B-0

B-1

What is a Bearing Used for?

Designed to: Reduce friction Carry loads Guide moving parts

B-2

Rolling and Sliding Friction

Plain bearings: sliding friction

Rolling bearings: rolling friction

B-4

Roller and Ball Raceway Contact

B-5

Roller and Ball Bearings in Road Transport

B-6

Axial, Radial and Combined Loads

Radial load Combined load

Fr

Axial load

Fa

B-7

Roller Types
Ball Spherical roller (symmetrical) Spherical roller (asymmetrical)

Cylindrical roller Needle roller

Taper roller

B-8

The Principle SKF Rolling Bearing Range

Ball bearings

Roller bearings

B-9

Ball and Roller Bearing Ranges Ball bearings

Deep groove Angular contact Self-aligning

Roller bearings
Needle Spherical

Cylindrical Taper

B-10

Load Capabilities
Load carrying capacity is expressed as the basic dynamic load rating

B-11

Relative Speed Limitations

r/min

Oil lubrication speed rating

Grease lubrication speed rating

Bearing speed limit

B-12

Ball Bearing Capabilities

Deep groove Angular contact Self-aligning

Radial load carrying capacity

Axial load carrying capacity

Speed capability

Accommodates misalignment

B-13

Cylindrical Roller Bearing Variants

NU NJ NUP

More and larger rollers Logarithmic contact profile plus optimised surface finish Improved roller end/flange contact geometry 3 cage variants: steel, polyamide, brass

NU+HJ

NJ+HJ

B-14

Taper Roller Bearing Capabilities

Optimised SKF design

Logarithmic contact profile plus optimised surface finish increases service life Improved roller end/flange contact greatly reduces friction Optimum utilisation of cross section

B-15

Spherical Roller Bearing Capabilities

Symmetrical rollers provide maximum life under any conditions Floating guide ring gives minimum friction and helps ensure reliable operation Window-type steel cages strong and tolerant to high temperatures

B-16

Y-Bearing Unit Capabilities

Accommodate initial alignment errors Provide economic bearing arrangements Simple to mount Incorporates seals

B-17

CARB Toroidal Roller Bearing Capabilities

Accommodates shaft misalignment to maximise service life Axial displacement capability minimises friction High radial carrying capacity increases reliability

B-18

Thrust Bearing Capabilities

Thrust ball bearing: single direction Thrust ball bearing: single direction with sphered housing washer Thrust ball bearing: double direction

Thrust ball bearing: double direction with sphered housing washers

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing: single direction

Spherical roller thrust bearing

Rolling Bearings are Precision Products

How much is a ?

A human hair
Normal Precision bearing High precision bearing

1
Tolerance classes

Standard

P6

P6 SP

P4A UP 0/-7 m

PA9A PA9B 0/-2,5 m

0,06 mm

0/-15 m

0/-12 m

0/-9 m

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

B-20

Down-Sizing SKF Bearings

Mass (kg)

B-21

Function of the Cage

Prevent immediate contact between rolling elements to minimize friction and heat generation Guide the rolling elements Provide space for lubricant Retain the rolling elements when bearings of separable design are mounted or dismounted

B-22

Cage Variants

Polyamide cage

Window-type sheet steel cage

Window-type solid brass cage

B-23

Polyamide Cages

+ + + +

Lightweight High elasticity Good sliding properties Good marginal lubrication properties

Operating temperature < +120 C

B-24

Window Type Sheet Steel Cages

+ + + +

Lightweight High strength No operating temperature limit High vibration and acceleration resistance Sensitive to poor lubrication

B-25

Window Type Solid Brass Cages

+ + +

Very high strength Very high vibration and acceleration resistance Suitable for very high speed in connection with circulating oil

Relatively (very) expensive

B-26

Internal Clearances
Radial clearance

Axial clearance

B-27

Internal Radial Clearance

COLD

Reduced radial clearance

Compression

Clearance range
C1 Clearance less than C2 C2 Clearance less than Normal C3 Clearance grater than Normal C4 Clearance grater than C3 C5 Clearance grater than C4

Expansion

WARM

B-28

Effect of Internal Preload and Clearance on Bearing Life

Relative basic rating life L10, %

Preloading

Clearance

B-29

Load Distribution due to Clearance Changes

B-30

Correct Fits

Tolerance range for bearings manufactured to ISO

B-31

Types of Rotation

B-32

Effect of Loose Fit

n = 3 000 r/min 10 hours/day 30 days

Relative 0,013 3,142 3000 10 30 60 1 000 1 000 = 2,2 km (1,4 miles)

position =

B-33

Axial Location of Rolling Bearings

B-34

Axial Freedom in a Fan

B-35

Minimum Load
Minimum load

Rotation

B-36

Bearing Life

B-37

Bearing Fatigue Failure

B-38

Load Capacity
Basic dynamic load rating C Basic static load rating C0

The ISO life equation

The static safety factor

L10 = basic rating life, millions of revolutions C = basic dynamic load rating, N P = equivalent dynamic bearing load, N p = exponent of the life equation With the load P = C the L10 life will be 1 million revolutions

s0 = static safety factor P0 = equivalent static bearing load, N C0 = basic static load rating, N

With the load P0 = C0 the static safety factor s0 will be 1

B-39

Bearing Load

Load P Finite life

Load P Infinite life PU Life Life

Service life: The actual life achieved by the bearing before it fails.

B-40

Bearing Selection Factors

Available space Misalignment

Speed

Life

Load/Direction

Operating conditions

B-41

Example: Catalogue Selection

Principal dimensions d With one Z shield bearings with D 110 mm mm 25 47 52 62 55 62 72 62 72 80 68 80 90 12 15 17 13 16 19 14 17 21 15 18 23 D B Dynamic load ratings dynamic static C N 11 200 14 000 22 500 13 300 19 500 28 100 15 900 25 500 33 200 16 800 30 700 41 000 20 800 33 200 52 700 6 550 7 800 11 600 8 300 11 200 16 000 10 200 15 300 19 000 11 600 19 000 14 000 14 600 21 600 31 500 C0 Fatigue load limit Pu N 275 335 490 355 475 670 440 655 815 490 800 1 020 640 915 1 340 Speed ratings Lubrication grease oil Mass Designations Bearings with one shield two shields

r/min 15 000 12 000 11 000 12 000 10 000 9 000 10 000 9 000 8 500 9 500 8 500 7 500 9 000 7 500 6 700 18 000 15 000 14 000 15 000 13 000 11 000 13 000 11 000 10 000 12 000 10 000 9 000 11 000 9 000 8 000

kg 0,080 0,13 0,23 0,12 0,20 0,35 0,16 0,29 0.46 0,19 0,37 0,63 0,25 0,41 0,83

6005-Z 6205-Z 6305-Z 6006-Z 6206-Z 6306-Z 6007-Z 6207-Z 6307-Z 6008-Z 6208-Z 6308-Z 6009-Z 6209-Z 6309-Z 6005-2Z 6205-2Z 6305-2Z 6006-2Z 6206-2Z 6306-2Z 6007-2Z 6207-2Z 6307-2Z 6008-2Z 6208-2Z 6308-2Z 6009-2Z 6209-2Z 6309-2Z

30

35 bearings with D > 110 mm 40 With two Z shield bearings with D 110 mm

45

75 16 85 19 100 25

bearings with D > 110 mm

B-42

Lubrication Requirements

Paper

Oil films

Oil film 0,11 m

B-43

Oil or Grease Selection Factors

B-44

Materials Used for SKF Rolling Bearings

Bearing rings and rolling elements

Through-hardening steels Carbon chromium steel containing approximately 1 % carbon and 1,5 % chromium Case-hardening steels Chromium-nickel alloyed steel and manganese-chromium alloyed steel containing approximately 0,15 % carbon

B-45

Heat Treatments
Advantages
Martensite hardening
Less costly Fixture can be used to reduce distortion

Bainitic hardening
Tough structure Automatic dimensional stability Compressive residual surface stresses

Case hardening
Hard surface and soft core resists through cracking Highest compressive residual surface stresses

Disadvantages
Martensite hardening
Highest risk of propagation of surface cracks

Bainitic hardening
Somewhat more costly than martensite Lower hardness

Case hardening
Time consuming and costly process

B-46

Dimensional Stability
Change in diameter (m/100 mm)

Martensite

Bainite

Hours

Holding time at 200 C (392 F)

B-47

Classification of Dimensional Stability

Stabilisation class SN S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 Operating temperature up to 120 C (248 F) up to 150 C (302 F) up to 200 C (392 F) up to 250 C (482 F) up to 300 C (572 F) up to 350 C (662 F) Hardness HRC 59 to 63 58 to 62 57 to 61 56 to 60 54 to 58 50 to 54

B-48

Hardening Processes: Effects

Martensite hardening Bainite hardening Case hardening Standard applications Standard bearings Heavily loaded bearings Spherical roller bearings Extreme heavily loaded bearings (+ shock loads) Large size bearings Specific applications Bearings fitted with loose fit (rolling mills) Surface hardening Specific applications Hub units, slewing rings

B-49

Effects of Different Heat Treatments

Martensite-hardened material (through hardening Tensile stresses 50 100 MPa 60 HRC 59 HRC Bainite-hardened material (through hardening Compressive stresses 50 100 MPa 59 HRC 58 HRC

Case-hardened material Compressive stresses 200 400 MPa 60 HRC 35 HRC

: Tensile stresses : Compressive stresses