ANTIBIOTICSENSITIVITY BKG chemotherapeuticagentsareusedintreatmentofinfectiousdiseases,theyinterferewith microbialmetabolismwithoutharminghostcells. bacteriocidalagentsthatcausebacterialcelldeath bacteriostaticagentsthatpreventreplicationofbacterialcells antibioticsaremadeandsecretedbycertainbacteria,thesedestroy/inhibitthegrowthofother microbes.maybebroadornarrow.

row. Actinomycetes Fungi usingbacteriafromthelogphaseofgrowth hasthemostuniformpopulationofbacterialcells thecellswouldbeactivelyreplicating activityofantibioticsisaimed@somepointinabiosyntheticpathway safetyandeffectiveness dependentonseveralfactors maingoal:destroythemicrobewithoutharmingthehost Therapeuticdose[desirelow] Toxicdose[desirehigh] TherapeuticIndex[desirehigh]highertheindex~saferthemedication toxicdose/therapeuticdose antifungalandanticancertendtohavelowtherapeuticindex~becausefungi andcancercellsareareeukaryoticlikethehostcells. PARAMETERSTOKNOWFORANTIBIOTICS 1. modeofaction 2. sideeffectsinthehost 3. scopeofantimicrobialactivity 4. sideeffects SULFONAMIDE GantrisinSULFISOXAZOLE broadstaticeffectviacompetitiveinhibition antimetabolite competeswithPABAduringfolicacidsynthesis folicacidisnecessaryforBvitaminsynthesis,whichisacoenzymeinaminoacid andpurinesynthesis sideeffects: sensitivity,allergicreactions,blooddycrasiasis/aplasticanemia,thyroidhyperplasia, urinarytractdisturbances~crystalluria,hematuria,obstruction primaryuseagainst:gram()inUTI&sinusinfections PENICILLIN Ampicillin PenicillinG

PenicillinV Carbenicillin firstwidelyusedinmedicine knownforbetalactamring antimicrobial inhibittranspeptidationenzymesinvolvedwithNAMNAGcrosslinks!! thereforehasaneffectonthePDGofcellwalls. weakensthecellwall destroybacteriabyactivatingbacteriasautolysinandcauseSELFdestruction bacterialresistance:microbesthatproducepenicillinase/betalactamase leasttoxic sideeffects:urticaria/hives,anaphalyticshock,respiratorydistress shouldNOTbeusedtotreatskinorsofttissueinfectionsthatarecausedbyStaphylococcus AmoxicillinandCarbenicillinBroad PenicillinG&Veffectprimarilygram(+) TETRACYCLINES producedbyStreptomyces oxytetracycline chlortetracycline Doxycycline inhibitproteinsynthesis bacteriostatic commonlyusedforacne broadspectrum effectiveagainst: Gram(+)andGram() rickettsias chlamydiae mycoplasmas sideeffects:nausea,diarrhea,discolorationofgrowthplatesandteethenamel,damagetolive andkidneys nottobetakenwithcalcium FLUOROQUINOLONES ciprofloxacin effectiveagainstwiderangeofG+/ bactericidal inhibitionoftopisomeraseIIandIV effectDANreplication,transcription,repairandrecomination nottobetakenwithdairyproducts,calciumfortifiedjuices,magenesium/aluminumantiacids,or productswith calcium

zinc iron usedforthetreatmentof UTI,prostatitis,lowerrespirtatiorytractinfections,sinusitis,dermatits,boneandjoint infections,intraabodominalinfections,typhoidfever,gonorrhea,anthraz sideeffects nausea,diarrhea,abnormalliverfunction,vomiting,rash,tendonruptures,cardiacarrest, seizurestatusepilepticus,respiratoryfailure increasessensitivitytosunlight/sunburn maycausedizzinessandconfusion agerestricted nottobetakenwithCaffeineortheophylline

MACROLIDE erythromycinmadebyStreptomyceserythraeus ZithromycinZPaks bindsto50Sribounit inhibitspeptideelongation broad cancausegastrointestinalupsetandhepaticinjury bacteriostatic effectiveagainstGram+,mycoplasmas,andsomeGram AMINOGLYCOSIDES synthesizedbysoilmicrobesStreptomycesandMicomonosporapurpurea Gentamicin bindto30sribounit inhibitproteinsynthesis causemisreadingofmRNA producesauditorynervedamagethatcouldresultindeafness Gentamicinisnephrotoxic bacteriocidal effectiveagainstGram sideeffects: allergicreactions,nausea,lossofhearing,renaldamage

DISINFECTANTSANDANTISEPTICS BKG usedtopreventcontaminationandinfection disinfectantsappliedtoinanimatesurfaces antisepticsappliedtolivingtissue agentsthatkillcidal agentsthatpreventmultiplicationstatic efficacyofdisinfectantsandantisepticsisinfluencedby: concentration lengthofexposure typeofmicrobialpopulationstobedestroyed environmentalconditions temperature pH PHENOLICCOMPOUNDS phenol cresol orthophenylphenol hexachlorophene lysol denatureproteinsandbreakdowncellmembranesofcellssothatnutrientsleakoutofwallsand cellsdie toxittocats @5%disinfectsurfaces @0.51%antiseptic relievesitichingandsorethroatpain Chlorasepticsprayandlozenges toxittotheliverandislipidsoluble Lysol@25% notnormallyappliedtotheskin tuberculocidal,effectiveinpresenceoforganicmaterialandhavearesidualactivity disadvantage:odorandpossibleskinirritation HEXACHLOROPHENE pHisoHex phenolic prescriptionsoapsandacneprepsasatopicalantiseptic reducesthenumberofbacteriaonskinforlongperiodsoftime neurotoxic mosteffectiveagainstGram+ usedinhospitalsforstaphinfectioncontrol

ALCOHOLS dissolvinglipidsincellmembranes denaturationandprecipitationproteins effective@7080% somewaterneededtodenatureproteinshydrolyticreactions oftenusedaswettingagentsintinctures germicidal usedasantisepticsonskinorasdisinfectant HALOGENS iodine chlorine fluorine bromine oxidizingagents usedinwaterpurification,sanitationofutinsels,anddilutesolutionsforwouldirrigation microbiocidal,innefectiveagaisntspores CHLORINE reactwithwatertoformcypochloritesolution bacteriocidal organicdebrisinterferes IODINE halogenmaybeappliedasatincturetoskin killsbyoxidizingcellpartsandiodinatingcellproteins reactionsoccurandtincturedoesstainandirritate iodophoresakaBetadinearewatersoluble,nonstaining,releaseiodineslowlyand minimizeirritation tabletsareusedtodisinfectfreshwaterforcamping QUATERNARYAMMONIUMCOMPOUNDS benzalkoniumchloridezephiran cetylpyridiniumchloride positivelychargedquats=cationiccompounds effectiveagainstbacteriathananionic g+moresusceptiblethang negativelychargedquats=anioniccompounds breakdowncellmembranes denatureproteins lowersurfacetensionbecauseofkeratolytic,detergent,andemulsifiers germicidal bacteriocidal fungicidal

 innefectiveagainstspores,mycobactera,andviruses usedonintactskin strongersolutionsforoperatingroom HYDROGENPEROXIDE potentoxidizingagent 3%solutioniscommplyappliedtoskinasanantiseptic strongerconcetrationscanbeusedtosterilzeroomsandlabs bacteiocidal sporocidal toxiciftakeninternally toxitoeyes mildtoxicitytoskin organicdebrisdoesnotinterfere decolorizescolorformclothing