RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION (RDSO)

Submitted for partial fulfillment of Industrial Training Report By ANKUR PRASAD Enrollment No: A7605110044 B.Tech-ECE (2010-2014)

Under guidance of

Mrs. Sumita Mishra Sr. Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGENIEERING AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

Submitted to: DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS 2013

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DECLARATION

I, Ankur Prasad, student of B. Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering) 2010-2014 hereby declare that the Industrial training entitled INDUSTRIAL TRAINING at Dept. of Telecommunication-RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION which is partial fulfillment of 7th semester industrial training report. This is a comprehensive study, training survey and brief review based on existing knowledge and technology which is produced in best possible manner.

Place: Lucknow Date:

(Ankur Prasad)

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CERTIFICATE

On the basis of declaration submitted by name student of B.Tech. Electronics and Communication batch 2011-2015. I hereby certify that project titled INDUSTRIAL TRAINING at RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION which is submitted to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, in partial fulfillment of 7 th semester term paper is a contribution with existing knowledge and faithful record of work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision.

Place: Lucknow Date:

(Mrs.Sumita Mishra) Faculty Guide

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude towards all the wonderful people who have helped me and guided me throughout my project. My deepest thanks to the Faculty Guided and Telecommunication lab Incharge of RDSO, Lucknow for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. They have trained us with immense dedication and without their hardwork this training cant be possible. I would like to express heartiest thanks to Brig. U.K Chopra Deputy Director ASET, Prof. S.T.H. Abidi, Director, and ASET for their constant encouragement and providing necessary facilities required for completion of my work. I consider myself privileged to express deep sense of gratitude to my faculty guide Mrs Sumita Mishra of Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow for his valuable guidance, sincere co-operation, keen interest, encouragement and constructive suggestions which helped me in completing this summer training report.

(Ankur Prasad)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION6-8 2. SIMRAN...9 3. RailTel10 4. Internet Access in Running Trains using WiMax..11 5. GPS Synchronized Clock...12-13 6. Fibre Distribution Management System....14 7. Voice Data Logger.15-16 8. LC Gate Communication System..17-18 9. Integrated Passenger Information System.19-20 10. Working of Signaling at Railways ..21-23 11. Controlling of Telephone Exchange at RDSO 24-26 12. KVM Switch.27-28 13. LAN Extender..29 15. Core Switch. 30 16. Switches31-32 17. Conclusion.33

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1. INTRODUCTION
Railways were introduced in India in 1853 and it developed eventually through the twentieth century and during this duration large number of companies managed to grow successfully. The Indian Railway Conference Association (IRCA) was set up in the 1903 for standardization and coordination among different railway systems. This organization was followed by the Central Standards Office (CSO) in 1930 in order for the preparation of designs, specifications and standards. Alas, until independence most of these designs and manufacture of railway equipments was under the control the foreign consultants. After Independence and with the gradual increase in population the demands of rail transportation increased in bounds due to which a new organization called Railway Testing and Research Centre (RTRC) was setup in the 1952 at Lucknow for testing and conducting applied research for development of the railways. Soon the CSO and RTRC were integrated or combined together to form a single unit called as the RDSO- RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION in 1957, under Ministry of railways at Lucknow.

1.1 RDSO Lucknow

1.1 Organization:

RDSO is headed by a Director General, who is assisted by Additional Director General, senior Executive Directors and Executive Directors. All the directorates of RDSO except Defence Research are located at Lucknow. Cells for Railway Production Units inspection and
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development work are located at Bangalore, Bhagalpur, Bhopal, Mumbai, Burnpur, Kolkata, ChiSahibabad, Bhilai and New Delhi.

1.2 Quality Policy:

To develop safe, modern and cost effective Railway technologies that are in accordance with Statutory and Regulatory require Designs and Standards and Continual improvements in Quality Management System to fulfill the growing railway demands.

1.3 Quality Assurance:

The quality assurance function in liu of vendor approval and purchase inspection vendor directories was being looked after by individual technical directorates of RDSO along with their normal functions of research and standardization. To impart greater thrust to quality assurance, Railway Board has approved the creation of a Organization at RDSO in September 2002 for Technical disciplines like Mechanical Engg. Including M&C, Civil Eng by Executive Director under the overall charge of an HAG officer.

1.3 Functions:
RDSO is the main and crucial R&D organization of Indian Railways and functions as the technical advisor to Railway Board and Production Units and performs a number of important functions like: Development of new and improved designs. Development, adoption, absorption of new technology for use on Indian Railways. Development of standards for materials and products specially needed by Indian Railways. Technical investigation, statutory clearances, testing and providing consultancy services. Inspection of critical and safety items of rolling stock, locomotives, signaling & telecommunication equipments.

1.4 Governing Council:

Governing Council is a body that comprises of Chairman, Railway Board as Chairman and Financial Commissioner, Member Mechanical, Member Staff, Member Electrical, Member Traffic, Addl. Member Railway Board and Director General. Main functions of the Governing council are: To identify and approve the R&D projects for technology development on Indian Railways. To review the progress of projects. To determine the quantum of direct investment in technology development within the overall allocation of funds under the plan head Railway Research'. To give direction for improving the working of RDSO.

1.5 Central Board Of Railway Research:

Board of Railway Research (CBRR) consists of DG/RDSO as Chairman, Addl. Member (Civil Engg.), Addl. Member (MAddl. Member (Sig), Addl. Member (traffic), Advisor (Finance), Executive Director (E&R), Executive Director (Plg.Director General/RDSO as member secretary. Non- Railways members of CBRR

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consist of eminent scientists, technologists other research organizations, academic institutions and industrial units related to railway technology and materials. Functions of CBRR are: To consider and recommend the program of research on Indian Railways. To review the research program from time to time. To ensure coordination and assistance from other research laboratories.

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2. SIMRAN
SIMRAN stands for Satellite Imaging for Rail Navigation. It is basically a Real Time Train Tracking System which is based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile (GSM) technologies. This pilot project is jointly developed by RDSO/Lucknow and IIT/Kanpur. It is fitted in the locomotive. Apart from Real time live train tracking it is also used as Unmanned Level Crossing Gate Warning System which provides Audio Visual warning to the nearby pedestrians, whenever a train fitted with SIMRAN locomotive equipment approaches the level crossing gate and has reaches a predetermined distance from the level crossing gate. LC Gate warning system uses Solar Power as primary source of Power Supply. RF Message continuously being generated by SIMRAN Locomotive Equipment (which contains information like its Location Co-ordinates, Time & Speed) will be received by LC Gate Equipment and decoded so that the location of train from the LC Gate to generate Audio-Visual Warning to Road Users. RF Message generated by SIMRAN Locomotive Equipment shall be received by Unmanned LC Gate atleast from a distance of 2 Km. Main Processing Unit(MPU) to be installed at Unmanned Level Crossing Gate shall comprise of RF Transceivers, Central Processing Unit, Memory, I/O Interfaces, etc. The GSM network used here is of BSNL and Airtel because of its widespread connectivity. Both the network SIM are present in this equipment and uses the masterslave relationship so that if one networks goes out of range the other one takes over. Each equipment box is assigned with a particular code along with each stations or LC gate crossing. Whenever the locomotive approaches the station or LC gate SIMRAN sends the location i.e basically the Latitude & Longitude to the central Server in the encoded form and then it is made available to the public for real time train update. The data which SIMRAN provide includes Train Speed, Closest Station, Next Stop and Train Status.

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3. RailTel

3.1 Logo of Railtel

It is the largest neutral telecom infrastructure providers in the country that owes a PanIndia optic fiber network on exclusive Right of Way (ROW) along Railway track. The OFC network of RailTel includes all important towns & cities of the country and a number of rural areas covering 70% of Indias population. With its strong nationwide presence it brings cutting edge technology and offer innovative services to the Indian Telecom market. It provides nationwide Broadband Telecom & Multimedia Network in all parts of the country in addition to modernization of Train operations and administration network systems.

3.1 Telecom & IT Services to Indian Railways:

Long haul connectivity: RailTel provides Wide Area Network which is known as Railnet to support the managerial data communication needs of various field organizations of Indian Railways. This networking chain interconnects Ministry of Railways with its 16 Zonal HQs, 66 Divisions offices, Production units, Training Institutions for sharing of information from all its departments. The network reach of RailTel is also being extended to operational areas like major yards, workshops & other far units. Internet access is also extended to all Railway offices on RailNet, as required. RailTel has also undertaken the task of creating secured L3 MPLS VPN network for Vigilance directorate connecting across all Zonal Railways and Railway units. NGN for voice traffic : All major telephone exchanges of Indian Railways are connected with future proof NGN technology. This infrastructure is very critical for day to day administrative functioning of Railways. Facilitating CUG (Closed User Groups) services : It has facilitated Mobile CUG connections for 175,000 officers of Indian Railways which is arguably the largest CUG plan within India as well as worldwide. It provides seamless communication among the officials for improved train operations

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4. Internet Access in Running Trains using WiMax

4.1 WiMax used in railway In order to fulfill the ever increasing demand of internet access by passengers, availability of broadband internet to passengers in running train is made readily available now with the increasing technology. Trial for provision of internet in running train on WiMAX technology has also been conducted. Radios on the train, which are termed wan devices may be WiMax radio, cellular modems, wifi clients, or satellite terminals. WiMax radio base stations is the one with which the train wans communicate An intelligent router on the train called the communications control unit (ccu) that will direct traffic to and from the train according to the currently best placed wan, and additionally performs system and application functions like web server for a 'logon' or landing page for wifi, and firewall functionality. The CCU also collates gps data and telemetry from network components and streams it to the fleet manager database server. A home agent server in a central location that is the 'end point' for traffic to and from train (the home agent server may in reality be a cluster of machines to provide high availability) WiFi network inside the train are termed as LAN DEVICES.

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5 .GPS Synchronized Clock

5.1 GPRS clock at railway stations

Digital clocks with GPS synchronization used at the Railway Stations are highly readable systems consisting of one master clock and several slave clocks. The Master clock system updates its time from precisied GPS data and periodically sends & syncs to slave clocks for synchronization. Slave clocks can also be used for working standalone mode by updating its time from GPS receiver.

5.1 Salient Features :

Microprocessor control Wired/Wireless communication between master and slave clocks Real time clock backup for GPS reception Automatic synchronization of Real time clock, from GPS Receiver Automatic intensity control to daylight saving time. Master clock can also be optionally driven by PC software Manual setting of Real time clock, Hours and Minutes,12 Hr 24 Hr format toggle through User Interface (master clock) Front Panel LED indicators for communication health in master clock 1 second flash on time display networked/standalone, microprocessor/micro-controller based led digital clocks designed to give correct and clearly visible time information. All digital clocks located at different locations give correct and same time with help of GPS synchronization.

System operates in an intelligent network in master-slave configuration and gives real time link status. Designed to be immune from elctro-magnetic induction to elctro-static induction.

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Very low power consumption. Higly reliable system conforming to is ISO:9000 standards.

5.2Applications:
Suitable for applications requiring accurate synchronized time displays such as Time Displays in

Railway stations Airports Process industries Sporting Arenas Customer Service Centers Emergency and Police Services

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6.Fiber Distribution Management System

Name Of Item: Fiber Distribution Management System

6.1 FDMS equipment

Specification No.: Rdso/Spn Tc 037/2000 Rev.3 Amnd. 1

Scope: It Is Used For Management i.e: 24 Of Fibers Of Armored Optical Fibre Cable.

Main Features:
1. It Is A Sheet Metal Box With Pull Out Drawers Type Of Splicing & Patching Shelves. 2. It Has Sufficient Storage Space For Storing Extra Length Of Loose Tubes And Patch Cards.

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3. Each Patching Shelf Can House Max. 24 No. Of Fc/Pc Adaptors. Mounted On An Adaptor Fixing Plate. 4. The FDMS Modules Are Suitable For Mounting On A Standard 19 Rack 5. 3M Fiber Distribution & Management System: The 3M Fiber Distribution & Management System (FDMS) provides a cost-effective & organized rack to manage & protect high-density fiber optic installations. The system provides maximum protection to rough service field applications, while maintaining a clean appearance in the central office and equipment closet. The FDMS allows users to obtain the fiber management components they need from a single source. Each component is part of a large family of fiber optic products including couplings, cable assemblies, pigtails, splices & more. 6. 3M Point of Interconnect Rack (POI) :The 3M POI Rack System (19 inch Rack) maintain various equipments required in a POI (Point Of Intersection) , viz. Fiber Management Systems, DSDB Shelf (with MCB), Digital Distribution Frame and other OLTE & Mux Equipments.

7.VOICE DATA LOGGER/MONITOR FOR CONTROLCIRCUIT

7.1 Voice Data Logger

NAME OF ITEM: VOICE DATA LOGGER/MONITOR FOR CONTROL CIRCUIT.

SPECIFICATION NO.:RDSO/SPN/TC/38-2002. rev-1,Amd.No.1

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PURPOSE: The system is used for recording voice communication on 4w/2w control circuit and telephone lines and wireless communication also.

SALIENT FEATURES:

Event logging facility for minimum 10 Lac events is provided in a Data logger.

Data shall be recorded on first in first out basis so that latest data is available in the system. There should be no loss of data from the data logger memory in case of power supply failure of data logger. Secondary data backup is provided with isolation [of power supply and data] and not plu ggable by the user. It is not possible to copy data from data logger in to secondary data backup device on request by user. Necessary hardware and software tools shall be available to post data from the device into data base through NMDL. Its capacity is 10 lakh events. Scanning interval for digital inputs shall be less than 20 milliseconds.

Change in status of digital signal shall only be recorded.

Central monitoring unit shall be state of art PC ( of reputed brand ) based system working on commercial supply of 230VAC, 50Hz. The minimum configuration shall be as specified by RDSO from time to time. System can record upto 16 voice channel.

It also keeps the record of missed calls, particular date and time can be replayed. Wireless instrument can also interfaced with system.

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APPROVED SOURCES: One

8.LC GATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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8.1 Gate Telephone

NAME OF ITEM: LC Gate Communication System using wired and wireless data Communication with private number Exchange & Voice logging facilities.

SPECIFICATION NO.: RDSO/SPN/TC/49/2003 VER.3

PURPOSE: For communication between station/cabin and LC Gates

SALIENT FEATURES:

Facilities of private number exchange, voice recording and data storage, retrieving in ASM control equipment and gate equipment also, password protection.

Electronic LC gate telephone system is design to facilitate communication between the ASM/cabin of a railway station with the gate men at different gates. This system consist of 1 master telephone and a no. of gate telephones (6 nos) and a specially designed power supply unit with build in rechargeable battery and charger. Master telephone is used at the ASM/Cabin and the gate telephone is to be used at LV gates. All the telephones work in 2 wire circuit and are connected through a signal cable pair. Through telephones are connected in omnibus mode, gates can not hear or speak to any other telephone unless activated by the master. Master can activate any gate or all the gates by pressing the corresponding switches. Gates can also call the master by pressing CALL switch located on Gate telephones. All the telephones work from a signal 24V DC Power Supply Unit which is normally located at a convenient place near the Master Telephone.

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The Gate Telephone needs no local Power Supply Unit or Battery within a distance of 6 KM for a 0.9mm dia Cu conductor. For Gates at longer distance, local Power may be necessary.

Power Supply: Specially designed PSU with 24V DC MF Battery and Charger to be located at ASM/Cabin. No PSU or Battery is required at LC Gates within a distance of 6 km from the station.

APPROVED SOURCE: 2

9.INTEGRATED PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM

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9.1 IPIS equipment

NAME OF ITEM: Integrated Passenger information system (train indication, coach guidance and PC based Announcement system).

SPECIFICATION NO. :RDSO/SPN/TC/61/2007,REVISION 2.0 PURPOSE: To give train information to passengers by LED based display and pc based announcement at railway stations.

SALIENT FEATURES:

Supplied to Indian Railways by G.G Tronics India Pvt. Ltd. System consists of Central Data controller, Platform Data Controller, True color Display Boards at different sizes & input signals to CCTV and Audio Announcement system.

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 Display's Train Number, Name of Train, Expected Train, Arrival/Departure of Trains and Platform Number for multiple trains at a time on IVD & OVD Boards. IVD & OVD shall displays the commercials, entertainment programs and other information for passengers.

Integrated user friendly system having operation from single PC for announcement, display of train information on display boards (Multiline display and coach guidance display board) and CCTV network. Microprocessor/Micro-controller based modular LED display board designed to give correct and clearly visible information. System operates in an intelligent networked and gives real time network log and link status. Display boards and announcement system at various station can be networked for operation from centralized location. Design to be immune from electro-magnet or electro-static interferences. Very low power consumption. Highly reliable system conforming to ISO:9000 standards.

NO. OF APPROVED SOURCES: 3

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10. WORKING OF SIGNALING AT RAILWAYS 10.1 Signals:

These have aspects and indications where aspect is the visual appearance of the signal and the indication is the meaning. Different railroads historically assigned different meanings to the same aspect, so it is common as a result of mergers to find that different divisions of a modern railroad may have different rules governing the interpretation of signal aspects.

Types of signals
Color signals The color of each individual light is subsumed in the overall pattern. For example, it is common to see a "Clear" aspect consisting of a green light above a red light. The red light in this instance does not indicate "Stop"; it is simply a component of a larger aspect. Operating rules specify that when there is some error in the display of an aspect the indication should be read as the most restrictive indication consistent with what is displayed.

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They convey information about the state of the next signal to be encountered. When a train is waiting at a signal it is "in rear of" that signal and the danger being protected by the signal is "in advance of" the train and signal.

10.1 Color light signal

Position Light Signal

It is one where the position of the lights, rather than their color, determines the meaning. The aspect consists solely of a pattern of illuminated lights, which are all of the same color In many countries, small position light signals are used as shunting signals, while the main signals are of color light form.

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10.2 Position light signal

Searchlight signals

These are most often used signal type, although these have become less popular due to vandalism. In these, a single incandescent light bulb is used in each head, and either an A.C. or D.C. relay mechanism is used to move a colored spectacle (or "roundel") in front of the lamp. In this manner, gravity returns the red roundel into the lamp's optical path.

10.3 Search light signal

10.2 Switching:
Switch consists of a pair of linked tapering rails, known as points lying between the diverging outer rails. These points can be moved laterally into one of two positions to make a train coming from the narrow end towards the straight path or the diverging path. A train moving from the narrow end toward the point blades is said to be executing a facing-point movement. Before the switch is locked, a train coming from either of the converging directs will pass

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through the points onto the narrow end, regardless of the position of the points, as the vehicle's wheels will force the points to move.

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11. Controlling of Telephone Exchange at R.D.S.O

For controlling and switching R.D.S.O is using Coral FLEXICOM 6000 manufactured by Tadiram Telecom, Israel.Coral Flexicom 6000 is capable of handling 4000 subscribers at a time. It is a digital, hot standby, redundant, communications switching system. It is based on Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) switching technology. The active circuitry of the system is contained on removable printed circuit assemblies, or cards, nearly all of which may be used in any system in the series. The active circuitry of the Coral system is divided into two major functions: Common Control and Peripheral. The Common Control circuitry directs call traffic through the system, establishing audio connections between Peripheral ports. The Peripheral circuitry provides the hardware necessary to establish those connections. It uses IDF technology i.e Integrated Distribution Frame technology. Flexicom 6000 contains various cards which performs specific set of functions depending on the type and use, some of them are as follows:

11.1 32GC Group Controller Card:

The 32GC card contains the High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) bus interface circuitry, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) bus interface circuitry, clock circuitry to synchronize the peripheral section of the system, and digital tone generators (dial, busy, ringing, ringback, DTMF, MFC, and test). Additionally, the 32GC card contains circuitry to synchronize the Coral peripheral clock to an external clock derived from a digital trunk interface.

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It is capable of establishing a maximum of 2000 calls between ports on its maximum peripheral shelf capacity. This matrix allows for a constant frame delay operation mode. The 32GC card also houses the proprietary Mirrored Memory and Switching Matrix essential for the Hot Standby control system. With this technology, the Standby control system set snoops relevant information from the Active control system set. With this information it readies its control card set for takeover of the control functions at any time it may become necessary. The voice port for peripheral cards is supported only from the Active32GC card. The base memory of the 32GC card contains a 2Mbyte memory in which the system database is housed. The memory is SRAM and is protected by 3V battery backup, so that data is saved and maintained during power loss.

11.2 32GC Front Panel:

The 32GC front panel includes diagnostic indicators, an SAU(Software Authorization Unit) interface and a CLA Reset button as shown in Figure 8-13. The items are described below. Main- Red - lights during card initialization, is not lit when card is functioning properly. If this indicator is lit, the 32GC is faulty. A- Flashing Green - lights when this system side is in Active mode, the flashing is slower when the system is most active. S- Green - lights when this system side in Standby mode M- Red - lights when this system side is in Maintenance mode F- Red - lights when the this system side is in Faulty mode SAU- COM1 Port for the SAU unit

11.3 MCP Card:

It consist of a Pentium Processor It contains 64 MB RAM It has RS 32 Port

11.3 RPS Card:

RPS stands for Ringing Power Supply

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Provides power supply for ringer and dial tone pulse Ringing power supply is generally of 75V& has a frequency of 25 Hz.

11.4 24SLS Card:

SLS stands for Serial Line Subscriber It is an analog card Capable for handling 24 users connection

11.5 CNF Card:

Stands for Conference Card Capable of handling two types of conference channels i.e 8 Party and 16 Party.

11.6 MFR Card:

Stands for Multi Frequency Card Used for generating frequency of Dial, Ring back & Call back tone

11.7 PRI30 Card:

It is an EI card It is used for MUXing It is a 30 channel card It is used for Inter Exchange communication and is used for channelizing communication inside the organization. Has caller I.D facility

Beside these few many other cards are used DTD Card (Dual Tone Detector), DTR Card, RMI, 8DRCF, CFM Card(Complex Flex Mem.; 64 MB)

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12. KVM SWITCH

It is an abbreviation for keyboard, video, mouse switch, a hardware device that enables a single keyboard, video monitor and mouse used for controlling more than one computer at one time. These are popular among users who have their home PC systems upgraded and want to still use their old computers but do not want to invest in a second keyboard, monitor and mouse. Also used by business to save money when one person uses more than one computer and in server farms where it is only necessary to periodically access each separate server in the farm one at a time, they are quite useful.

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It is a hardware device which allows a user to control multiple computers from one or more keyboard, mouse and video monitor. Although there are multiple computers connected to the KVM but typically a smaller number of computers can be controlled at any given time.

12.1(a. and b.): KVM Switches

Types Of KVM These are based on different types of core technologies in terms of how the KVM switch handles USB I/O devices--including keyboards, mouses, touchscreen displays, etc.

12.2: USB based KVM Switch USB Hub Based KVM: Also called an Enumerated KVM switch, which requires a connected/shared USB device to go through the full initiation process every time the KVM is switched to another target system/port. This switching to different ports is just as if someone were to physically plug and unplug a USB device into their targeted system.

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Emulated USB KVM: Here, to emulate special sets of USB keyboard or mouse switching control information to each connected/targeted system, dedicated USB console port(s) are assigned. Emulated USB provides an instantaneous and reliable switching action that makes mouse switching and keyboard hotkeys possible.

Use
The KVM switches are useful where there are multiple computers, but there is no need for a dedicated monitor, keyboard and mouse for each one. These are frequently used in the data-centers where multiple servers are placed into a single rack with a single monitor, keyboard and mouse. These then allows data center personnel to connect to any of the servers in the rack. An example of home use is to enable the use of the full-size keyboard, monitor and mouse of the home PC with a portable device such as a tablet PC, laptop or PDA, or a computer using a different operating system is common.

14. LAN EXTENDER

The LAN extender (also network Ethernet extender) is any device that is used to extend a network segment beyond the inherent distance limitation specified for it which is approximately 100 Mtr. (330 ft) for most of the common forms of twisted pair Ethernet. A LAN (Local Area Network) extender is such a device which is used to forward traffic between LANs that are transparent to the higher network-layer protocols over the extensive distances, which do go beyond the limits of standard Ethernet. Some other devices used in LANs excluding the LAN extenders include bridges, repeaters, hubs, switches and routers. These devices do employ a huge variety of transmission technologies and also physical media (wireless, fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, copper wire,).

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14.1a LAN Extender

14.1b LAN Extender

15. CORE SWITCH

It is also known as a tandem or a backbone switch. In a public WAN, a core switch is the one that interconnects the edge switches that are positioned on the edges of the related networks. In a local area network (LAN), this switch does the work of interconnecting work group switches, which are relatively the low-capacity switches that are usually positioned into geographic clusters. As the name suggests, core switch is central to the network and also needs to have a significant capacity to handle the load that is sent to it. There is not a precise definition

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explaining as to how powerful is this, but it is clear that it is much bigger than the average desktop switch.

15.1 Core Switch

16. SWITCHES
Managed switches are the ones that use Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to supply the owner with a good variety of intelligence regarding the operating speeds traffic flow and bandwidth potentials. Individuals who use these networks often share and also edit expansive files that need maximum bandwidth for the data transfers. With the help of these switches the user can customize each of the connections, adding and reducing the speeds necessary to provide an efficient system performance. This very unique design gives you a control over each of the switch ports, providing the information about who can access the shared LAN also communication and connection speeds. One can activate certain ports when they are needed and then turn them off to prevent

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the outside users from connecting to your network. These are specifically designed switches to optimize performance and security in an Ethernet based system.

16.1.a

16.2.b Switches

Layer 1 A network hub, or a repeater, is a simple network device. The Repeater hubs do not manage the traffic that comes through them. Any packet that enters a port is flooded out or "repeated" on every of the other port, except for just the port of entry. Since, every packet is repeated on the every other port, packet collisions do affect the entire network, thereby limiting its capacity. There are also specialized applications where a hub can be useful, eg: copying the traffic to multiple network sensors. High end switches do have a feature which enables the same thing called port mirroring. Layer 2

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A network bridge that operates at data link layer, may interconnect some small number of devices in home or office. This is known as a trivial case of bridging, where the bridge learns the MAC address of each of the connected devices. Single bridges can also provide extremely high performance in some specialized applications such as of storage area networks. Managed switches- These have one or more ways or interfaces, for modifying the operation of the switch. Common methods include: a serial console or Command Line Interface accessed via telnet or a Secure Shell; an embedded Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP agent that allows management from a remote console or a management station; a web interface for management from a web browser.

CONCLUSION
This 4 week summer training in Telecommunication Lab at Research Development & Standard Organization, Lucknow which is an organization of Ministry of Railways has provided me with an immense and deep knowledge about the working and functioning of various types communication channels that forms the backbone of Indian Railways. Getting a hand on demonstration of various equipment which is currently being deployed and which is yet to be deployed is the best part of this training. Since, the equipments listed here is not easily available and accessible to the common public. Furthermore, getting knowledge

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of I.T, OFCs, surveillance services, network services, WiMax and working of Switching cards at telephone exchange is yet an other achievement to be embarked which helped me in boosting up of my technical knowledge and skills. Thus helping me to understand the various communication setups of Indian Railways in a better way.

REFERENCE www.wikipedia.com www.rdso.org.in Google e-book on Telecommunication by Thyagarajan www.efftronics.com

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