Calculation of Synchronous Machine ConstantsReactances and Time Constants Affecting Transient Characteristics

BY L. A. KILGORE*
Associate, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-Recent advances in the theory of synchronous machines have introduced a large number of new constants. The method of symmetrical components requires sequence reactances, and an accurate theory of transients req-uires transient and subtransient reactances and time constants. Most of the published discussion on the constants has been concerned with the application, rather than the calculation of values. In this paper, all of the most significant constants are calculated, except the subtransient time constant. A general method of calcu-

lation is discussed in which the reactances are accurately resolved into components. Comparisons of test and calculated values are given. The formulas for salient-pole machines and turbine generators are given in Appendixes A and B. The principle of superposition is applied to resolve accurately the reactances into components which can be readily calculated. The induced currents in the -field and additional damping circuits are accounted for simply by applying the constant interlinkage theorem.

Pittsburgh, Pa. 9. For references see Bibliography. Presented at the Summer Convention of the A. I. E. E., Asheville, N. C., June 22-26, 1931.

component (reacting on the axis between poles). Where the constants are quite different in the two axes, this method requires quadrature-axis constants: (Xq, x" and in some cases xq', Tq' and Tq") as well as the corresponding direct-axis constants (Xd, Xd", Xd', Td', and Td"), described above. These new methods consist essentially in resolving the actual currents and voltages into their essential components, and defining a sufficient number of constants to determine the initial and final values and the rates of decay. These constants have all been defined sequence reactance (X2) and zero-sequence reactance (x0),in other papers;*"", however, since the general as well as the positive-sequence reactances, which method of defining the reactances is vital to the method depend on the condition of application of current. of calculation, it is well to state it here. The reactance An accurate theory of transients6 recognizes a sub- of a synchronous machine is the ratio of fundamental transient (rapidly decaying component due to currents reactive armature voltage produced by the given induced in additional damping circuits), as well as a component of armature current applied to the value transient component of symmetrical armature current. of that component of current at rated frequency, and This requires several (positive-sequence) reactances, with the rotor running at synchronous speed. the subtransient reactance (Xd"), the transient reactance These theories have been developed on the basis of (Xd') and a synchronous reactance (Xd). The rate of no saturation, or at least assuming fixed permeability, decay of the transient components of current is deter- but in practical calculations the effects of saturation mined by time constants. The time constant of the cannot be neglected. These effects are most readily asymmetrical component is termed the armature time dealt with in most cases by modifying the constants. constant (Ta). The time constant of the rapidly decay- The effects of saturation on each of the constants is ing component of symmetrical current is the sub- discussed in the companion paper'. It is shown that transient time constant (Td'), and the time constant for for most practical purposes, only one value of each the main transient component of current is the transient constant is necessary for a machine. Except for the time constant (Td'). synchronous reactances and open-circuit time conAs a reference, it is desirable to use the time constant stant, the final values calculated will be the "saturated of the field, which is called the open-circuit transient values," corresponding to the currents obtained on time constant (TMo') sudden short-circuit from full voltage. A most complete solutionM'7 may require resolution Most of the published discussion of these constants of currents into a direct-axis component (reacting has been concerned with the application, rather than directly on the main field axis,), and quadrature-axis the calculation of the values. However, all designers *Power Engineer, Westinghouse Elee. and lMfg. Co., East *Proposed definitions of these constants are included in a
report of the Transmission and Distrib-ution Committee of the A. I. E. E. This report, which was prepared by Prof. G. Dahi, will be presented at the Winter Convention, New York, N. Y., Jan. 25-29, 1932. 1201

I. INTRODUCTION UNTIL recently, the theory of synchronous machines has required relatively few constants. A single value of reactance, (usually called armature leakage) was used to calculate the initial short-circuit currents, and standard decrement curves used to determine the decay. Recent advances in theory have introduced a large number of new constants. The method of symmetrical components' applied to

31-105

1202

KILGORE

Transactions A. I. E. E.

of large synchronous machines have had to meet this tion might be stated as follows: The armature leakage problem of calculating the constants, and those who reactance is the reactance due to the difference between use them are interested in how well they can be cal- the total flux produced by the armature current acting culated. alone, and the space fundamental of the "flux in the A recent paper8 treats armature leakage reactance air gap." To make this definition as useful as possible, quite thoroughly, but does not cover the other con- the flux in the air gap will be understood to include the stants. Another4 describes an accurate method of fringing flux at the ends which enters the rotor, since treating synchronous motor constants by constructing this is very nearly the component -of the end leakage a complete equivalent circuit. In this paper, formulas field which is mutual with the rotor circuits. For are developed for calculating the following constants: turbine generators with magnetic retaining rings, the , X2o Tdo' Td' and Ta. This end zone flux entering the retaining ring surface should Xd, Xq, Xd', Xd", Xq x2, includes all of the more important constants, except the be included in the end leakage, and not in the air gap subtransient time constant (Ta"wTd") which can be esti- flux. mated from the test values given in the companion Defined in this way, the armature leakage can be paper.' The quadrature transient reactance (xq') is shown to be very accurately a component of all the not included, since it is quite commonly assumed equal positive-sequence reactances. This may be seen from to Xd', in short-circuit calculations. the fact that the fundamental flux in the air gap is determined almost entirely by the space fundamental II. GENERAL METHOD OF CALCULATION of m. the m. and that the ekg,adhroi remaining component nso n n To calculate any of the reactances as defined, it 15S osssol f., in only necessary to determine the flux produced by the flxs tgph areno ape affectedoby component of current applied in the given manner, and v . v to calculate the resulting armature voltage. The the condition of application of current. The effects of saturation on the armature leakage are generally resiiltant field of flux may be complicated, but by negligible, for the increased end leakage due to .resultant 6 . except . .rb applying the principle of superposition,6 resultant thee ca magnetic retaining rings inFormulas. turbine generators. Form of the Results and The most useful more readily calculated. for forms the reactance coefficients are per expressing It is convenient to divide. cent and on a machine kva. base. In this unit, per all the positive-sequence reactances into two comcent used, since this is the form notation is paper, per ponents, one of which is the armature leakage (x1) most when generally adopted specifying the values of defined in a definite manner. The synchronous reconstants reactances. The time are given in seconds. actance is then the sum of the armature leakage and reactance formulas of course, involve The must, the reactance of annature reaction: Xd X + Xad = Xae for the direct-axis, and xr xu for the quadra- either directly or indirectly the armature turns, the + ture-axis. The reactance of armature reaction (Xad) frequency, and certain dimensions of the machine. The actual form of the equation makes considerable differis defined as the reactance due to the space fud-ence d in the usefulness. Some writers have used the mental of air gap flux produced by the armature current cncepin of concepton of effective permeance per unit length of acting alone and others the permeance per phase belt per unit is cslot, TeuautdrnX, The unsaturated transient reactance (xdU') o iS calculated In extending these conceptions to the of length. Xteu oterarlkgai an effective calculation of all the reactances, it was found desirable as the sum of the armature leakage and (XF) is not the true leakage of to change the conception to a permeance per pole per field leakage" a the field with respect to the armature ite inch of length, since the flux across the gap is most component of the total leakage of the armature with conveniently visualized as a flux per pole. respect to the field. The saturated value theran- All the component reactances may be calculated as ofmthe sient reactance (Xd') is calculated by multiplying the a product of a reactance factor (X), and a specific unsaturatednvale from by an empi onstant permeance (X) for the given component, multiplied by determined from test in the companion paper1 flux distribution coefficients when necessary. (Fas), as 0.88. The specific permeance (X) is defined as the effective The subtransient reactance is calculated as the sum flux per pole per inch of core length produced by unit of the armature leakage and the "effective" damper ampere turnsperpole. winding leakage: Xd"' = xl + X'Dd, and Xq" = xl + XDq' The reactance factor (X) used here is a group of terms XDd' and XDq'X are components of the total leakage of common to all the reactance formulas, but it is chosen the armature with respect to the damper winding deter- in such a way as to have a definite physical significance. mined by assuming no net change of interlinkage with It is the per cent reactance for unit specific permeance, any of the damping circuits. or the per cent of normal voltage induced by a fundaArmature Leakage Reactance Defined. Several recent mental flux per pole per inch numerically equal to the writers8 have treated armature leakage as an arbitrary fundamental armature ampere turns at rated current. component of the synchronous reactance. The definiThe reactance factor can be written in several ways.

fields~~~~ bersle.nocmpnnswihcnb

Componentsai ealcuatane.

(rF')p

December 1931

CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

1203

In terms of the turns, frequency and rated phase voltage It is shown' that using the saturated value of Xd' in this relation gives a good approximation to the effective and current, this factor can be shown to be: saturated value of Td'. X=100%~~I 2~m ~ (1) X = 100%( E )f ImP LX The armature time constant (Ta) is the time constant q C kp kd 10pE~h of the asymmetrical component of armature current The factor can be expressed in terms of the ratio of which is due to the flux trapped by the armature windeffective ampere conductors per inch (A kp) to the ing at the instant of short circuit. The effective refundamental air gap density (B1): actance to the average asymmetrical current is the same as for negative-sequence current (x2), and the resistance (Ak kd kd \{Akp\ X = 100% '\V2 B ) = V2 Ci Bg) (2) is the d-c. armature resistance (ra,) in per cent. Hence,
ph

This is very useful if the effective ampere conductors (A kp) and air gap density (Bg) are thought of as fundamental quantities in design, the ampere conductors per inch being a measure of current loading, and the air gap density a measure of the magnetic loading of the machine. The chief advantages of this method are that it expresses the reactances as products of two factors, a specific permeance which involves only the proportions of the machine, and a reactance factor which is a simple function of the fundamental quantities of design. This makes it possible to see at a glance the effect of . changing any of the proportions or factors. Also, it simplifies the work k of calculation. of Teonc ui Calculation of Time Constants. The open-circuit time constant of the field may be calculated as the self inductance of the field field (In dlv by the the field field by henrys) divided (in henrys) of resistancein resistance in ohms:nobeicudhr.

Ta -

2 rf ra

The formulas of Appendixes A and B have been checked by the numerous tests described in the companion paper.' Tables showing the tests and calan cal the culated values are given below test values were obtained from special sudden short-circuit shor-ici iathe sde or lueswere locked tests, as indicated in tables. The synchronous reactance (Xd) can be obtained from the commercial tests, hence a great many more checks on the synchronous constants have been obtained than those listed below. Also certain other special tests' were made to determine the effects of saturation, but will not be included here. Table I gives the results of sudden short-circuit tests Tdo' = Lf Rf on salient-pole machines. Table II shows the results of locked tests obtained on other salient-pole machines The short-circuit transient ti"me constant is calculated with dampers, and Table III shows the results of similar tests on machines without dampers. Table IV Xd shows the results obtained from sudden short-circuit Td = Xd T do'* tests on turbine generators.

III. COMPARISON OF TEST AND CALCULATED VALUES

obtindifrom

Camplculastiewon Tmcalculaonst. thms:

TABLE I-CONSTANTS OF SALIENT-POLE MACHINES; COMPARISON OF TEST AND CALCULATED VALUES Data from Three-Phase Short-Circuit Tests All T's Are in Seconds All x's Are Per Cent Values

Kva,

5,000 Kind ......... Gen.

60

100 Gen.
60

Volts . ...... . 7,600 R. p. m ....... 900

xd

Frequency....

2,300 1,200
....

750 No damper H. W. G. 25

30,000
Cond.
60

20,000
Cond.
60

15,000
Cond

Motor
60 440 160 160 23 23

331

240 Motor

error

6,600

187.5
120 115 1 39

5,000
.. .. ..

720
150 160

11,000
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

720
160 170

11,500
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

60

900 165 170

34 33

1,200
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2,200
277

60

Max.

Avg

Test. Calc.... Test.... Calc....

Test

90 90
22 21.5

125
24 27

...

.... 130
....
....

...

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

105 110
42 40

6.8 ........ 3.6

......

xd'
xd"' X2 x0 Ta T.d'

...

37 34

45 40 27 30 26 28 13.5

12.5 ........ 6.0

Calc.. 14 ....
Test13..... Calc.. Test.. Calc. . Test..... Calc..... Test..... ...... 1 13.5 6.3 5.5

13

.... .

.16.5 15.0

... ...

40

.. .19 .. 21 .. .. .. .. 15 19 7.20 8.40

21 19.5 20 19 11.0 11.0

16 15 16 16 .9.3

32 30 33 33 ...

11.0 . .. . ... 8.0 . ...

....8.0 ....5.0..

.... 17.0 ........ 16.0 .... .3.30 .... 2.20

... 62 .... 57 ... ... ... ... 15.0

. 18.5 .....

....33.0

18.0 ......16 .. .0 7.3

0.095.. 0.100.. 0.90 .. 1.00 .... 0.22 0.24

0.180 .. 0.200 .. .. 0.100 ..

0.130 .. 0.180 .. 2.80 2.70 .. ..

0.210 .. 0.250 .. 2.60 .. ..

0.180 .. 0.160 .. 1.85 1.75 .. ..

0.033 .. 0.030 .. .. . ..

38 0.048... 0.040....

... ...

11.0O. . .... 0.270....

1204

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Transactions A. I. E. E.

TABLE II-CONSTANTS OF SALIENT-POLE MACHINES; COMPARISON OF TEST AND CALCULATED VALUES Data from Locked Tests All x's Are Per Cent Values Machines With Dampers
Kva. Kind
W.W.G. 60 Frequency Volts 6,600 R. p. m. 450
xd

7,000

W.W.'G. 50
6,600
750
160 160 16.5

3,000

30,000

Cond. 60 13,600 720

170 170
23 24

Cond..

7,500

60 4,800720
175 10
24

7,500 Cond.
60 4,000
145 150
21

900

Cond. 60 2,300 900

160 160 18 18.5

1,000

30,000

Motor 50 11,500 600

78 80 13 13 12 12 3.0 3.95

30,000
Cond. 60 5,000 720

Cond. 60 12,500 300

120 120
29

22,500

15,000 Cond. 60 11,950

900 155 165 20

5,000 Cond. 60 12,470 900

170 -175 27 25

1,250 Cond.
1,200
190 200
23 22

% error

60 480

Max.

Avg.

test calc. test

97 96
26

170 170 20 21

6.3 7.5

2.0
4.6

Xd"
X2

calc.
calc.
test calc.

25
25 23
14.5 13.5

17.0

23
23 22
12.0 13.0

20 19 19
3.0 2.45

27
28 27
15.5 18.0

18.5

test

16 16
3.60 3.45

20
22

16 17
6.55

18 18.5
7.2 8.2

19 18.5
3.1 2.8

27 25
4.4 3.9

22 22 8.0

10.0
31.7

3.7
12.5

x0

11.0 11.5

TABLE III--CONSTANTS OF SALIENT-POLE MACHINES; COMPARISON OF TEST AND CALCULATED VALUES Data from Locked Tests Machine Without Dampers

Kva.........13,750 ....7,000 .....4,250.....2,330 .... .30,000 .....187......730 Kind........W.W.G ....W.W.G.....W.W.G .....W.W.G.....Gein......Gen ......Motor..... .60 Frequency. ....50.....60 ..... 50 ....60.....60 ......60...... Volts. .~~~6,600 ....6,600 .....2,300 .....6,600 .....11,500 .....240 ......2,300 ..... 90 R.p. m....... ....94 .....600 .....125 ....600 .....200 ......1,200 .....
.....

% error

Max.

Avg.

xd

test......110
test......43

calc......110
calc......44

....115.....135.....115 ....120 .....135 .....115

45 ....44.....37.... ....43.....38 .....44

....115.....94......130.... 4.2.1. ....120 .....94......135 .....

....33.....41 ......30......6.0......2.5 ....35.....42......30 .....

xdu"
X2

test......58 test......

calc......57
25

....61.....62 .....65 ....58.....55......55......10.3......4.5 ....60.....60 .....60....52 .....57......53 .....

x0

calc......25.5 ....23.5.....

....24

.....24

....21.5 ....

9.3.....
8.5
.....

.....10.4......5.7

TABLE IV-CONSTANTS OF TURBINE GENERATORS; COMPARISON OF TEST AND CALCULATED VALUES Data from Three-Phase Short-Circuit Tests All T's Are in Seconds All x's Are Per Cent Values

Kva.......7,500 Frequency ....60 Volts.......6,600 R.p. m......3,600

xd

...
...

.8,575

...

...

.3,600

4,150

60

...

.9,375
6,600
60

...
...

..
..

...

.12,500
.11,000 3,600
100 98
13.5 13.0

60

..

..

.18,750
13,800
60

...

.43,750

...

...

... 3,600
...
... ...

...
...

..3,600
..116
...

...

..1,800
...

.13,800

60

...

.68,750

...

...
... ... ...
...

.13,200
1,800

60

...

.75,000
11,600

... ...

60

%...
.....

0error
Lax.
Avg.

... ...
...
...

1.800
110 110 23

test

calc.....120
calc.....

12 .....12
...

96 97 12 8.4 7.2

110 109
14 13

..

.. ..

115

..130
... ...
...

130

97 97.5
21 21

2.0 .....0.6

xd'

test.....16.5

16.0

..12
...

...

.. ..
... ...

14 15.5

...

25 26

24.....10.8 .....4.1
14 ....14.4 .....7.4

... ...

...

xd" test .... 9.2 calc.....9.6

x0
Ta

.
... ... ...

..
...

7.5 8.1

8.8 7.9

.. ..
...

8.5 8.1
3.1 2.7

17 16
5.1 5.0

..
...

12 13
5.9 5.9

...
... ... ...

14.5....

test..... calc.....

1.80 1.95

1.60 .. 1.50 ...

0.11 0.11
...

1.60 ... 1.30 .... 0.085 ... 0.086 ... 0.49 0.41
...
...

...
...

...

10.0 ....18.7 .....7.1 9.8....

0.26 ....53.3 .....17.4

calc.....0.066..
test.....0.56

test.....0.043 ...
...
...

...

0.11 .. 0.105...

0.13 ... 0.12 .. 0.59 ... 0.57 ...

0.28... 0.23 ...

0.25 ... 0.31 ... 1.60 ... 1.70 ...

0.34....

Td'

calc.....0.48

0.44 ... 0.415 ...

0.54 .. 0.55 ...

1.10..

1.00..

1.60 ....16.4 .....8.0 1.70....

December 1931

CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

1205

sient characteristics. In Appendixes A and B formulas

have been given for all the more important constants, except the subtransient time constant. Comparison of test and calculated values shows that they give suf* range ofn types and' ficiently good results over a wide sizes. conception of on a a physical physical conception based on are based The formulas formulas are the actual currents and flux fields involved. An attempt has been made to obtain simple formulas for design calculations, and still retain all the most significant h2 + factors, so that the formulas will cover a wide range of kx 3b,!' \ bs types and sizes of machines. The formulas are definitely limited to the usual two-layer type of winding. Only and kx could be determined as laminated-pole salient-pole machines, and solid rotor _3Y_ turbine generators are considered. The methods used 4 J mq cases. can readily be extended to cover other special The general method of resolving the reactances into components has advantages both in calculating and in for three-phase, and as ( 8 I for two-phase. \ q/ visualizing the flux fields involved. The method of I.expressing the component reactances as a product of a , o-0- I - i/ - - reactance factor, and specific permeances and flux distribution coefficients for the several components, has 0-8 been found very useful. 0O.7 -

Thze

offlux

Appendix A-Formulas for Salient-Pole Machines I. ARMATURE LEAKAGE REACTANCE (X1) S ~~~Slot Leakage. Complete formulas have been given' for calculating slot leakage, derived by assuming the to go straight across the slot. With good approximation, Mr. Alger showed that the "slot constant" (effective permeance per cm. of slot) could be calculated as

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank Messrs. C. J. Fechheimer, C. R. Soderberg, S. L. Henderson, M. W. Smith, C. M. Laffoon and J. F. Calvert for many valuable suggestions.

I
1
03 0.2
0.1

xPHA

- -_
\

/
/

- -

Bibliography
1. Determination of Synchronous Machine Constants by Test, S. H. Wright. A. I. E. E. TRANS., Dee. 1931. p. 1331. 2. End Connection Reactance of Synchronous Machines, Alfred Still, A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, JUlY, 1930. 3. Transformer Ratio and Differential Leakage, R. E. Hellmund and C. G. Veinott, A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 49, 1930, p. 1043. 4. Starting Performance of Salient-Pole Synchronous Motors, T. M. Linville, A. I. E. E. TRANS., 1930, p. 531. 5. "Graphical Flux Mapping-I, II, III, IV, V and VI," J. F. Calvert and A. M. Harrison, Electric Journal, Vol. 26, 1928. 6. The Reactances of Synchronous Machines, R. H. Park and B. L. Robertson, A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 47, 1928, p. 514. 7. Synchronous Machines IV, R. E. Doherty and C. A. Nickle, A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 47, p. 457. 8. Calculation of Armatutre Reactance of Synchronous Machines, P. L. Alger, A. I. E. E. TRANS.,Vol. 47, p. 493. 9. "Symmetrical Components," C. F. Wagner and R. D.

ZI 020 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

FIG.

AS PITCH A FRACTION COIL THROW OF FULL

0.8 0.9 1.0

r e T These results expressed as a specific permeance give:

=

1REDUCTION Or SLOT REACTANCE DUE TO CHORDING k= factor for positive- and negative-sequence reactance kxo= factor for zero-sequence reactance
20

Cm
CZ

L b

h2

+ 3 bs

hi_

where
=

kx 2k
p

See curves of Figs. 1 and 2.

Tooth To and formuas Leagen the and referred to above, formulas were given for belt and Evans, Electric Journal, March, 1928, p. 151; April, 1928, p. 194; zig-zag leakage, due to flux produced across the gap by the harmonics of armature m. m. f., but these did not June, 1928, p. 308; July, 1928, p. 359. 10. Graphical Determination of Magnetic Fields, R. W. include any increase in leakage due to flux going from tooth to tooth. In the following development, the Wieseman, A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 46, p. 141. 11. Reactalnce of Synchronous Machines and Its Applications, principle of superposition is used to establish an accurate R. E. Doherty a,nd 0. E. Shirley, A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 37, basis for calculating all of these components.
A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 31, p. 529.
12. Self Starting Synchronous

Tooth Tip and Zig-Zag Leakage.

In the paper

p. 1209.Thtoareutnfiloffu,(ihntece Thtoareuanfiloflx,(tinhece Motors, C. J. Fechheimer,

length) produced by the armature current may be accurately resolved into components produced by two

1206

KILGORE

Transactions A. I. E. E.

imaginary sets of currents which, when superposed, give only the real current. The first component is due to a set of currents flowing on the armature surface, each uniformly distributed over a slot pitch and equal to the current in the slot; the second component is that due to a set of currents flowing in the conductors and returning uniformly distributed over the slot pitch. The m. m. f. due to the first set of imaginary currents may be analyzed as a fundamental and harmonics. The fundamental of this m. m. f. produces the fundamental flux; and the harmonics produce the belt leakage, which is due to the concentration in a finite number of phases. The second set of currents produces the

harmonics8 can be shown to be 0.002 Xad for three-phase, and 0.015 Xad for two-phase. (This was derived assuming a uniform gap and no damping.) For a smaller number of slots, these formulas are not very accurate, but they are sufficiently good since the value is small. The case of fractional slots per pole is difficult if a complete solution is desired. However, the unbalance in m. m. f. resulting from fractional slots is kept to a minimum, and the additional reactance may be neglected in normal machines. Expressing these results as a specific permeance, and assuming that the two-phase leakage varies with

slot, tooth tip and zig-zag leakage fields. The

T -I-s

portion of the current of one slot, which returns over a half tooth width on each side, produces a field as shown in Fig. 3.
2.07-

TOOTH

SLOT

TOOTH

1.4-7_j 2PHASE

1.3 _ k X
I. E?
0.4
0.5

_
X -

A
0.9

FIG. ~

3A-TOOTH TIP LEAKAGE FIELD DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL

CURRBENTLARLGE AIR GAP
TOOTH S LOT

i
0.8

X
1.0

COIL THROW AS A FRACTION OF FULL PITCH

0 .6

0.7

FIG.

2-SLOT LEAKAGE FACTOR (CX)

A number of such plots shows that the effective permeance per cm. of slot (not included in the slot leakage) may be approximated as

/|
,[
/
FIG.

|0I~

[8Tg +035b] j
Unaareae=06irus

3B-TOOTH TIP

LEAKAGE FIELD DUE

TO

DIFFERENTIAL

CURRENT-SMALL AIR GAP

(0.2 + 0.07 b. chording in the same way as that part which is due to g third harmonic: ~~~~~the This includes the tooth tip and the so-called zig- XB = 0 (negligible) for three-phase; zag leakage. 3 y 7r 2
It is convenient to calculate a specific permeance XB = d km 2|frtopae () X, for the slot tooth tip and zig-zag leakage combined: 0.095 Pg9'L q [ b+ b+ 0. (la) End Winding Leakage. The end leakage formula Si= 0 gApresented here iS essentially the same as that developed Belt Leakape. As defined, the belt leakage is due to by Mr. B. G. Lamme. Professor Alfred Still has rethe harmonics of armature m. m. f., determined by uni- cently published a paper2 in which he develops a formula form current distribution. For a full pitch winding, on the same basis. where the slots per pole per phase (q) are integral and The method referred to consists in treating the end large, the reactance calculated by summing up the winding leakage as a revolving field in air. The pres-

rsin

m,

December 1931

CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

1207

ence of the iron is neglected in the derivation and, if necessary, an empirical correction is applied to the result. Both Messrs. Lamme and Still assumed that the flux went from pole to pole without spreading out axially. Further, in order to integrate the flux, each assumed that the flux paths were arcs of circles. This method of analysis can be carried one step further by using the exact solution8 for a sinusoidal m. m. f. distribution in air, assuming a two-dimensional field. The exact solution gives the very simple result that the field is sinusoidally distributed, and the flux per pole per inch is 3.19 times the fundamental ampere turns. The pitch of the winding for the straight coil extension (l12) is the same as for the gap, but it drops off to zero at the end of the coil. An effective length 1/2 (lei) will be used as in Lamme's formula. The end winding field is not truly a two-dimensional field as assumed, but spreads out axially. This effect was investigated further by making approximate plots of the three-dimensional field in the several views. The increased leakage due to local flux closing about the individual conductors was calculated by resolving the field into components in a manner similar to that described for the tooth tip leakage. It was found that these factors, although small, are not negligible, and may be approximately accounted for by a constant factor 1.25. Expressed as a specific permeance, the end winding leakage is (1.25) . (3.19) times the ratio of effective end winding extension on both ends, to the core length Xe = 4/1 (2 le2 + lel) (3a) The armature leakage reactance is calculated as the product of the reactance factor (X) determined by equation (1) or (2), and the specific permeances, equations (la), (2a), and (3a). Xi = X(Xj + Xe + XB) (4a)

ampere turns (Cm) is the ratio offundamental air gap flux produced by the fundamental of armature m. m. f. to that produced by the field for the same maximum m. m. f. Cdl is the ratio of the fundamental air gap flux produced by the direct-axis armature current to that which would be produced with a uniform gap equal to the effective gap over the pole center. CQI is the corresponding coefficient for the quadrature-axis. All of these coefficients may be determined by accurate flux maps, but it is often more convenient to use formulas, except for C, and Cl. These two constants are determined directly or indirectly in almost any design procedure, by laying out the field form either from a flux map or other accurate method. A formula for Cm may be derived assuming the flux to go straight across a uniform gap over the pole face. The formula is much more accurate than might appear
.O

9VGI
0.8
0.7
0.6

l _ .

- c

7 |

0.5
04

' A

- _

0.3

Q2_. 0.5

The specific permeance of the air gap (Xa) iS most conveniently determined on the assumption that the gap is uniform, and the actual flux distribution may be calculated by the use of flux distribution coefficients given below. The effective gap (g') is determined by multiplying the actual gap (g) by Carter's coefficients for stator slots and vents, and by a reduction factor for end fringing flux.
\a=3.19( _ g )

II. REACTANCES OF ARMATURE REACTION (Xad, Xaq) AND SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCES (Xd, xq)

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 POLE EMBRACE (cc): RATIO OF POLE ARC TO POLE PITCH

0.6

__

._

FIG. 4-FLuX DISTRIBIUTION COEFFICIENTS FOR SALIENT-POLE

MACHINES Cm AND Cql

from the assumptions stated, since the fringing and increase in gap at the pole tip affect both quantities in the ratio about equally. This formula was checked by accurate flux plots on a wide range of pole shapes from 4 to 88 poles.

dX

Cmn =

(5a)

The flux distribution coe;fficients used here are defined asfollws C1 is the ratio of the fundamental to the actual maximum value of the field form. (The field form iS the descrbed aboe wave of flux density due to the field only.) The "pole Cdlr= Cm Cove, constant" (Cr) is the ratio of average to maximum of the d=mI(a field form. The ratio of equivalent field to armature An approximate formula for CQi may be derived on the

2 Where at is the pole embrace. See curve, Fig. 4. From the definition of Cm, it may be seen that Cm = Cdl/Cl. Having determined Cman C1 s

\4 sin o

(6a)

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Transactions A. I. E. E.

assumption that the flux goes straight across a uniform The side leakage expressed as a specific permeance gap over the pole face. based on the above assumptions is: 4 3 F sinia w .O55Tr,) a Cqi ( XFs (3. 19) - L hg+9bh) making some allowance for end fringing and an average increase in gap'at the pole tips, a modified formula was obtained which checked sufficiently well with the series of flux plots mentioned.
4 a + 1 sin a7r ]

hf, 3hfO +.Tr 1T

W(dr
P

10
p

2hh-0.4hfI)-

(15a)

The flux distribution coefficients which have been designated here as C1, Cdl and Cqi can be calculated for a particular pole shape from the curves given in a paper10 by R. W. Wieseman. Reactances of armature reaction may be calculated as: - X Cql and ((10a) Xa ((9a) 2a a) an a Xad = XCl X Udl a Xaq As an alternate method: Xad may be calculated from the gap ampere turns Ma and the demagnetizing ampere turns (M. = Cm MA). Mm C (l Xad = 1%0 (Ila) and (12a) sufficiently accurate. a-M=

This may appear rather long, but it will be noted that it is expressed directly in the main dimensions of the pole, and does not require a pole layout. This formula was found to check well with the results obtained by flux maps on a wide range of pole shapes for machines from 4 to 88 poles. To determine the end leakage field, a number of twodimensional flux plots was made in two views, which show the flux which fringes from pole to pole and the flux which closes about the field coil ends. The resultant field is obviously not two dimensional, but an approximate formula based on these plots should be

Synchronous reactances are calculated simply as the sum of armature leakage and reactances of armature
reaction:
Xd = XI

XFe

3.19

4(h - 1) + 2hfI + 0.5 bp1 (16a)

+ Xad

xq

XI + Xaq

(13a) and (14a)

The specific permeance for the effective pole leakage is: (17a) XF = XFs + XFe
The effective field leakage reactance (XF'), which added to armature leakage (xi) gives the transient reactance, may be calculated as follows: With unit fundamental armature ampere turns suddenly applied on the direct-axis, an initial field current (If) will be induced of such value that the net interlinkage with the field produced by both the armature and field currents is zero. The interlinkage (per inch) produced by the armature current is
7r

III. FIELD LEAKAGE AND TRANSIENT REACTANCE The transient reactance is actually the total leakage of the armature with respect to the field (assuming no additional damping circuits). As explained in Section II of the paper, it will be calculated as the sum of two arbitrary components, the armature leakage (xi) and an effective field leakage (XF'). The specific permeance for field leakage (XF) will be the side and end leakage flux per pole per inch for unit field ampere turns. The side leakage flux per inch may be determined accurately by a flux map for the field only, similar to those shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 50 in a series of articles5 by J. F. Calvert. Each element of flux is multiplied by the fractional part of the turns linked. It is often more convenient to use an approximate formula. The following formula was derived assuming that the flux goes straight across the interpolar space (at right angles to the center line between poles), except near the armature surface where the flux is assumed to go straight across half way from the pole head to the center line between poles, and then to spread out so that the upper boundary intersects the armature surface and the center line between poles at 45 deg., as it should theoretically. A further correction was made to allow for the shortening of the path of part of the flux which terminates on the under side of the pole tips.

Cl Xa Npy

and by the field current

Np If t 2 Cp Xa + XF NP;
hence N 2

/ r

If

r L

CliXa

rcp Xa + XF '

The net fundamental air gap flux (per inch) produced by both armature and field is then

December 1931

CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

1209

Cdl'

___ C12 4 d 2

2 a

j J

these conditions, the distribution is such that the total flux is a good approximation to the fundamental. Combining these permeances and multiplying by the fractional part of the ampere turns acting, the resultant formula for the specific permeance is:
XDd= [COS(b-l)Tb
JL][( + Npt) N]
(23a)

The effective field leakage is:

NC2 Xa2

XF= X Cdl -a
2

Cp Na + XF
r

X Dd =

C,

The direct-axis subtransient reactance (Xdi') of a machine with a damper winding is calculated as the sum of the components (4a) and (24a):
For a machine without dampers:
Xd"
=

X XDd

(24a)

Xad
2

_4~F1 _

C+

~ c~

NF

(18a)
The

Xl + XDd'

(25a)

Xd = Xd (26a) The quadrature-axis damper leakage is determined on uardathe same base. In this case, the flux goes tangentially (19a) down the gap and across the damper bar slots. The Xdu' = Xl + XF' The saturated transient reactance (Xd') is determined by effective permeance per cm. for one slot is multiplying by an empirical factor (F,s). The test hb2 r results described in the companion paper' indicate that 0.5 + b2 + bb2 this factor may be taken as a constant Fst = 0.88, with 3bbl Tb sufficiently good results on normal machines. The part of the fundamental ampere turns acting across Xd' = Fst . xdxu (20a) oneslotis IV. DAMPER WINDING LEAKAGE (XDd', XDq/) AND .T b T J SUBTRANSIENT REACTANCES (Xd"', Xq") The initial flux set up by suddenly applied direct-axis and the flux is very nearly sinusoidally distributed; armature current is limited by the damper winding, hence, The flux maps of this field were constructed on the hbl hb2 20Tb F assumption that there is no net change of interlinkage X + 3 bbl bb2 + Tb with any of the damper winding circuits. The field is Tr I quite complicated, but it was found that the funda- In this case, the dimensions of the slot and bar in'the mental flux could be calculated with fair approximation pole center should be used. The effective damper from the permeances of the main parts of the flux paths. winding leakage is: Approximately (28a) xDqI X NDq

Xa Thusauatreactance is:

hbl

The quadrature-axis subtransient reactance (x,,') for machines with dampers is calculated as the sum of the part of the armature m. m. f. acts across the field, leak- components (4a) and (28a): xq = x + xDq' (29a) age permeance (NF) in series with the permeance of the in end damper bar (Nb) combined parallel with the For machines without dampers (12a) or (14a): permeance of the gap over the pole tip (NPt). (30a) xq"t = xq V. NEGATIVE SEQUENCE (X2) Nb = 6.38 (0.5 + hb2 +3hb) (21a) bb2 bbl As explained in Section II, the negative sequence Where 0.5 is an approximation to the tooth tip perme- reactance may be calculated as the average of the subance per cm. of damper slot. For round bars, use 0.62 transient reactances. ] 1) Tb Wi (nbITr 2-i

instead of 3 bb .
Using an average increase in gap at the pole tip:

hbl

x2 =

2jxd" + xq"t)

(31a)

VI. ZERO-SEQUENCE REACTANCE (XO) b (nb 1~~~~~ = 6.38 [ bh b (- / ] (22a) Since the zero-sequence currents are all in phase, the fundamental m. m. fs. of the three phases cancel out, g Although the flux is not sinusoidally distributed under and there is no appreciable fundamental flux across the

NP

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Transactions A. I. E. E.

gap. Hence, it consists in a slot and belt leakage, with a small belt leakage in the end windings. Mr. Alger' has derived a factor for the effect of chording on zerosequence slot reactance. This factor will be designated here as kxo. See curves, Fig. 1. The specific permeance for slot and tooth tip leakage can be shown to be: \ 20 k( o) hi +2 h, 0 = Ni(kz1 + mqk 2k, 1 m kx q k, k,0 12 b,

The unsaturated value of the (short-circuit) transient time constant can be shown to be exactly

/Xd,
d

X-) Tdo'.

Td = (37a) For machines with a damper winding, the belt leak- Tdo' age flux over the pole face is restricted in the same manThe armature time constant may be calculated as ner as the quadrature subtransient reactance flux. Neglecting the reluctance of the flux path across the explained in Section II: / x2 \ gap, the specific permeance for a full pitch winding Ta (38a) wouldbeNDq, equation(27a). Sincethisleakagevaries 2 7r f ra with the throw in very nearly the same manner as the Where ra is the d-c. armature resistance in per cent at slot leakage, it may be written: 75 deg. cent. k X

(32a)

Tests' show that a good approximation to the saturated value may be had by assuming the transient time constant to be reduced by the same factor as the transient reactance; hence:

Xd'

= ( N0k (33a) j) For machines with no dampers, the effective per36 g

NB0

Appendix B-Formulas for Turbine

Generators Due to the differences in construction, many of the formulas for turbine generators are different from those for salient-pole machines, buit most of the conceptions involved are the same. Hence, only the differences in the formulas will be discussed. I. ARMATURE LEAKAGE (xl) The reactance of armature reaction of turbine generators is calculated by assuming the flux to go straight across the gap. Therefore, it is necessary to include the fundamental flux going tangentially in the gap as a part of the armature leakage. This component

meance per cm. of phase belt would be

, , if the

winding was full pitch and the gap was uniform. Expressed as a specific permeance, this would be
20 / i.\ m kd2 \ 36 g',)O.1 but It should be reduced by about 0.7 for an average pole embrace. To take into account chording, it may

bebe multiplied Hence, for with mltlpled by o machines ahnswt y ( k 2 )Hne p P/

no damper winding:

is most conveniently accounted for by adding 2-'- to

the permeance per cm. of slot. The specific permeance

NB0 = kx0_ k 2 (. 07 Na)

p

(34a) for the embedded portion is then:

20 [ h2 hi In the end windings, the fundamental m. m. fs. _-9_ 0 _2 xi _ C 39a m q L bs + 3bs +. 2 cancel, but the local flux about the phase belt is equivam (3) lent to about 0.2 of the positive sequence end winding get fed cilting rings iscvery siml to leakage. The zero-sequence reactance will be calbu an addto culated as the sum of the slot, belt, and end leakage tatifient-polemachries for factor an additional salient-pole empirical of 1.2 machines, is used for but the increased axial components: components: Xo +02Ne) (35a) divergence. The formula may be further simplified VII. TIME CONSTANTS (Tdo'),^ (Td't) (Ta) by using average proportions: The self inductance of the field in henrys is 13 d p1 ( = (40a) Lf=NP2 plI1O8 2CNN )F) N\e' For machines with magnetic retaining rings, the As eplanedin ecton I, te oen-ircit ime constant may be calculated as a ratio of Lf to the lekg une staysaecniin.sicesdb Une resistance of the field (RF); the F resistance (Rf) should ~~~~~~~the tepsncofherg. l greatest effect of saturation the tapered section iS in nomlcndtos be the value in ohms at 75 deg. cent. next to the rotor body, and a rough approximation to

=NX(TANT+ NBdo0

~~~~~~~that

T, _1?R( Lf do _

the resultant field may be had by assuming the ~~~36a effect is equivalent to cutting out this tapered that section.

December 1931

CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

1211

Numerous two dimensional flux plots constructed on sin Krs -I + [ this basis indicate that the increased leakage may be C,q Krs /13 d\ accounted for by adding p ) to the specific per- The factor Cf may be calculated as:

y_ 7r(47a I (47a)

(48a) meance. Hence, for machines with magnetic retaining CF= [(1 - y) + 3K ] rs rings, it is necessary to use a different specific permeance The reactances of armature reaction are calculated for the end winding leakage for steady state conditions: by the same formulas as for salient-pole machines: 13 d = (41a) (9a) and (lOa) or (Ila and 12a); using the coefficients Xe XeI + calculated by (44a), (45a), (46a), and (47a) given above. Under initial sudden short-circuit conditions, this The synchronous reactances are given by equations additional leakage path is completely saturated, and (13a) and (14a) III. FIELD LEAKAGE AND TRANSIENT REACTANCE the increased leakage will be neglected. (Xd') FIELD LEAKAGE SPECIFIC PERMEANCE (XF) The total leakage reactance for transient and subtransient conditions is: The rotor slot leakage permeance per cm. is similar (42a) to the stator, but expressed as a specific permeance Xl' = X [Xi + XB + Xe'l For machines with non-magnetic retaining rings, the for the field it is: g 4 (3.19) P [hr2 leakage reactance for steady state conditions is the hri 3 b7 +0.2 2 T ] (49a) Q L same as (xi') given above, but for a machine with mag- XF, = netic retaining rings: The end leakage was calculated by determining the (43a) Xl = X [Xi + XB + Xe] LOB II. REACTANCES OF ARMATURE REACTION (Xad AND Xaq) AND SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCES (Xd AND Xq) 0 cJ I 1.04 E 1.02 The flux distribution coefficients may be defined in the u same way as for salient-pole machines, but a factor z (Cf) is required in place of the average of the field form < 0 (Cp). Cf is the ratio of the interlinkage with the field ' O.1 to that which would be produced with a uniform gap 094 and a concentrated field winding. 092 The constants will be calculated assuming the flux 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0o71 0.2. 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 to go straight across the air gap. On this basis:
X =RATIO OF SLOTTED PORTION TO TOTAL CIRCUMFERENCE OF ROTOR

Cl72 Krs \

sin

FIG. 5-FLUX DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS /GENERATORS

c

FOR

TURBINE

7r 4 Krscos Y 2 (44a) + 7 ( Krs 2 K rs See curves, Fig. 5. The exact equation for Cm is long, but if the increase in gap due to slotting is neglected, a very good approximation is obtained. 2 ( 8 -( ) =

flux per pole per inch closing about the coil ends. The retaining ring saturation was accounted for by assuming the effect equivalent to cutting out the tapered section of the ring, as discussed for (Xe). An approximation based on these assumptions and using average proportions was found to be: 35 d
X Fe

(50a)
+ XFe) (51a)

The specific permeance for field leakage is:

XF =

(XF

The unsaturated transient reactance (Xdu') can be deSee curve, Fig. 5. The coefficient Cdl is exactly rived in the same manner as for salient-pole machines, I _Kr-1 except that Cf should be used instead of Cp. However, sin -y 7r K1 1 Cdl =[-J for any normal distribution of field turns, a simpler IT L Krs may be obtained by neglecting the harmonics be as:solution but itmay calulated lso of the turns distribution of the field. Such harmonics (46a) produce entirely negligible mutual interlinkage, and Cdl = Cm C1 might be treated as additional field leakage, but for The quadrature-axis coefficient

r~~~~~~~

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Transactions A. I. E. E.

The quadrature-axis effective damper leakage depends mainly on the flux penetration in the solid pole center. The magnitude and frequency of the pulsation of ampere turns per inch acting over the pole center vary with conditions of short circuit. For a line-toline fault, a double frequency pulsation of ampere turns is produced by the symmetrical current and a rated frequency pulsation due to asymmetrical current. The resulting maximum ampere conductors per inch are a little more than half the value used above, but at leakage. Hence, the true field leakage with respect to double frequency the penetration is essentially the the armature, expressed as an armature reactance, is: same (6q = 1.2) for 60 cycles (and 6q = 1.8 for 25 4 cycles). For a short circuit from load, where quadraCm2 XF XF = X (52a) ture-axis flux is involved, the resultant ampere conductors per inch are about the same as given above for W The effective field leakage is the true field leakage (XF) the direct-axis, and the effective penetration is again added in parallel with the mutual reactance, which on 6, Expressing these relations as a specific permeance: the above assumptions is Xad. 3.19 + 2 4q] XDq (55a) ) Xa d [g XF XF (53a) ' \ZXad + XF The effective damper leakage reactances (XDd') and (XDq') The transient reactance is determined as for salient- are calculated as for salient-pole machines, equations pole machines, equations (19a) and (20a). (24a) and (28a). IV. EFFECTIVE DAMPER LEAKAGE (XDd') AND (XDq') V. SUBTRANSIENT AND NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE REACTANCES The solid iron and metallic wedges of a turbine The subtransient reactances xd' and xq" may be generator rotor act as an effective damper winding. The actual penetration of flux into the solid iron de- calculated as for salient-pole machines with dampers pends on the resultant ampere turns acting and the (25a) and (29a). The negative-sequence is deterfrequency of pulsation. The value of the reactance mined as the average of Xd" and xq V, equation (31a). which is effective in the first instant may be approxi- It will be seen that there is very little difference between mated by assuming no decrement and by using the Xd" and xq', and the tests described in the companion maximum ampere turns per inch to determine an paper' show that they do actually become very nearly effective depth of penetration. For most turbine equal at high currents. For most practical purposes, generators, the maximum ampere conductors per inch, it should be necessary to calculate and test only Xd". corresponding to initial symmetrical short-circuit curVI. ZERO-SEQUENCE REACTANCE rent, is around 16,000. For turbine generators, the zero-sequence belt leakThe direct-axis damper leakage is determined by the age be approximated by using the direct-axis speciic prence d)recedaby depth of flux penetration in the rotor teeth and wedges amemaylakage under sudden short-circuit conditions. The ampere conductors per inch over the center of this section pul- the rt ko atio'rofor the chording. sate between zero and twice the value, due to the symk, metrical current. The effective permeability at the surface, for these maximum ampere turns, is about 2. o=ko Assuming this constant throughout, the formula given (56a) XBo = k XDd by Steinmetz for flux penetration in deep solid parts can be applied. For 60 cycles, the flux penetrates to The mainer of the fm ) about 0.6 inch, which is equivalent to a path in air of depth d =1.2 inches at 60 cycles; (for 25 cycles, rated Xo = X (Xio + XBo + 0.2 Xe') (57a) frequency b Id = 1.8). The direct-axis leakage may be VII. TIME CONSTANTS Td0', Ti, AND Td Tesl nutneo h il nhny s still further restricted by the slot. The flux across the slot will be assumed to penetrate to the bottom of the wedge. Half of the leakage flux going tangenL= pp - [ (-__,__ A](5a tially in the gap was included in the armature leakage. \ gf Expressing these relations as a specific permeance: The open-circuit time constant will be calculated, neg-

normal m-achines this is also negligible. All the flux across the gap may then be assumed mutual flux, and if the mutual reactance were very high, the fundamental ampere turns of the field would equal that of the armature. The actual field ampere turns would be Cm times the fundamental of the armature, and the fundamental flux across the gap required to produce 4 zero net interlinkage is Cm times the actual field

XD

dX1 Pfg + 6d + hr2]

(54)

same as equation (36a)

December 1931

CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

1213

The short-circuit time constant Td' and armature time constant (Ta) are calculated as for salient-pole machines (37a) and (38a). SYMBOLS NOTE: The symbols for the characteristic reactances and time constants are given in the introduction, Section I. The symbols for the components of reactance are given in Section II. The symbols for the specific permeances and the flux distribution coefficient are given as they are defined and calculated in Appendixes A and B.

hbl hb2 hfl hf2 hr2h

= A ad B. .kp see machine For symbols representing ds dimensions, = kx also Fig. 6. kzo =

~~~~~~~kd
krs

h2 = = h2 = = h h = kd = =

= = = = = =

hi

tI>1 bCb5tj

END WINDING

=
=
=

. 7! i;iE! le2%

h3+|

STATOR SLOT

e.

e, .=. LF

lb Ile 1,2 lh
Lf m
M

=
= =

=
= =
=

H L 9 lbh h M o i 1 t hh hf2 F ] w1C71 7 JT1 r-V VL p V- P tAll PL P A lA f, NAt

POLE
I

JSTATOR

MA
Mm
nb
p

depth of damper bar depth of slot above the damper bar depth of field coil distance between field coil and pole head slot in the depth of conductors therotor depth of onduct rotors ao depth of cotorsl ina tor sot in stator slot depth of conductors depth of stator slot above the conductors d ratep etwinding current wind frsao driti factor for stator winding distribution chord factor of the stator winding chording reduction slot to reactance due to of slot zeroreactance sequence due reduction of chording Carter's coefficient for rotor slots core length (including vent ducts) length of damper bar extension of bent section of end winding length of straight section of end winding length of pole head (including magnetic coil supports) total self inductance of the field number of phases maximum fundamental armature ampere turns air gap ampere turns at no-load and rated

..nL LiLLAZJILv
.

iii

FIG. 6-DETAILS

number of damper bars per pole = number of conductors per slot Np = number of field turns per pole
=
=

"demagnetizing ampere turns;" field ampere turns required to balance armature reaction at rated current (zero power factor)

voltage

= number of poles

= slots per phase per pole * slot pitch) Qr= total rotor slots ra = d-c. resistance of armature in per cent bbl = width of damper bar Rf = field resistance in ohms at 75 deg. cent. bb2 = width of slot above damper bar X = reactance factor, per cent reactance for unit bh = width of pole head = of width specific permeance. See Section II pole bp throw (number of slots spanned) coil = brs = width of rotor slot y = = embrace" ratio of pole arc to pole pitch "pole of slot stator width a bs slotted portion to total circumference of of ratio y = bt = width of stator tooth rated center over generator rotor turbine air a (at pole gap density Bg = voltage) in air for the pulad = depth of an equivalent path B, = maximum fundamental density at rated voltage sating flux in the rotor teeth C = number of parallels in the stator winding aq = depth of an equivalent path in air for the pul= inside diameter of armature (armature bore) d sating flux in a solid pole center dr = rotor diameter X = "specific permneance:" effective flux per pole p = rated phase voltage (phasewinding voltage) per inch of length for unit ampere turns. = rated frequency f See Section II Ft= ratio of saturated to unsaturated transient reactance (an empirical constant used here as Xr = pole pitch on stator diameter 0 .88) Tb = pitch of damper bars tr, = pole pitch on rotor diameter g = actual (single) air gap in pole center g' = effective air gap, including increase in gap due Tr8 = rotorslotpitch rs = stator slot pitch to stator slots and vents and end fringing

= ampere conductors per inch (amperes per slot q

Ps3 = perneance per cm. of slot