Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

ELEC0047

November 2012

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Objectives of chapter

describe the excitation systems

there exists a wide range of systems, depending upon manufacturer short description of main systems without going into details

give examples of models

simple including limiters

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Overview

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Description of main excitation systems

Description of main excitation systems

Purpose: provide the power required by the eld winding of generator make the eld voltage quickly vary in response to network disturbances. Two main categories:
1

rotating machine: excitation power taken from mechanical power turbine mounted on the same shaft as turbine and generator
DC machine AC machine with rectier

static excitation system: excitation power taken from network through transformer and rectier.

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Description of main excitation systems

DC generator

non negligible time constant of exciter, to be compensated DC generator self-excited or separately excited (requires a pilot exciter = separate permanent magnet DC machine) large units: speed below brushes too large and current too important has been replaced by power electronics
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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Description of main excitation systems

alternator with non-controlled rectier

diodes and thyristor ring very fast exciter still introduces a time constant eld current and voltage cannot go negative (during large transients)
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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Description of main excitation systems

alternator with controlled rectier

thyristor ring very fast to avoid delays, exciter alternator operates at full voltage hence it is dimensioned to operate permanently at ceiling eld voltage thyristors allow reverting the eld voltage (during large transients)
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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Description of main excitation systems

rotating diodes or brushless system

no contact between stator and rotor time constant of inverted generator no access to eld current if of main generator; excitation current of inverted generator used instead
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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Description of main excitation systems

potential-source controlled-rectier or static system

very fast excitation system in case of short-circuit close to the main generator, drop of voltage of the transformer feeding the excitation system; counteracted by compounding circuits
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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Modelling excitation systems, regulators and limiters

Modelling excitation systems, regulators and limiters

Per unit system The following bases are usually chosen: VfB : the eld voltage that produces the nominal voltage VB at the terminal of the open-circuited generator IfB : the eld current that produces the nominal voltage VB at the terminal of the open-circuited generator In steady state, in Volt: vf = Rf if and in per unit: vfpu = Rf if vf = = ifpu VfB Rf Ifb Rfpu = 1

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Modelling excitation systems, regulators and limiters

Generic model of automatic voltage regulator and excitation system

OEL : OverExcitation Limiter Tm 0.05 s Ta 0.05 s

UEL: UnderExcitation Limiter Te a few102 1 s

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Modelling excitation systems, regulators and limiters

Other facts to be taken into account in specic models: diode rectier: drop of vf voltage increases with increasing if brushless system: internal compensation does not use the (unavailable) vf voltage vfmin = 0 for the diode rectier, vfmin < 0 for the thyristor rectier vfmax sensitive to generator terminal voltage in the static excitation system saturation of exciter etc.

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Modelling excitation systems, regulators and limiters

Overexcitation limiter

acting on summation point of AVR (non-takeover):

Bloc 1: u

= 1 = 0 = if iflim

if if iflim d < 0 if d < if iflim 0 if if iflim > 0

A value if > iflim is tolerated during a time such that: if iflim = |L1 | K1 = |L1 | 1 K1 if iflim
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inverse-time characteristic. Fixed-time obtained with block 4 instead of 1.

Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Modelling excitation systems, regulators and limiters

Overexcitation limiter

acting through min gate of AVR (takeover):

In steady state, after OEL action: vf = Ga Ge K3 (if iflim ) and, since Ga Ge if = vf = Ga Ge K3 lim Ga Ge |K3 | lim if = i 1 Ga Ge K3 1 + Ga Ge |K3 | f

1 and |K3 | > 1: if iflim

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Modelling excitation systems, regulators and limiters

Underexcitation limiter Aimed at preventing: if from becoming lower than a minimum, or reactive power Q from becoming lower than a minimum (which depends on active power P ). Example: limiter of second category, acting on summation point of AVR

forces: KP P + KQ Q + KO 0 after a short delay dictated by L1 .

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Case study No. 1

Case study No. 1

System : same as in Case study of Chapter 1 except: dierent operating point generator equipped with AVR (st-st open-loop gain 50, time constant 0.2 s) Fault on line 1-3 at t = 1 s, cleared at t = 1.1 s by opening the faulted circuit. Distribution transformer equipped with a load tap changer keeping the load (MV) voltage in the deadband [0.99 1.01] pu delay on rst tap change: 20 s delay on each subsequent tap change: 10 s. 16 / 21

Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Case study No. 1

short-term response

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Case study No. 1

short-term response

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Case study No. 1

long-term response

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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Case study No. 2

Case study No. 2

System : same as in Case study of Chapter 1 except: generator equipped with AVR (st-st open-loop gain 50, time constant 0.2 s) and OverExcitation Limiter (type shown in slide 13, inverse-time). Disturbance in external system represented by Thevenin equivalent 13 % drop of Thevenin e.m.f.
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Excitation systems and automatic voltage regulators

Case study No. 2

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