission lines a Telecom b IBO c T&D d SSV 8 What are the key words in the quality policy of aster a Customer requirements b Quality c Continnual improvements d All of the above 9 What is Quality Assurance a Inspection of work and accepting and rejecting b Manufacturing works and leave quality for the users c Ensuring quality work right at every stage

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11

12

13

* 14 15

d All of the above What is ISO 9001 a Quality management systems b Environmental management systems c Occupational hazards and safety d None of the above What are the words that should be avoided in writing letters a I b You c Dont d All of the above Which of the following are the taboos while sending mails a Accusing individuals b Passing on that one does not know his work c Slang d All of the above Best way of bridging the communication gap is a Repeating the actions decided at the end of the meeting b Noting down the action points during meeting c Asking relavant questions for clarification d All of the above Which of these statements are correct

Every team member is expected to wear suit and tie when attending meetings The team member is expected to plan his work and execute

Format No:ATE-T-06-R1

Correct Correct

/ /

Incorrect Incorrect

Tower Nomenclature
New Framed
1 What is tower? A B C D A tower is a huge building block of concrete structure. A self supporting structure made up of latice structure. A structure made up of concrete blocks & latice structures. It is used to transmit the signals.

2 What is Latice structure? A B C D The structure which is made up of leg members The structure which is made up of iron rods both a & b The structure which is made up of no.of members

3 What are the various application of latice tower? A B C D For communication, Power Transmission lines RF towers All the above

4 What are the various loads subjected to Tower? A B C D Self Weight Wind Current Sesmic load All the above

5 Give application of telecom tower ?

A B C D

For transmiting & receiving the signals.

Supporting the antennae at a required height Power transmission & flood light towers both b & c

6 What is GBT ?
A B C D

The tower which is errected on the surface of the natural ground The tower which is errected on the surface of the roof
both a & b None

7 What is RTT ?
A B C D

The tower which is errected on the surface of the natural ground the tower erected on the existing building . Radio Transmission Tower Both b & c

8 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Guy Mast over Self supporting tower ? A B C D

Advantage- These tower provide height at much lower cost. Disadavntage- It requires more land Advantage- These tower provide height at much higher cost. Disadavntage- It requires more land. Advantage- These tower provide low height at much lower cost. Disadavntage- It requires more land Advantage- These tower provide height at much lower cost. Disadavantage- It requires less land

9 What is anchor redius for Guyed Tower ?

A B C D

The anchor redius of guyed tower is generally 1/3 height of tower. The anchor redius of guyed tower is generally 3/2 height of tower. The anchor redius of guyed tower is generally 2/3 height of tower.
Both a & c

10 In how many direction generally guyed tower is guyed?

A B C D

Guyed towers are normally guyed in four directions. Guyed towers are normally guyed in three directions. Guyed towers are normally guyed in five directions. Guyed towers are normally guyed in six directions.

11 Where is Tubular guy mast used ? A In the snow Falling Enviornment

B C D

Everywhere we can use Where More height is required More antennas have Mount

12 What is icing ?
A B C

The icing is the fall of ice , this icing is trouble some for towers life, it causes aerodynamic instability & resulting in galloping.
The process of formation of ice The icing is the freezing of tower in cold enviornment

None of These

13 When is it preferable to use monopole?

A B C D When number of antennas required is less When the height required for of the tower required is less A or B none

14 What are the various types of towers as per their cross section?
A B C D

Square tower Triangular tower hexagonal & polygonal Tower all the above

15 What are the advantages & disadvantages of square & triangular towers?
A B C D

Advantage : it requires less steel Disadvantage : It has more stiffness in torsion. Advantage : it requires more steel Disadvantage : It has more stiffness in torsion. Advantage : it requires more steel Disadvantage : It has less stiffness in torsion. Advantage : it requires less steel Disadvantage : It has less stiffness in torsion.

16 What is stiffness ?
A B C D

Stiffness is the resistance of a body against deflection or deformation against applied load. Stiffness is to reduce the resistance of a body against deflection. Stiffness is to avoid the resistance of a body against deflection All the above

17 Hexagonal & Polygonal Towers are used for achieving heights

A B C D

less than 200 meter height. more than 300 meters. more than 100 meters. less than 250 meters.

18 What are the factors, which are responsible for increasing the weight of tower for same Height ?
A B

Weight increases with increase in number of faces in cross section. Weight increases with increase in type of material.

C D

Generally weight for same height Tower is same None of above

19 What are the various material sections are used for towers ?
A B C D

Plain Angular Tubular Both b & c

20 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tubular section instead of angular for towers ?
A B C D

Advantage : half of the weight when compared to angular , Reduced wind load because circular section. Disadvantages : Higher cost , complicated connection . Advantage : Easy to manufacture . Disadvantages : Less Strength . Advantage : Easy to transport Disadvantages : Reduce strength in Higher wind current . None of above

21 What is anchor bolts ?

A B C D

The bolts having J- shape in elevation provided to transfer the uplift and side thrust of tower . The bolts having T- shape in elevation provided to transfer the uplift and side thrust of tower . The bolts having L- shape in elevation provided to transfer the uplift and side thrust of tower . none

22 What is the length of Anchor bolts ?

A B C D

The anchor length of bolt less than 50D , D is diameter of bolts. The anchor length of bolt is 50D , D is diameter of bolts. The anchor length of bolt is 25D , D is diameter of bolts. The anchor length of bolt is 30D , D is diameter of bolts.

23 What are the various type foundation bolts available?

A B C

J- Shaped L- Shaped Anchor Washer

All of above

24 Why foundation bolt required special section at the end ?

A B C D

As the one end of founadtion bolt is embedded in concrete, so for providing the adequate anchorage. Just for increasing The Strength of bolts As per designer specification , for providing good look All of above

25 What is the use of leveling nut below Base plate?

A B C D

Level nut is used to maintain the equal elevation of the base plate. Level nut is used to maintain the equal elevation of the Template plate. Both A & B None

26 Which is the washer to be used in foundation bolts ? And why?

A B C D

Plain washer is used because it provides more area of contact , against the bearing load to aviod failure. Bearing washer is used because it provides less area of contact , against the bearing load to aviod failure. Bearing washer is used because it provides more area of contact , against the Tensile load to aviod failure. Bearing washer is used because it provides more area of contact , against the bearing load to aviod failure.

27 What will happen if we use Spring washer Instead of bearing washer in foundation ?
A B C

Spring washer have more contact of area & because of this assembly will fail in bearing load. Spring washer have less contact of area & because of this assembly will fail in taking tensile load. Spring washer have less contact of area & because of this assembly will fail in bearing load. None

28 Can we use Plain washer in place of bearing washer in foundation ?

A B C D

Yes,it has greater strenght agaist the subjected load. No, it has less strength aganist the subjected load. Some times we can use none of the above

29 How many nuts should be used in foundation bolts ?

A B C D

Four nuts Two nuts Five nuts Three nuts

30 Name the nuts used in foundation bolts ?

A B C D

Main nut 1, Main nut 2 below base plate , where as level nut above baseplate. Main nut 1, Main nut 2 below base plate , where as level nut above base plate. Main nut 1, Main nut 2 above base plate , where as level nut below base plate Both a & c

31 What will happen if you miss the one main nut ?

A B C D

It will reduce the life time of the tower It will increase the life time of the tower Nothing will happen. Only extra cost to the organization None

32 If the gap between the base plate & FFL is more than 2d to3d, what will happen?
A B C D

Then one more level nut should be added in the foundation bolt More concrete material will required, will extra cost to company. Both a & b More grouting material will required, will extra cost to company.

33 If the gap between the base plate & FFL is less than 2d to3d, what will happen?

A B C D

The grouting material cannot be inserted properly. It will reduce the cost of grouting material for the company. It will reduce the cost of concrete material. Proper grouting cannot be done and the length of exposure of Fdn Bolts will be more which will cause the loosening of Main nut -2

34 What is grouting ?
A B C D

Grouting is concrete used below baseplate It is special cement Grouting is non shirnkable chemical None of these

35 What is Template ?
A B C D

The temporary structure by means of which the anchor bolts or stubs are set in foundation. The permanent structure by means of which the anchor bolts or stubs are set in foundation. The temporary structure by means of which the Colomn reinforcement are set in foundation. None

36 Why we are using Template in tower ?

A B C D

Templates are very useful in setting foundation bolts Template is used to set the concrete Templates is used as customers want to used All of above

37 What will happen if distance between the two stubs is not maintained properly during template fixing as per drawing ? A The tower will not transfer its loads to the ground uniformly.
B C D

nothing will happen. This will leads to undue strain & distoration at the time of tower assembly on the stubs. both a & c

38 What is Stub assembly ?

A B C D

Stub assembly is the bottom most part of tower which uniformly transfer the load of tower to the column Stub assembly is made up of stub, Stiffners & baseplate Frist assembly which is fixed on the FFL on which entire tower is erected All of above

39 Name the parts of Stub assembly ? a b c d Base plate , Stub & stiffners. Base plate,stub & ribs Base plate,stub, gusset plate & stiffners Both b&c

40 What is stub ?
A B C D

A member of short length of the same cross section as bottom legs ,welded to the base plate. A member of longer length of the same cross section as bottom legs ,welded to the base plate. A member of short length of the different cross section as bottom legs ,welded to the base plate. A member of short length of the same cross section as bottom legs ,welded to the template.

41 What is fillet thickness to be considered for welding the stub to base plate ?
A B C D

fillet thickness usually more than the thickness of the stub angle. fillet thickness usually less than the thickness of the stub angle. both a & b fillet thickness usually same as thickness of the stub angle.

42 Which is welding procedure to be used for welding the stub to base plate ?

A B C D

Electric Arc Welding The welding is done by GMAW ( Gas metal arc welding ) Spot welding Fillet welding

43 What is base plate ?

A B C

The plate is used for setting the foundation bolts The plate is used at bottom of stub assembly The plates generally in square shape, to which stub is welded to distribute the load from tower leg to Column. Both B & C

44 What are the critical aspect of base plate ?

A B C D

Base plates's evenness Base plate's correct dimension both a & b A shape of base plate

45 What is the function stiffeners in base shoe assembly ?

A B C D

to increase the weld length for the load transfer from stub onto baseplate . To increase the resistance against the deflection . both a & b None of above

46 What is panel in tower ?

A B

Panel is the component of tower which consist of legs ,diagonal , horizontals& redundants. Panel is the component of tower which consist of legs ,

C D

Panel is the Height of tower which consist of leg to leg joint None of above

47 What is the height of panel in GBT and RTT ?

A B C D

Panel height in GBT is 5 meters & in RTT is 3 meters. Panel height in GBT is 3 meters & in RTT is 5 meters. Panel height in GBT is 10 meters & in RTT is 5 meters. Depends on Customer Specification

48 On which factors the heigth of panel is decided ?

A B C D

Truncation requirement economical Design criteria. Both a & b Depends on height of antennae mounts

49 Which is the main load bearing element of tower ?

A B C D

The tower Legs. Antennae mounts Bracings All of above

50 If single angle sections are not adequate to take the load then what are the various sections of angle to be used for legs in tower ?
A B C D

Adequate starred angles or double starred angles are used. tubular tower is to be used Both a & b None of above

51 Where do you find the Tubular section of legs generally ?

A B C D

In Tubular tower In Hybrid tower In triangular hybrid tower All of above

52 On which factor the compression & tension of tubular legs depends ? a b c d depends on the direction of wind load. Depends on the Self weight of tower Depends upon the MW & GSM antennas All of above

53 Why the flanges are to be welded to the Tubular legs ?

A B C D

It provides ease for leg joints To achieve more strength These flanges is used for tubular leg joint ,as it provides more contact area. Both a & c

54 What is ribs and what its significance in tubular towers?

A B C D

The stiffners in the tubular leg & flange joint is called Ribs. The function of Rib is to stiffen the flange where it is inadequate in bending . To increase the resistance against the deflection . both a & b None of above

55 Which are the type of joints used in leg joint ? a Butt Joints

b c d

Lap Joints Both A & B Gusset joint

56 In butt joint what is the minimum gap should be kept between two leg members ?
A B C D

The gap should be from 4 mm to 6 mm The gap should be from 7 mm to 10 mm The gap should as per designer specification Both a & c

57 What is the advantage of cover plate in tower ? a b c d The desired profile can be achieved by bending the cover plate instead of angle. It is used in leg butt joints Both A & B None of above

58 What should be the length of cover plate ?

A B C D

Sufficient to accommodate the designed bolts in the leg to leg joints Any length can be considered as per designer specification As per customer specification

59 What is cleat angle and where do you find cleat angle ?

A B C D

Cleat angles are angular sections with heel grinding, which is used inside the butt joint. Cleat is used in, inner side of angular leg joints Cleat is small angle which is used instead of two inner cover plate All of above

60 Where do you use Pack plates ?

A B C D

When the members are being joined by butt joint have variation in the thickness. It is used in leg joint for providing Strength It is used in lap joint None of above

61 What is the difference between spacer plate & batten plate ?

A B C D

The spacer plate is used when there is small distances. If more distance is there then we use batten plate . The spacer plate is used when there is more distances. If small distance is there then we use batten plate Both can be used for same application None of above

62 where do you use batten plate in tower ?

A B C D

The batten plate is used to join the stringers of Horzontal /Vertical cable tray . It is horizontal rod used in access ladder Both above a & b None all of above

63 Where stitch Plates are used ? A B C D Used in single or double star connection. If smaller space is to be maintained Both above a & b None of above

64 What is the bracings or diagonals and why it is used in tower ? A B The inclined member which connected to legs diagonally The loads are transferred to diagonals by shear

To Reduce unsupported length

All of above D 65 What are the various types of bracing used in communicacation towers ?
A B C D

Cross Bracing Plan Bracing Torsional Bracing All Of above

66 What is horizontals ?
A B C D

The straight members which interconnects the legs horizontally These Bracing is used to support Platforms A small Horizontal Angle for support Both a & b

67 What is the purpose of Horizontals in tower ?

A B C D For suporting the plan bracing For supporting the platform For supporting access ladder and Cable track. All Of above

68 What are the various loads which considered on horizontals ?

A B C D Subjected to Tensile & Compressive Load Subjected to Torsional Load Subjected to Bending Load Both B & C

69 What is redundant?
A B C The Secondary member used to reduce unsupported length It is a Length reducer It is used in the Access ladder

Both A & C

70 What is gusset plate ?

A B C D It is the plate used to join one member to more than one member It is used to accommodate number of bolts required for a connection . It Same as the Cover plate in width Both A & B

71 Why gusset plate is used in angular tower?

A B C D Used as packing when there is variation in thickness of Legs It is used to provide cover in leg joint It is used to accommodate number of bolts required for a connection . All Of above

72 Why gusset plate is used in hybrid tower?

A B C D It is required to connect secondary members to the legs. It is used to stiffness to the assembly Both A & B None of Above

73 What is the plan bracings ?

A B C D The bracing which are visible from top or the bottom of the tower is called plan bracing. The straight members which interconnects the legs horizontally The bracing which are designed to plan the excess load in tower None of Above

74 What are the advantages of Portal Bracing ?

A B C D These bracing avoid the twisting of legs. These bracing Take more load than legs These are used to support the horizontal bracing None of Above

75 Why the access ladder (Climbing ladder) is necessary in communication tower ?

A B C D

For accessing the the antennas & tower components for maintenance For Accessing the tower For checking the tower strength at the top All Of above

76 What is the spacing should be kept between two Stringers of access ladder ?
A B C D Minimum 300 mm Any thing above 500 mm Minimum 300 cm Minimum 200 mm

77 what is Rung size generally ?

A B C D 16 mm Diameter rod 16 mm flat plate is used Any size can be used 20 mm

78 what is Rung ?
A B C D It is horizontal part of access ladder it is horizontal part of Vertical Cable trays it is horizontal part of Horizontal Cable trays All Of above

79 What is safety cage ?

A B C D It is provided for safety purpose to the access ladder It is provided for safety purpose to the Working platform It is provided for safety purpose to the Rest platform All Of above

80 What is the minimum distance kept between the safety cage runners across the safety cage ?
A B 100 degrees apart 90 degree aparts.

C D

120 Degrees aparts Any angle is ok

81 What is the purpose of Vertical & horizontal cable tray ?

A B C D For accessing the tower For supporting the cable running from antenna to the equipment shelter. To support the horizontal Bracing . All Of above

82 What is cable gland ?

A B C D It is used to join the cable running from Shelter It is a metal clamp which seen on VCT & HCT This insulated clamp which is used to hold the cable to VCT & HCT . None of Above

83 What is Rest platform ?

A B C D The platform which is used for rest purpose It is generally located at one corner of horizontal bracings It is located near Antennas mounts Both A & B

84 which plate generally used for Rest platform?

A B C D Chequered plate Flat Plate Wire meshed platform Both A & C

85 What is Working Platform?

A B The platform which is used for rest purpose It is generally located at all around the horizontal bracings

C D

It is located near Antennas mounts Both B & C

86 What are the various components of Platform?

A B C D Chequered plate or welded wire mesh flooring plate, Bracket Railings All Of above

87 What is chequred Plate ?

A B C D The plate which is used as flooring member having holes in center to drain out rain water. The flooring member having meshed wire The flat plate having hole None of Above

88 What is the position of Nut in platform assembly ?

A B C D Facing upward Facing Downwards It depends upon the customer wish one facing inside & other outside

89 What is antenna mount ?

A B C D Tubes used to hold antenna , It is nothing but antennas only It is near working platform holding the antennas Both A & C

90 How will you differenciate the GSM antenna mounts from MW antenna mounts ?
A B C The GSM antenna mount has smaller diameter & longer length comparatively the MW antenna mount has larger diameter & shorter length. The GSM antenna mount has smaller diameter & smaller length comparatively the MW antenna mount has larger diameter & Larger length. The GSM antenna mount has larger diameter & longer length comparatively the MW antenna mount has larger diameter & shorter length.

The GSM antenna mount has larger diameter & longer length comparatively the MW antenna mount has larger diameter & shorter length.

99 What is day marking as per ICAO Requirements ?

A B C D Odd Numbers , Deep orange & white colour bands Even Numbers , Deep orange & white colour bands Even Numbers , Red & white colour bands None

100 where do you find Aviation lamp on tower ?

A B C D At the top of the tower At 45 meter diagonally placed Both A & B none of these

101 What is the purpose of using LED in Aviation lamp ?

A B C D More durability Economical Both A & B None of above

102 Where Lightening arrestor (Franklin Rod) is located in tower ?

A B C D At top of the tower Near last antenna mounts Near aviation lamp As per customer requirements

103 What is the purpose of Lightening Arrestor in the Tower ?

A B C D To protect the antennas for ligthening To protect the tower From lightening As customer wants to used it All Of above

104 What are the various steels used in the Tower ?

A B C D

Mild steel High Tensile steel Tungeston steel Both A & B

105 What is steel ?

A B C D It is alloy of iron & carbon It is good Iron It is the iron which get at blast furnence None of above

106 What is E 250 & E 350 ?

A B C D 250 Mpa & 350 Mpa is yeild strength of steel E-250 is mild steel & E-350 is High Tensile steel E-250 is High Tensile steel & E-350 is mild steel Both A & B

107 What are the various grades of MS Steel are available ?

A B C D E250 A E250 B E250 C All Of above

108 which are the various grades of Mild steel to be used in sub zero condition ?
A B C D E250 A E250 B E250 C Both B & C

109 What is yeild strength ?

A B The maximum load which can sustain by the body without failure The maximum load which can sustain by the body without failure when body is in Plastic state

C D

The maximum load which can sustain by the body without failure when body is in Elastic state All Of above

110 What is Ultimate strength ?

A B C D The maximum load which can sustain by the body without failure The maximum load which can sustain by the body without failure when body is in Plastic state The maximum load which can sustain by the body without failure when body is in Elastic state All Of above

111 Which is the grade of steel used for leg member in tubular tower?
A B C D Yst 210 Yst 240 Yst 310 All Of above

112 Which is the grade of steel used for mounts in tower?

A B C D Yst 210 Yst 240 Yst 310 All Of above

113 Which is the steel to be used for chequered plates?

A B C D E250 A Yst310 E350 E165

114 What is a bolts ?

A B C D The part having External threads The part having internal Threads The part having shank , head & External theading None of above

115 What is a Nut ?

A B C D The part having External threads The part having hole The part having internal Threads None of above

116 Which are grades of bolts to be used In tower ?

A B C D 4.6 5.6 6.8 Both B & C

117 What will happen if you use the Grade 4.6 bolts In tower Erection ?
A B C D The life of tower will increase The life of tower will reduce Nothing will happen to life None of above

118 What do you mean grade 5.6 ?

A B C D 500 N/sq mm Is yeild tensile Strength & 60 % 0f 500 is ultimate strength 500 N/sq cm Is ultimate tensile Strength & 60 % 0f 500 is yeild strength 500 N/sq mm Is Ultimate tensile Strength & 60 % 0f 500 is yeild strength None of above

119 What is threded length of M16 Bolts as per IS 12427 ?

A B C D 20 mm 29 mm 23 mm 19 mm

120 What is threaded length of M12 Bolts as per IS 12427 ?

A 20 mm

B C D

29 mm 23 mm 19 mm

121 What is the instrument to be used for checking tightness of Nuts ?

A Ring Spanner B Double Edge Spanner C Socket Spanner D Torque wrenches 122 what will used in case torque wrench is not available for checking tightness of nut ? A Turn on method B Turn off method C Turn key method D Spanner What is spring washer ? 123 A The metal part having internal threading B The flat metal ring having hole C The rectangular cross section bend it into ring D None of above What is the purpose of spring washer ? 124 A For absorbing the shock B For locking purpose C For providing more contact area D None of above

125 What is a delta tower A Tower having triangular cross section B Tower having tubes as section for all members C Tower made of only anlges D Tower connected by three or more struts as supporting members 126 What is a monopole A Tower having tubes as section for all members B Structure made by bending plates and welded to tubular shape C Structure having only one angle D Pole supported by guy wires 127 Identify the parts of a foundation bolts and nuts A Anchor washer B Bearing washer C Standard hexagonal nut D All of the above 128 What is a star leg A Steel section made in the form of + B Angle forms as T section C Tubular section welded to a plate D two angles connected with their heel connected by spacers 129 Identify the parts of a base shoe

A B C D

130

131

132

133

Base plate Stub Stiffeners All of the above Hybrid tower is A Tower having triangular cross section B Tower having tube as leg members and bracing angular C Tower made of only anlges D Tower connected by three or more struts as supporting members What is guy mast A A tower with a small cross section in the top and bigger base width B A structure with uniform cross section and supported by guy wires C Stucture made of tubular cross section D Any tall structure with all tubular members interconnected The washers to be used in a foundation bolts and above base plate are A Anchor washer B Bearing washer C Standard hexagonal nut D All of the above Identify the parts of a leg assembly of a hybrid tower
A B C D

Pipe Flanges Rib plates All of the above

134 Which of the shapes are found for a foundation bolt

A

Stright rod with a anchor washer welded in the bottom

B C D

Rod bent in the shape of L Rod bent in the shape of J All of the above

Which of these statements are correct 135 All main bracings would have more than one bolt on each end 136 Two diagonal members of one panel would have at least one bolt interconnecting 137 Redundants have only one bolt on both ends 138 Gusset plates are the heaviest part in a tower 139 Cable track is the part that is used for clamping cables from the tower to the shelter The two angles of the access ladder are called stringers and the rods welded to them 140 are called rungs 141 Torsional bracings are members connected to the plan bracings to the leg

142 Color bands in any tower should be always odd number 143 Aviation lamp is fixed in the middle of the tower 144 Lightening rod is copper rod directly welded to the top of the tower 145 DE spanner is double end spanner. 146 Ring spanner holds the nut six cornors 147 The washer used below the foundation bolt, main nut is bearing washer. 148 A nut is to be contact with a plain washer 149 The nut should face the center of the tower and to the ground. 150 If the holes do not match, enlarging the holes using gas is correct method Piece meal method of erection is using four derricks and erecting member by 151 member. 152 Using a leg angle in place of derrick is wrong. 153 154 155 156 If the holes do not match, use hammer to drive the bolts into the position Where galvanizing has got damaged in erection , the same should be repaired using If more than three strands of rope are damaged, the rope should be discarded. Using double sheave pulley would reduce the load in the rope by more than half of

157 Tigthening of bolts should be done from top to bottom 158 Using a M12 bolt in place of M16 would reduce the strength by almost half 159 The number of threds of bolt to be exposed after tightening the nut two 160 A plan bracing can be viewed from the top or bottom of the tower 161 All the gusset plates for torsional bracing are bent 162 Redundants have no forces acting on them 163 A flange plate is a thick plate formed into a circular or rectangular shape 164 Cable trays are fixed to the foundation 165 Cable tracks are also called wave guide 166 The access ladder has batten plates welded to two stringers 167 Sagety cage consists of safety cage rings connected together with two safety cage 168 The number of aviation lamps should be one whatever is the height of the tower 169 The degree of protection for the antennae by the franklin rod is 300 Degrees 170 spud spanner is similar to a DE spanner and used on the two edges of nut

171 socket spanner holds all the six sides of a nut the spring waser is to be fixed between the bolt head and the tower part for best 172 results 173 a nut and check nuts are same 174 bolt heads should be facing outside of the tower 175 if plugging of holes is noticed near the bolt hole to be fixed, using the part is unsafe 176 if diganonal bracings are reversed (upside down), the bolts in the inter-connecting 177 a gin pole is also called derrick 178 derrick can have less than three guy wires 179 where galvanizing has got damaged in erection, the same should be repaired using 180 the tool to be used for checking the tightening is called torque wrench 181 the torque requied for a M16 - 5.6 grade is same as M16 - 6.8 grade the torque required for a bolt of different length would be different even if the grade 182 and dia are same 183 what is a torque wrench A It is a tool used to check the allignment of the template . B Tool used to check the leveles of the foundation bolts. C Tool used to check wether if the nut is properly tightened or not. D None 184 what is a cleat angle A Angle used in Leg splice joint B Angle used in stub assembly C Angle used in joining two bracings D Both b & c 185 what is the name of the two angles used in a ladder? A cleant angle B Stringers C rungs D runners 186 what is the material used in the tower manufacturing A E-250 B E-350 C Both a & b D none

187 how many threads should project from nut after full tightening A 5 to10 B 1 to 3 C 3 to 4 D 8 to 12

188 why is a spring washer not hot dip galvanized A because its tempering effect of spring washer will lost B because to avoid corrosion. C because the thick ness of the spring washer is very less D none 189 what is batten plate A it is an horzontal member in a VCT B it is an horzontal member in a HCT C both a & b D it is an horizantal member in a ladder 190 what is the type of washer used below the nuts of foudation bolts A Spring washer B Plain washer C As Specified by customer D Bearing washer 192 what would happen if a M12 bolts is used in place of M16 A Load bearing capacity of the bolt increases double. B Load bearing capacity of the bolt decreases by half. C Load bearing capacity of the bolt decreases to zero. D none 193 where do you need to use a pack plate A A Square plate to which bottom most leg is fixed . B The plates connected to tubes at both ends. C The plate which is provided to hold two angles in positions. D The plate Used to join two members of different thickness 194 what is a plan bracing A The bracing which can be seen only from top view of the tower . B The bracing which can be seen only from bottom view of the tower . C The bracing which can be seen either from top or bottom view of the tower . D none 195 what is torsional bracing and what is the other name for the same A The bracing which join leg to the center of the plan bracing & can be called as Hip bracing. B Which can take Torsional loads & can be called as redundants. C Which can take shear stress & can be called as K bracing. D All of the above 196 where do we need to use a gusset plate in a tower A Gusset plates are only used in interconnection between two leg members. B Gusset plates are only used in interconnection between two bracings. C Gusset plates are used to interconnect one or more that one members.

None

197 which should be idial position of a nut in a bolt nut connection A facing outside the tower B facing top of the tower C facing down D facing inside the tower 198 what is a DE spanner A Double edged spanner B Double end spanner C Deep edged spanner D None 199 what is the tool to be used for checking if the nut is tightened properly A Theodolite B Leveling instrument C Plum bob D torque wrench 200 why is grouting to be done below base plate A To avoid the gap between concrete & base plate of the tower leg. B As it is a non shrinkable material it has the capacity to take compressive load directly. C Grouting will not allow the concrete to be shrink. D All the above 201 what is coping of tower A A side slope is provided at the bottom surface of the pedestals,to drain off the water. B To connect the foundation column reinforcement to existing column reinforcement. C both a & b D None

202 what happens if you miss a pack washer in a bracing assembly A Nothing will happen to joint B Strength bracing assembly of will reduced C The bracing assembly become loose D None of above 203 what is the minimum grade of bolt to be used in the tower A 4.6 B 5.6 C 6.5 D 5.8 204 what is the instrument used for testing the soil resistivity A Theodolite

B C D

Dumppy level Megger All of the above

205 what is the mean of tightening the nuts for the base shoe assembly A Torque wrench B Turn On method C Turn Off method D D E spanner 206 in case of non-avaiability of gin pole, can we use a leg member instead? A Yes B No C Some times may be used D Used according to our requirement. 207 what is the width of the color band in a 40m tower A 4.45 m B 5.7 m C 9m D 5m 208 what is the equipment on tower that gives warning to a approaching aircraft A Florocent Lamp B Fire Alarms C External Alarms D Aviation Lamp

209 how many nut to be used above Baseplate in stub assembly A 2 B 1 C 3 D 4

Answers

A self supporting structure are made up of latice structre

The structure which is made up of small members

Microwave transmission for communication, Power Transmission lines, FM towe

Self weight, Wind current , Sesmic load

The tower which is errected on the natural ground after excavating soil & providing su

the tower is erected on the existing building by raising the existing columns and provi between the column

upporting tower ?

Advantage- These tower provide height at much lower cost. Disadavntage- It requires

The anchor redius of guyed tower is generally 2/3 height of tower.

Guyed towers are normally guyed in three directions.

t causes aerodynamic instability &

The icing is the fall of ice , this icing is trouble some for towers lifes, it causes aerodyn resulting in galloping. In this enviornment Tubular mast is used.

Monopole is preferable to use, when number of antennea required is less or height o

Square tower, Triangular tower, delta tower, hexagonal & polygonal Tower.

s in torsion.

Advantage : it requires less steel Where as disadvantage, It has less stiffness in torsion

ss in torsion.

s in torsion.

n torsion.

Stiffness is the resistance of a body against deflection or deformation Becaused of ap

These towers are used for height more than 300 meters.

wer for same Height ?

Weight increses with increases in number of faces in cross section. Generally hexagon more weight compared to squre tower.

Angular & tubular

d of angular for towers ?

d wind load because circular section.

Advantage : half weight compare to angular , Reduced wind load because circular sec Higher cost , complicated connection .

gher wind current .

The bolts having L- shape in elevation provided to transfer the uplift and side thrust o

The anchor length of bolt is 50D , D is diameter of bolts.

J- shape, J- shape with anchor washer and foundation bolt with anchor washer at bott

oviding the adequate anchorage.

As the one end of founadtion bolt is embedded in concrete, so for providing the adeq

Level nut is used to maintain the equal elevation of the base plate.

Bearing washer is used because it provides more area of contact , against the

ndation ?

Spring washer less contact of area & because of this assembly failed in bearing load.

No, it has less thickness compared to bearing washer, it has less strenght agaist the su

Three nuts, they are Main nut 1 Main nut 2 Above base plate .. Where as level nut be

As both main nut equally share the load, Absence of one nut will be a cause for reduc

ppen?

More grouting material will required, will extra cost to company.

pen?

Because of less gap, it provide resistance will filling grouting material.

olts will be more which will cause the

Grouting is non shirnkageable chemical. These grouts ensure that the entire load sho

s are set in foundation.

The temporpery Structure by means of which the anchor bolts or stubs are set in foun .

bs are set in foundation.

ent are set in foundation.

Templates are very useful in setting stubs , the distances between the stubs ,their alli accordance with the design .

perly during template fixing as per

This will leads to undue strain & distoration at the time of tower assembly on the stu

embly on the stubs.

Stub assembly is the bottom most part of tower which uniformaly transfer the load o to foundation through anchor bolts .

nsfer the load of tower to the column

ected

Base plate , Stub & stiffners.

A member of short length of the same cross section as bottom legs ,welded to the ba

fillet thickness usually same as thickness of the stub angle.

The welding is done by GMAW ( Gas metal arc welding )

The plates generally in square shape, to which stub is welded to distribute the load fr by bearing.

Base plates's evenness and correct dimension.

Stiffener for base plate provides flexural length & also to increase the weld length for stub onto baseplate .

eplate .

Panel is the component of tower which consist of legs ,diagonal , horizontals& redund

rizontals& redundants.

The height of panel is based on two factors , Truncation requirement & economical D

The tower Legs.

various sections of angle to be used Adequate starred angles or double starred angles are used.

These section generally used in tubular towers & hybrid towers.

The compression & tension of tubular tower depends on the direction of wind load.

These flanges is used for tubular leg joint ,as it provides more contact area.

t area.

The stiffners in the tubular leg & flange joint is called Ribs. The function of Rib is to sti inadequate in bending .

on of Rib is to stiffen the flange where

There are two joints ,one is Butt joint & other is lap joint . In leg joint Butt joint is used

mbers ?

The gap should be from 4 mm to 6 mm

The desired profile can be achieved by bending the cover plate instead of angle.

ad of angle.

The plate which is provided in butt joints on out sides. The length of plate provided so bolts required for that connection.

Cleat are small angular section with heel grinding, which is used inside the butt joint.

nside the butt joint.

When the members are being joined by butt jointhave variation in the thickness.

he thickness.

The plates inter connecting two member seperated by distances. The spacer plate is u distances. If more distance is there then used batten plate .

nce is there then we use batten plate .

ance is there then we use batten plate .

The batten plate is used to connect the two member when they seperated by distanc used to join the stringers of cable tray & track.

able tray .

Used in single or double star connection.

The inclined member which connected to legs diagonally is called diagonal. The loads diagonals by shear & reduce the unsupported length.

K- bracings, Cross bracing , Plan Bracings & torsional bracings.

The straight members which interconnects the legs horizontally

The plan bracing is connected on the horizontal and it support the platform , excess l

The horizontal are subjected to torsional load, as well as bending due platform.

The secondary member which are provided to reduce the unsupported length of the Redundant.

Gusset plates are the plates used to inter connect the members.

For Angular towers Gusset plates will be provided to accommodate number of bolts .

Gusset plates are required to connect secondary members to the legs.

lled plan bracing.

The bracing which are visible from top or the bottom of the tower is called plan bracin

The bracing which is connected diagonally at the half of horizontal come back to legs. twisting of legs.

wer ?

To maintain antennas or tower or tower appurtenances.

Minimum 300 mm.

The horizontal part of access lader is clled rung. 16 mm diameter.

These are the rings which are connected to the stringers of ladder for safety purpose.

the safety cage ?

90 degree aparts.

The platform, which is provided with, chequered plate or welded wire mesh along wit internally to enable to take rest while climbing is called Rest platform.

ter.

To support the cable wave-guide running from antenna to the equipment shelter.

This insulated clamp which is used to hold the cable to cable tray or cable track.

The platforms which are provided at the level where antennae are provided external suitable railing are called Working platforms

Chequered plate or welded wire mesh flooring plate, bracket , Railing

drain out rain water.

The plate which is used as flooring member having holes in center to drain out rain w

In platfrom assembly nut should be facing down towards the ground.

The structural elements, which are provided to connect antenna to the tower memb mounting.

nts ?

aratively the MW antenna mount has

paratively the MW antenna mount has

atively the MW antenna mount has

atively the MW antenna mount has

The GSM antenna mount has smaller diameter & longer length comparatively the MW larger diameter & shorter length.

The structure above 45 in height shall be painted in alternate bands of international o

n body is in Plastic state

n body is in Elastic state

n body is in Plastic state

n body is in Elastic state

gth

th

gth

of nut ?

Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct

/ Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect

Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct correct

/ Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / / / / Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect

/ Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / incorrect

correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct

/ incorrect / / / / / / / / / / incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect

/ incorrect

. e tower .

called as Hip bracing. A

mbers. s. ers.

sive load directly. d

ain off the water. reinforcement.

ers

Transmission lines, FM towers , flood light stands in stadium

xcavating soil & providing suitable foundation.

existing columns and provided with tie beam in

st. Disadavntage- It requires more land

of tower.

wers lifes, it causes aerodynamic instability & used.

a required is less or height of tower required is less than 9 meter ,

polygonal Tower.

t has less stiffness in torsion.

eformation Becaused of applied load.

s section. Generally hexagonal structure has 20 %

nd load because circular section. Disadvantages :

r the uplift and side thrust of tower .

with anchor washer at bottom.

e, so for providing the adequate anchorage.

se plate.

rea of contact , against the bearing load to aviod failure.

mbly failed in bearing load.

as less strenght agaist the subjected load.

late .. Where as level nut below baseplate.

nut will be a cause for reducing the life of towers.

mpany.

ng material.

ure that the entire load should be transferred to the foundation.

bolts or stubs are set in foundation is called template

between the stubs ,their allignmentand slope

tower assembly on the stubs.

niformaly transfer the load of tower & its equipment

ttom legs ,welded to the base plate.

ded to distribute the load from tower leg to Pedstal

ncrease the weld length for the load transfer from

gonal , horizontals& redundants.

equirement & economical Design criteria.

d.

owers.

he direction of wind load.

ore contact area.

The function of Rib is to stiffen the flange where it is

In leg joint Butt joint is used.

plate instead of angle.

e length of plate provided so as to accommodate the

s used inside the butt joint.

iation in the thickness.

tances. The spacer plate is used when there is small e.

en they seperated by distances. The batten plate is

s called diagonal. The loads are transferred to

ngs.

ntally

pport the platform , excess ladder and Cable track.

ending due platform.

unsupported length of the main members is called

mbers.

mmodate number of bolts required for a connection

s to the legs.

he tower is called plan bracing.

orizontal come back to legs. These bracing avoids the

ameter.

of ladder for safety purpose.

welded wire mesh along with suitable railing Rest platform.

the equipment shelter.

ble tray or cable track.

nnae are provided externally around the tower with

acket , Railing

n center to drain out rain water.

the ground.

ntenna to the tower members, are called Antenna

ength comparatively the MW antenna mount has

nate bands of international orange and white colours.

Tower Nomenclature
Existing
1 What is a delta tower a Tower having triangular cross section b Tower having tubes as section for all members c Tower made of only anlges d Tower connected by three or more struts as supporting members 2 What is a monopole a Tower having tubes as section for all members b Structure made by bending plates and welded to tubular shape c Structure having only one angle d Pole supported by guy wires 3 Identify the parts of a foundation bolts and nuts a Anchor washer b Bearing washer c Standard hexagonal nut d All of the above 4 What is a star leg a Steel section made in the form of + b Angle forms as T section c Tubular section welded to a plate d two angles connected with their heel connected by spacers 5 Identify the parts of a base shoe a Base plate b Stub c Stiffeners d All of the above 6 Hybrid tower is a Tower having triangular cross section b Tower having tube as leg members and bracing angular c Tower made of only anlges d Tower connected by three or more struts as supporting members 7 What is guy mast a A tower with a small cross section in the top and bigger base width b A structure with uniform cross section and supported by guy wires c Stucture made of tubular cross section d Any tall structure with all tubular members interconnected 8 The washers to be used in a foundation bolts and stub assembly are a Anchor washer b Bearing washer c Standard hexagonal nut d All of the above 9 Identify the parts of a leg assembly of a hybrid tower a Pipe b Flanges

c Rib plates d All of the above 10 Which of the shapes are found for a foundation bolt a Stright rod with a anchor washer welded in the bottom b Rod bent in the shape of L c Rod bent in the shape of J d All of the above Which of these statements are correct 11 All main bracings would have more than one bolt on each end 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Two diagonal members of one panel would have at least one bolt interconnecting them Redundants have only one bolt on both ends Gusset plates are the heaviest part in a tower Cable track is the part that is used for clamping cables from the tower to the shelter The two angles of the access ladder are called stringers and the rods welded to them are called rungs Torsional bracings are members connected to the plan bracings to the leg Color bands in any tower should be always odd number Aviation lamp is fixed in the middle of the tower Lightening rod is copper rod directly welded to the top of the tower DE spanner is double end spanner. Ring spanner holds the nut six cornors The washer used below the foundation bolt, main nut is bearing washer. A nut is to be contact with a plain washer The nut should face the center of the tower and to the ground. If the holes do not match, enlarging the holes using gas is correct method Piece meal method of erection is using four derricks and erecting member by member. Using a leg angle in place of derrick is wrong. If the holes do not match, use hammer to drive the bolts into the position Where galvanizing has got damaged in erection , the same should be repaired using zinc rich paint If more than three strands of rope are damaged, the rope should be discarded.

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

Using double sheave pulley would reduce the load in the rope by more than half of weight of part being lifted. Tigthening of bolts should be done from top to bottom Using a M12 bolt in place of M16 would reduce the strength by almost half The number of threds of bolt to be exposed after tightening the nut two A plan bracing can be viewed from the top or bottom of the tower All the gusset plates for torsional bracing are bent Redundants have no forces acting on them A flange plate is a thick plate formed into a circular or rectangular shape Cable trays are fixed to the foundation Cable tracks are also called wave guide The access ladder has batten plates welded to two stringers Sagety cage consists of safety cage rings connected together with two safety cage runners The number of aviation lamps should be one whatever is the height of the tower The degree of protection for the antennae by the franklin rod is 30o spud spanner is similar to a DE spanner and used on the two edges of nut socket spanner holds all the six sides of a nut the spring waser is to be fixed between the bolt head and the tower part for best results a nut and check nuts are same bolt heads should be facing outside of the tower if plugging of holes is noticed near the bolt hole to be fixed, using the part is unsafe if diganonal bracings are reversed (upside down), the bolts in the inter-connecting place in middle can not be fixed a gin pole is also called derrick derrck can have less than three guy wires where galvanizing has got damaged in erection, the same should be repaired using Aluminium paint the tool to be used for checking the tightening is called torque wrench the torque requied for a M16 - 5.6 grade is same as M16 - 6.8 grade the torque required for a bolt of different length would be different even if the grade and dia are same

59 what is a delta tower

a b c d

Tower having triangular cross section Tower having tubes as section for all members Tower made of only anlges Tower connected by three or more struts as supporting members

60 what does 5.6 grade bolt indicate a 500 indicates its yield strength with 60 o/o of its ultimate tensile strength. b 500 indicates its ultimate tensile strength with 60 o/o of its yield strength. c 600 indicates its ultimate tensile strength with 50 o/o of its yield strength. d both b & c 61 what is a torque wrench a It is a tool used to check the allignment of the template . b Tool used to check the leveles of the foundation bolts. c Tool used to check wether if the nut is properly tightened or not. d None 62 what is a cleat angle a Angle used in Leg splice joint b Angle used in stub assembly c Angle used in joining two bracings d Both b & c 64 for foundation bolts what is the washer to be used a Spring washer b Plain washer c Bearing washer d Square washer

66 what is the name of the two angles used in a ladder? a cleant angle b Stringers c rungs d runners 67 what is the material used in the tower manufacturing a E-250 b E-350 c Both a & b d none 68 what is the difference between cable tray and cable track a Cable tray is in horizontal position & cable track is in vertical position. b Cable tray is in vertical position & cable track is in horizontal position. c Both a & b

none

69 how many threads should project from nut after full tightening a 5 to10 b 1 to 3 c 3 to 4 d 8 to 12

70 why is a spring washer not hot dip galvanized a because its tempering effect of spring washer will lost b because to avoid corrosion. c because the thick ness of the spring washer is very less d none 71 what is batten plate a it is an horzontal member in a cable tray rooting b it is an horzontal member in a cable track rooting c both a & b d it is an horizantal member in a lader 72 what is the type of washer used below the nuts of foudation bolts a Spring washer b Plain washer c square washer d Bearing washer 74 what would happen if a M12 bolts is used in place of M16 a Load bearing capacity of the bolt increases double. b Load bearing capacity of the bolt decreases by half. c Load bearing capacity of the bolt decreases to zero. d none 75 where do you need to use a pack plate a A Square plate to which bottom most leg is fixed . b The plates connected to tubes at both ends. c The plate which is provided to hold two angles in positions. d The plate Used to join two members of different thickness 76 what is a plan bracing a The bracing which can be seen only from top view of the tower . b The bracing which can be seen only from bottom view of the tower . c The bracing which can be seen either from top or bottom view of the tower . d none

77 what is torsional bracing and what is the other name for the same a The bracing which jonts leg to the center of the plan bracing & can be called as Hip bracing. b Which can take Tortional loads & can be called as redundants. c Which can take shear stress & can be called as K bracing. d All of the above 78 where do we need to use a gusset plate in a tower a Gusset plates are only used in interconnection between two leg members. b Gusset plates are only used in interconnection between two bracings. c Gusset plates are used to interconnect one or more that one members. d None 79 which should be idial position of a nut in a bolt nut connection
a b c d

(a) facing outside the tower (b) facing top of the tower (c )facing down (d) facing inside the tower

80 what is a DE spanner a Double edged spanner b Double end spanner c Deep edged spanner d None 81 what is the tool to be used for checking if the nut is tightened properly a Theodolite b Leveling instrument c Plum bob d torque wrench 82 why is grouting to be done below base plate a To avoid the gab between concrete & base plate of the tower leg.
b c d

As it is a non shrinkable material it has the capacity to take compressive load directly. Grouting will not allow the concrete to be shrink. All the above

83 what is coping of tower a A side slope is provided at the bottom surface of the pedestals,to drain off the water.
b

To connect the foundation column reinforcement to existing column reinforcement. both a & b None

c d

85 what happens if you miss a pack washer in a bracing assembly

a b c d

86 what is the minimum grade of bolt to be used in the tower a 4.6 b 5.6 c 6.5 d 5.8 87 what is the instrument used for testing the soil resistivity a Theodolite b Dumppy level c Megger d All of the above 88 what is the method of tightening the nuts for the base shoe assembly in case torque wrench is
not available a b c d

Torque wrench Turn On method Turn Off method All of the above

89 in case of non-avaiability of gin pole, can we use a leg member instead? a Yes b No c Some times may be used d Used according to our requirement. 90 what is the width of the color band in a 40m tower a 4.7 m b 5.7 m c 9m d 5m 91 what is the equipment on tower that gives warning to a approaching aircraft a Florocent Lamp b Fire Alarms c External Alarms d Aviation Lamp

Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect

Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct Correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct correct

/ / / /

Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect

/ Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / Incorrect / / / / / / / / / / / / / incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect incorrect

gth. gth. gth.