Catalog of Material Thermal Property Data - Rp905

FINAL REPORT ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTY DATA (905-RP)
Prepared for: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) 1791 Tullie Circle NE Altanta, GA USA 30329-2305 Attention: Mr. Michael Vaughn Director of Research Project sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 04.04 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance Report Prepared by: Alex McGowan Levelton Consultants Ltd. 760 Enterprise Crescent Victoria, BC V8Z 6R4 with information from Dr. William P. Goss Professor Emeritus Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department University of Massachusetts at Amherst c/o 50 Coe Road (314) Belleair, FL 33756
June 1, 2007
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ASHRAE provides design values for thermal properties of typical building materials in Chapter 25 of the Handbook of Fundamentals (HOF; ASHRAE, 2005). These tables include density, thermal conductivity or conductance (and thermal resistivity or resistance) and specific heat for a wide range of materials commonly used in building construction. The information is used in a wide range of applications, from hygrothermal computer models to codes and standards, so it is incumbent upon ASHRAE to keep the data accurate, relevant and reasonably current. With this in mind, the ASHRAE Technical Committee responsible for Chapter 25 (Technical Committee 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance), commissioned a research project to review the data in the Chapter and recommend new values (or develop a plan for determining new values), if necessary, to be included in subsequent editions of the HOF. The project would also review data from as wide a variety of sources as possible, to recommend additional materials to be included in the Handbook. The original objective of this project was to develop a catalog of material property data (thermal conductivity, density, specific heat and, if appropriate, thermal resistance and/or conductance) for insulation systems found in buildings, low-temperature pipe insulation, cryogenic and hightemperature industrial applications. The objective was later revised to focus on building materials only. The data in this study were obtained from ASTM material specifications standards, ASHRAE archives on thermal insulation material data given in Chapter 25 and 39 of the 2001 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, ISO material specification standards, NIST property data publications and other available open literature sources. Credible thermal property data for additional materials not currently covered and current data not well documented in the ASHRAE archives were identified and cataloged over a range of appropriate temperatures. The data in this report are from results at a mean temperature of approximately 75F 10F (24C 5C). The thermal property data are provided in a userfriendly format that can be integrated into the new Chapter 25 Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data of the 2009 Handbook of Fundamentals, over a range of available and appropriate temperatures and the estimated data uncertainty. Finally, recommendations are made on thermal property data for materials of importance to ASHRAE that should be measured in a subsequent ASHRAE research project. The recommended values are compiled in a table, comparable to the existing Table 4 in the current (2005) ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The report also includes some materials that are not represented in the current Handbook, but inclusion of these materials is not recommended until the topic is deliberated by ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4, the committee that sponsored this project.
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ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 2. REPORT ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.5 2.5.1 IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA ................................................................................. 2 BASIC PHYSICS ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Solids ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Fluids ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 OBJECTIVES OF ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905 ................................................................................................... 3 DATA RESOURCES .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acceptance Criteria ........................................................................................................................................ 4 PAST ASHRAE THERMAL PROPERTY TABLES ............................................................................................................. 4 Discussion of Historical Tables ....................................................................................................................... 4
3.
THERMOPHYSICAL DATA TABLES - BUILDING MATERIALS (I-P UNITS) ..................................................................................... 6 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.8 3.9 3.10 BUILDING BOARD .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Asbestos-cement and gypsum panels ............................................................................................................ 6 Wood-based Building Board ........................................................................................................................... 9 BUILDING MEMBRANE ........................................................................................................................................ 12 FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................... 13 INSULATING MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................... 14 Blanket and Batt ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Board and Slabs .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Loose Fill ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Spray Applied............................................................................................................................................... 23 ROOFING ............................................................................................................................................................. 25 PLASTERING MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................... 27 MASONRY MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Masonry Units .............................................................................................................................................. 29 Concretes .................................................................................................................................................... 32 SIDING MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................................. 34 WOODS (12% MOISTURE CONTENT) ....................................................................................................................... 35 DATA NOT IN TABLE 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.
THERMOPHYSICAL DATA TABLES - BUILDING MATERIALS (SI UNITS)..................................................................................... 37 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.8 4.9 4.10 BUILDING BOARD ................................................................................................................................................ 37 Asbestos-cement and gypsum panels .......................................................................................................... 37 Wood-based Building Board ......................................................................................................................... 40 BUILDING MEMBRANE ........................................................................................................................................ 43 FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................... 44 INSULATING MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................... 45 Blanket and Batt ........................................................................................................................................... 45 Board and Slabs .......................................................................................................................................... 47 Loose Fill ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 Spray Applied............................................................................................................................................... 53 ROOFING ............................................................................................................................................................. 54 PLASTERING MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................... 56 MASONRY MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................................... 58 Masonry Units .............................................................................................................................................. 58 Concretes .................................................................................................................................................... 61 SIDING MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................................. 63 WOODS (12% MOISTURE CONTENT) ....................................................................................................................... 64 DATA NOT IN TABLE 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 65
5.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 66 5.1 5.2 RECOMMENDED DATA TABLE (I-P) .................................................................................................................... 67 RECOMMENDED DATA TABLE (SI) ..................................................................................................................... 72
6.
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................... 77
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A APPENDIX B 1997 Criteria for Acceptance of Thermal Property Values Revised Criteria for Acceptance of Thermal Property Values
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ii
1. BACKGROUND
ASHRAE provides design values for thermal properties of typical building materials in Chapter 25 of the Handbook of Fundamentals (HOF; ASHRAE, 2005). These tables include density, thermal conductivity or conductance (and thermal resistivity or resistance) and specific heat for a wide range of materials commonly used in building construction. The information is used in a wide range of applications, from hygrothermal computer models to codes and standards, so it is incumbent upon ASHRAE to keep the data accurate, relevant and reasonably current. With this in mind, the ASHRAE Technical Committee responsible for Chapter 25 (Technical Committee 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance), commissioned a research project to review the data in the Chapter and recommend new values (or develop a plan for determining new values), if necessary, to be included in subsequent editions of the HOF. The project would also review data from as wide a variety of sources as possible, to recommend additional materials to be included in the Handbook. The project was initiated in August of 1999. For a variety of reasons, the project team was unable to complete the project, and it was abandoned in January of 2002. Due to the importance of the underlying research, Technical Committee 4.4 undertook the completion of the project. As this was done on a volunteer basis, it took longer than normal for an ASHRAE project of this size, but the Committee felt that the project should nevertheless be completed, and better late than never. This report incorporates the remarkable amount of work that was completed by the original project team, together with subsequent research conducted for Technical Committee 4.4, especially the research project 1018-RP (ASHRAE, 2002).
1.1
REPORT ORGANIZATION
Section 2 of this report contains information from the original project team report, including background on the project objectives, a brief discussion of the physics of thermal properties, and some of the historical development of the current information in the HOF. Sections 3 and 4 have the current tables, with a discussion of new material data, in inch-pound and SI units, respectively. Some recommendations for new products or revisions to existing data are also included. Section 5 includes a summary of recommendations for new testing and data required for products not currently covered in the HOF. Appendices A and B contain existing and new criteria, respectively, for inclusion of data in the Handbook of Fundamentals.
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2.
2.1
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA
The thermophysical properties of a system are defined by Klein (1980) as those properties, which measure the response of the system to thermal and mechanical stimuli. These include both the thermodynamic properties (which describe the change of the system between initial and final equilibrium states) and the transport properties (which describe the flow of heat or material resulting from a steady departure from equilibrium). For building heat-transfer processes, the important thermophysical properties are thermal conductivity, specific heat and density. Thermal conductivity is used in steady-state and transient heat-transfer analysis of building envelope assemblies (walls, windows, doors, roofs, ceilings floors, slabs, etc.) and industrial insulation systems (piping, heat exchangers, furnaces, refrigeration equipment, etc.). Specific heat and density are important in the transient heat-transfer analysis of the above systems. ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4 recognized the need for reliable, documented thermophysical property data for current building envelope steady-state and transient heat-transfer and industrial insulation system heat-transfer computer programs. Without accurate thermophysical data, the output from these programs would be less useful in the design process.
2.2
2.2.1
BASIC PHYSICS
Solids
Heat transfer through solids can be described by several mechanisms (Berman, 1976). In metals, most of the heat transfer is due to the flow of electrons with a smaller amount due to thermal vibrations of the atoms, which make up the solid. In non-metals, most of the heat transfer is due to thermal vibrations (sometimes called lattice vibrations, lattice waves or phonons: see Parrott and Stuckes, 1975; Ho, et al, 1974; Grimvall, 1986) of the atoms that make up the solid. In some solids like alloys and semiconductors, both mechanisms can be important. The combination of the two heat-transfer mechanisms is called conduction heat transfer. Fouriers Law for heat conduction due to a temperature gradient defines the thermophysical property thermal conductivity. In addition, for some insulation products which are not truly solids (e.g., fiberglass and rock-wool insulation, foam board insulation, hollow concrete block, reflective pipe and wall insulation), conduction heat transfer can be augmented by convection and/or radiation heat transfer. For these non-homogeneous products, an apparent thermal conductivity can often be defined. 2.2.2 Fluids
Heat transfer through fluids is usually a combination of conduction and mass motion. The latter is called convection heat transfer. Newtons Law of Cooling for convection heat transfer due to a characteristic temperature difference defines the convection heat transfer coefficient, which is not a thermophysical property like thermal conductivity. The motion in fluids can be either forced or free (sometimes called natural) convection. In the limit of no mass motion, heat transfer through fluids is by conduction only. The conduction occurs by molecular collisions where the molecular internal energy stored in molecular kinetic (both linear and rotational) energy and molecular bond vibrations is exchanged between molecules that can move about in the fluid. Liquids generally have higher thermal conductivities than gases because of the more frequent number of collisions due to a higher molecular density. For building envelope materials and assemblies and industrial insulation systems, the primary convection heat transfer is due to natural convection in enclosed gas or air spaces. An equivalent thermal conductivity based on the gas or air space natural convection and dimensions is sometimes defined.
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2.3
OBJECTIVES OF ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905
The original objective of this project was to develop a catalog of material property data (thermal conductivity, density, specific heat and if appropriate, thermal resistance and/or conductance) for insulation systems found in buildings, low-temperature pipe insulation, cryogenic, and hightemperature industrial applications. The objective was later revised to focus on building materials only subsequent research may include other materials and systems at a later date. The data in this study were obtained from ASTM material specifications standards, ASHRAE archives on thermal insulation material data given in Chapter 25 and 39 of the 2001 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, ISO material specification standards, NIST property data publications and all other available open literature sources. Credible thermal property data for additional materials not currently covered and current data not well documented in the ASHRAE archives were identified and cataloged over a range of appropriate temperatures. The specific data recommended for inclusion in the HOF are from results at a mean temperature of approximately 75F 10F (24C 5C). The thermal property data are provided in a user-friendly format that can be integrated into the new Chapter 25 Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data of the 2009 Handbook of Fundamentals , over a range of available and appropriate temperatures and the estimated data uncertainty. Finally, recommendations are made on thermal property data for materials of importance to ASHRAE that should be measured in a subsequent ASHRAE research project.
2.4
DATA RESOURCES
The data resources for this research project were books, monographs, proceedings and reports in the University of Massachusetts Physical Library, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Barker Engineering and Science Libraries, the New York and Boston Public libraries and the Celotex Technical Center Library. In addition, material property specifications given in ASTM and ISO standards were also used as sources of thermophysical property data. Data sources listed in Manufacturers Industrial Data Sheets/Files and from the Internet were also considered. Since the quality (or reliability) of different data resources can vary quite significantly, ASHRAE TC 4.4 has developed acceptance criteria for thermal property data for inclusion in the Insulating Material Design Values and the Industrial Insulation Design Values Tables that are in the Chapter on Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data. Appendix A lists the current (1997) criteria for acceptance of thermal property values. The current acceptance criteria would not allow many of the previously mentioned thermophysical property data resources. It does allow property data to be provided from ASTM or ISO Hot Plate and Heat Flow Meter Test Methods for homogeneous materials and ASTM or ISO Hot Box Test Methods. In the past, unpublished and published experimental thermal data were submitted to ASHRAE TC 4.4, and if it met the acceptance criteria at that time, it was included in the aforementioned two tables in the Chapter on Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data. As a result, much of the property data in these two tables has no known reference. In August, 1990, William Strzepek, the then-Editor of the Chapter on Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data, sent out a request to fill in a survey on the references for the planned 1993 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook thermal property data in Tables 4 and Table 8. Only three responses were received by the requested October 1990 time frame. In June and July 1991, in response to Mr. Strzepeks letter, Dr. Robert Zarr of NIST provided two extensive letter reports that contained reference sources and in some cases, copies of the references, to some of the thermal property data in the proposed 1993 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. Subsequently, Dr. Zarr initiated an excellent web site (srdata.nist.gov/insulation/)
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that contains the results of the two letter reports and a number of updates. The reference source provided to Mr. Strzepek by TC4.4 members has been included in revised tables for much of the data in the current ASHRAE Fundaments Handbook Chapter 25, Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data, two thermal property data tables on Insulating Material Design Values and the Industrial Insulation Design Values. In addition, Harold Trethowen from BRANZ provided a letter report on the Thickness Effect of Thermal Insulants in May 1987 and Adrian Tuluca provided a letter report on Concreted, Mortars and Fired Clays in June 1989 prior to the publication of the 1989 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. The reference material included in the two earlier reports is also included in the revised current thermal property tables presented in the next chapter of this report. 2.4.1 Acceptance Criteria
Since many of the references for the new thermal property data tables presented in the next Chapter do not meet the current acceptance criteria, a revised acceptance criteria is proposed in Appendix B to allow the thermal property data resource to be quality rated (i.e., the estimated reliability of the data) The data given in the Thermal Property Data Tables in the next Chapter are categorized as follows: Data Type 1: Data that meets the Proposed Revisions to the Current ASHRAE Policy on the acceptance of Thermal Property Values for publication in Chapter 25 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (see Appendix B). The primary revision is to allow the inclusion of data from recognized sources of Thermophysical Property Data. Data Type 2: Data that meets most of the ASHRAE Policy, with some indication of what criteria are not met. Data from ASTM and ISO consensus standards would fit into this category. Data Type 3: Data from a manufacturer, with some indication of an independent source for the data. Data Type 4: Data from manufacturers literature with no supporting data of any kind. Data Type 0: Data that cannot be assigned a specific category.
2.5
2.5.1
PAST ASHRAE THERMAL PROPERTY TABLES

Discussion of Historical Tables
Thermal property data tables in a number of ASHRAE Handbooks from the 1952 ASHVE (American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers) Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning Guide to the 2001 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals were reviewed for this project. The tables are the Building and Insulating Material Design Values (usually for a mean temperature of 75F or 24C), the Industrial Insulation Design Values (over a range of temperatures) in the Chapter on Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data (originally Design Heat Transmission Coefficients) that is prepared by ASHRAE TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance (originally TC 2.4 Insulation and Moisture Barriers). In addition, the thermophysical property tables from the Chapter on the Physical Properties of Materials are also given. This chapter is assigned to ASHRAE TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow.
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The 1952 ASHVE (one of ASHRAEs previous names) Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Guide was the 30th Edition of this Guide. The thermal property data was given in two Chapters entitled Heat Transmission of Building Materials and Pipe Insulation. The Chapter on Heat Transmission of Building Materials used the listed Building and Insulating Material thermal property data to develop heat transmission coefficients (U-factors) for a variety of typical building-envelope assemblies. The Chapter on Pipe Insulation listed just a few pipe insulations for medium- and high-temperature applications. There was no information for low-temperature (e.g., refrigeration) insulation, and no Chapter on the Physical Properties of Materials. By 1963, the ASHRAE Guide and Data Book Fundamentals and Equipment, which was the first revision to the Fundamentals and Equipment Volume that was originally published in 1961, had combined the building, insulating and pipe thermal property data into a single Chapter entitled Design Heat Transmission Coefficients, where again the main emphasis was on the development of heat transmission coefficients (U-factors) for typical building-envelope assemblies. The 1963 ASHRAE Guide and Data Book Fundamentals and Equipment also had a separate Chapter entitled Physical Properties of Materials which listed thermophysical property data for gases and vapors, liquids, solids and food products. Both the 1963 and prior 1961 ASHRAE Guide and Data Book Fundamentals and Equipment volumes had a companion volume, the ASHRAE Guide and Data Book-Applications. In 1967, ASHRAE published a separate Handbook of Fundamentals and divided the remaining portions of the Guide and Data Book Series into the Equipment, Systems and Applications Guide and Data Book Volumes. The 1972 Handbook of Fundamentals was the first revision to the 1967 Handbook. Starting in 1974, the ASHRAE Handbook series (Applications, Equipment, Systems and Fundamentals) was re-published every four years, with the Fundamentals Volume being published in 1977, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001 and 2005. In 1977 and 1981, the Building and Insulating Material Design Values Table also listed the thermal resistance in SI units. Starting in 1985, The ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook was published in both I-P (inchpound) and SI unit editions. The Insulating Material Design Values, and the Industrial Insulation Design Values Tables in the Chapter on Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data, do not give any reference to the source of the thermal property data, other than what is given in the table footnotes. On the other hand, the thermophysical property tables from the Chapter on the Physical Properties of Materials evolved from (in 1963) having no reference to the source of the property data to (in 1997) a complete reference for each source of property data. This should be the ultimate goal of the of thermophysical property data listed in future versions of the Insulating Material Design Values and the Industrial Insulation Design Values Tables that are in the Chapter on Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data. Many values in the current Handbook come from the 1940s and 1950s. This makes it difficult to determine the original source of this information, as a decision was made in the early 1950s to discontinue quoting sources for reference data. A footnote in the table of thermal resistances from the 1955 ASHVE Guide reports that the data are Representative values for dry materials at 75F mean temperature, selected by the ASHAE Technical Advisory Committee on Insulation. They are intended as design (not specification) values for materials of building construction in normal use. For conductivity of a particular product the user may obtain the value supplied by the manufacturer or secure the results of an unbiased test. This policy continued until the 1989 Handbook, with the 1993 version being the first to quote the list of references with which we are now familiar.
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3. THERMOPHYSICAL DATA TABLES - BUILDING MATERIALS (I-P UNITS)

This section of the report replicates the format of the existing data table on thermophysical properties in Chapter 25 of the Handbook of Fundamentals. For each material category, the existing data are presented, followed by new data (if available).
3.1
3.1.1
BUILDING BOARD
Asbestos-cement and gypsum panels
Existing Values
Description Asbestos-cement board.......................... Asbestos-cement board................... in. Asbestos-cement board................... in. Gypsum or plaster board.................. in. Gypsum or plaster board.................. in. Gypsum or plaster board.................. in. Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 120 120 120 50 50 50 4.0 33.00 16.50 3.10 2.22 1.78 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.24 0.26 Reference Data Type 0 0 0 0 0 0
ASHVE/NBS ASHVE/NBS ASHVE/NBS Nottage Nottage Nottage
The 1947 ASHVE Guide (ASHVE, 1947) lists a thermal conductivity of 2.7 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for Compressed cement and asbestos sheets at a density of 123 lb/ft3. The source of these values is listed as National Bureau of Standards, tests based on samples submitted by manufacturers, indicating that the testing was done by the precursor to NIST. The same material is listed in the 1954 Guide (ASHVE, 1954), but the density is given as 118 lb/ft3, and the conductivity is 4.1 BTUin/(hr-ft2-F). The reference given is the same as for the 1947 Guide; one can only assume that new samples were tested, or the original samples were re-tested, some time between 1947 and 1954. The values listed in the current (2005) HOF, as shown in the table above, first appear in their present form in the 1955 Guide (ASHVE, 1955). They appear to be rounded-off values of the data given in the 1954 Guide. The value for 1/4 asbestos-cement board, first introduced in the 1963 HOF, appears to have been calculated from the value for 1/8 board (or perhaps both conductance values were calculated from the conductivity measurement). The 1947 Guide lists a thermal conductivity of 1.41 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for gypsum board at a density of 62.8 lb/ft3, based on tests at the Armour Institute of Technology (a precursor to the Illinois Institute of Technology). Conductance values for 3/8 and 1/2" board are given, based on this conductivity, but another conductivity of 1/2" board is also given, for a density of 53.5 lb/ft3, based on testing at the U.S. Bureau of Standards. These results appear again in the 1952 and 1954 editions of the ASHVE Guide, but in 1955 the values change to 3.10 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for 3/8 board and 2.25 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for 1/2" board (both for a density of 50 lb/ft3), and no source is available. Thus, values similar to those in the current (2005) HOF appear to have been introduced in 1955. The value for 5/8 gypsum or plaster board is not directly related to that of the other gypsum values, and is presumed to be a test result, although no reference is provided. The best reference for these values is Nottage, 1947. New Values Valore (Valore, 1988) provides a correlation for the conductivity of gypsum as a function of density, where k = 0.172 exp (0.318 1/2) for in lb/ft3 and k in BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F), or = 0.025 exp (0.08 1/2) for in kg/m3 and in W/(m-K). Given the above density of 50 lb/ft3, this correlation would produce an effective conductance of 4.35 BTU/(hr-ft2-F) for 3/8 gypsum board, or 2.61 BTU/(hrft2-F) for 5/8 gypsum board. These values are 40 - 45% higher than the values listed in the 2005 HOF. An ASHRAE research project to study thermal bridging in steel-stud walls required thermal testing of (among other materials) interior gypsum board. Thermal resistance tests were conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratories, and the results were converted into an effective conductivity for
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use in a computer model. Those values can be found in the final report for that ASHRAE research project, 785-RP (ASHRAE, 1996). A more recent ASHRAE research project, 1018-RP (ASHRAE, 2002) included measurements of thermal conductivity and specific heat for several building materials, including gypsum sheathing. We note that the 1018-RP values are for interior gypsum board, which raises the question about whether the treated core of a gypsum sheathing product intended for use as exterior sheathing might have a different thermal conductance. Also, none of the products reviewed included values for gypsum sheathing with a glass-fiber facer, which is becoming quite popular in some regions. The 1018-RP project included two types of cementitious boards, reinforced with glass-fiber mesh and with wood fibers. These are becoming quite popular cladding options, and should be included in the HOF. The wood-fiber product is available as a panel, and as lapped siding and trim boards, and the glass-fiber product is available in flat or corrugated panels. The International Energy Agency invited member countries to submit test data for thermal properties of building materials for inclusion in a compilation of data. That report (IEA, 1996) includes test results for three samples of gypsum board. The testing was done at a range of temperatures representing typical climatic variation; the thermal conductivity values measured appear to be constant. However, the IEA report quotes two different values for gypsum with the same density and thickness; no reason is given for the variation in results, and they vary by more than a reasonable tolerance that would allow for experimental error. The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, based in the United Kingdom, has produced a compendium of thermal properties for various building materials (CIBSE, 1985). The data in that report appear to be taken from test results, from several references. The values from these sources are:
Description Gypsum board... in. Gypsum board... in. Gypsum board... in. .... in. . in. Interior gypsum board... in. Gypsum board............................. in. Fiber-cement board..................... 5/16 in. Cement board.................................. in. Asbestos cement sheet . .. .. .. Asbestos wallboard................................. .. .. Gypsum plasterboard.............................. Perlite plasterboard................................. Diatomaceous board .............................. Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 47 47 45 45 46 40 42 86 70 85 95 100 125 16 20 25 60 50 52 1.52 1.34 1.05 1.07 1.32 1.11 1.13 1.73 1.73 1.73 2.57 2.77 3.85 0.55 0.66 0.80 1.11 1.25 0.97 2.70 2.17 2.08 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.21 0.21 0.21* 0.21 0.20* 0.20* Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IEA24 IEA24 785RP 785RP 785RP 1018RP IEA24 1018RP 1018RP CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
*The 1018RP report references the IEA24 report for this value. Specific heat was not measured independently in the 1018RP project.
Recommended Values Although asbestos-cement board is no longer manufactured, the preference is to leave the entries in the table for historical reasons (and because some heritage buildings may still contain asbestoscement board). It may be misleading, however, to keep the conductance values for specific thicknesses, as these appear to have been generated from a single conductivity measurement. Measurements from the newer sources give property values for gypsum board that are in line with the 2005 HOF, and fill out the thickness matrix reasonably well (although thinner products are
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available). The newer values are preferred simply because the source reference is known. The values from the 785RP project for nominal 3/8 gypsum board represent results for a single specimen, and are not as statistically valid as the IEA values for that size. Therefore, a mean value of the IEA results for nominal 3/8 gypsum board is recommended. The results from the 1018RP project are more thoroughly documented than results from the other sources, so the values for 1/2" gypsum board from 1018RP are recommended. All sources present conductivity results; although this property should be presented as a conductance for a given thickness of board, computer programs will require the effective conductivity value, and this should be presented in the table. Therefore, the recommended values are:
Description Asbestos-cement board........................ Cement board....................................... Fiber-cement board.............................. Fiber-cement board.............................. .. ............. Gypsum or plaster board...................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 120 71 86 61 26 20 40 4.0 1.73 1.73 1.30 0.49 0.41 1.11 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.24 0.20* 0.20* 0.20 0.45 0.45 0.21 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
Nottage 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP
The IEA report quotes values for wood wool cement board, which is a cement board reinforced with wood wool (i.e., sawdust), which would be similar to wood fiber-cement board. The IEA report also includes values for fibre cement, and although the type of product is not described, it is likely that this refers to cementitious board reinforced with glass fiber. The material can be used as a building board, but is more commonly a choice for water-resistant cladding, and is available in panel form, or as horizontal siding. Future Work The values listed appear to provide reasonably accurate results for interior gypsum wallboard, but not for exterior gypsum sheathing. According to one gypsum manufacturer (from http://www.gp.com), the thermal properties of various types of gypsum sheathing are not the same. The thermal resistance of 5/8 glass-fiber-faced gypsum sheathing is reported to be 0.67 hrft2F/BTU; 5/8 fire-rated exterior sheathing (paper-faced) is R 0.56. In 1/2" thickness, the glassfiber-faced product is R 0.56; regular gypsum sheathing is R 0.45; gypsum fiberboard is R 0.50; and cement board is R 0.26. This is Type 4 data, and not enough information is provided to verify the results for use in the HOF table, but some variability is apparent. It is possible that the glassfiber facers, which are thicker than paper facers, may encapsulate a thin layer of air, which would explain the slightly higher thermal resistance. For a similar reason, one would also expect some variation in density and specific heat. Some testing could be done to investigate the variation on thermal properties for these products, as well as moisture-resistant tile backer-board. In particular, glass-fiber-faced gypsum sheathing is becoming popular in wet climates, and values for this product should be included in future versions of the HOF.
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3.1.2
Wood-based Building Board
Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.80 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.73 0.82 1.00 0.71 0.94 1.18 0.63 3.20 2.13 1.60 1.29 1.07 0.76 0.49 0.92 0.94 1.06 1.28 0.74 0.80 0.53 1.22 1.06 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.29 Reference Data Type 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Plywood (Douglas fir) ............................. 34 Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. 34 Plywood (Douglas fir)....................... in. 34 Plywood (Douglas fir)....................... in. 34 Plywood (Douglas fir)....................... in. 34 Plywood or wood panels.................. in. 34 Vegetable fiber board Sheathing, regular density .......... in. 18 ... 25/32 in. 18 Sheathing intermediate density in. 22 Nail-base sheathing ................... in. 25 Shingle backer............................. in. 18 Shingle backer......................... 5/16 in. 18 Sound deadening board.............. in. 15 Tile and lay-in panels, plain or acoustic 18 .............................. in. 18 ..... in. 18 Laminated paperboard ........................ 30 Homogeneous board from repulped paper 30 Hardboard Medium density ................................... 50 High density, service-tempered grade 55 High density, standard-tempered grade 63 Particleboard Low density.......................................... 37 Medium density ................................... 50 High density......................................... 62 Underlayment.............................. in. 40 Waferboard.............................................. 37 Wood subfloor............................. in.
0.29 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.14
Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis USDA USDA Lewis Lewis 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF Lewis 1972 HOF Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Jessome 1977 HOF
0.33 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.33
Values for plywood are quoted in HOF as being from a single source (Lewis, 1967), but that reference deals with fiberboard and particleboard and not plywood, so the reference is incorrect. Another source (Teesdale, 1958) quotes values for plywood and plywood or wood panels that are the same as (or very similar to) those in the current HOF, but references the 1957 ASHVE Guide. Thus, the values listed in the current HOF appear to be from an unknown source at least 10 years older than the HOF reference. The conductance for all plywood thicknesses in the table appear to be calculated from a single measured conductivity. As plywood is not homogeneous, this approach is incorrect. The original measurements appear to have been made on 3/4" thick plywood, so the conductance value listed for that thickness is appropriate. A review of the Lewis reference confirms that it is the source of the HOF values for regular- and intermediate-density sheathing and nail-base sheathing, and for the hardboard and most of the particleboard values. The sources of the values for shingle backer, acoustic tile and board, laminated paperboard and board from repulped paper are not known. These values first appeared in the 1972 HOF. Lewis (1967) reports a tested conductivity of 0.46 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for laminated paperboard at 75F, and it is possible that this value was rounded to 0.50, but this cannot be confirmed. The value for particleboard used as a wood subfloor first appeared in the 1977 HOF, and is also from an unknown source. Goss and Miller (1989) note that the value reported by Jessome (1979) for waferboard was measured at the National Research Council Canada in 1976, and is for a specimen with 1.5% moisture content. This may be too dry to be representative of typical materials in use. The term vegetable fiber board originated in 1975, and first appeared in the 1979 HOF; before that, the material was called insulating board.
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The Wood Handbook (USDA, 1974) is also a source of values for the HOF, but this appears to be an indirect source at best, as the values in the current HOF are not found in the Wood Handbook. Specific values listed in the Wood Handbook are:
Description Medium-density hardboard...................... High-density hardboard............................ Tempered hardboard............................... Special densified hardboard.................... Low-density particleboard........................ Medium-density particleboard.................. High-density particleboard........................ Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 33-50 50-60 60-80 85-90 25-37 37-50 50-70 0.54-0.75 0.75-1.4 0.75-1.5 1.85 0.55-0.75 0.75-1.0 1.0-1.25 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA
Specific references for these values are not given: rather the Wood Handbook refers to these as general round-figure values accumulated from numerous sources. For more exact figures on a specific product, individual manufacturers should be consulted or actual tests made. Values are for general laboratory conditions for temperature and relative humidity. Moreover, there is no explanation as to how the range of values given above might have been translated into the specific values given in the HOF. A table of specific values is given in an Appendix of the Wood Handbook, but these values are taken from the HOF, which would be a circular reference. The conductance values for acoustic tile appear to be calculated from a single conductivity measurement; we do not support this approach. Similarly, the value for nominal 25/32 regulardensity sheathing appears to be calculated from the value for 1/2" sheathing, and the value for 5/16 shingle backer appears to be calculated from the 3/8 product. New Values ASHRAE 1018-RP project (ASHRAE. 2002) included testing of plywood, OSB and fiberboard. These values were reported as conductivity, which is misleading and may not be correct for plywood as it is not homogeneous (the values are converted to conductances for this report). The International Energy Agency (IEA, 1996) reports tested values for plywood, particleboard, and wafer board or wood-chip board. The IEA report also lists wood fiberboard with a conductivity of 0.34 to 0.41 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for a density range of 15 to 23.7 lb/ft3, but it is not clear whether the conductivity varies with the density, or with some other variable. Touloukian et al. (1970) provides data for fir plywood, but the value appears to be much lower than that of the 1018-RP results.
Description Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. Plywood (softwood)................. in. Plywood (oven-dried).. Plywood (fir).... in. Hardboard Medium density ................................... Standard density ................................. ................................... Composite wood siding .......... 7/16 in. Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ........ in. Oriented Strand Board (OSB) .....7/16 in. Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ........ in. Particleboard ........................................... Waferboard or Wood-chip board ............ Wood fiberboard . Wood fiberboard in. Cellulosic fiber insulating fiberboard Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 29 34 28 33 38 47 56 46 41 41 41 36-50 44 15-24 20 70 0.69 0.79 0.55 0.65 1.0 0.66 0.68 0.73 0.34 - 0.41 0.37 1.39 3.38 5.14 5.33 1.05 2.62 3.30 4.24 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45* 0.45* 0.45* 0.45 0.45 0.45* 0.45* 0.45* 0.45* 0.45 0.45 0.45* Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 Touloukian CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP CIBSE
* The 1018RP report references the IEA24 report for this value. Specific heat was not measured independently in the 1018RP project.
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Recommended Values Conductance values in the current HOF for 1/4", 3/8, 1/2", 5/8 and 3/4" plywood were calculated from a single heat-transfer measurement. As plywood is not homogeneous, this can be a misleading approach. Conductance measurements made during the 1018-RP project yielded much higher values. The 1018-RP reference is known and the data are readily accessible, so we recommend the new values in the revised table. The values for OSB that were measured in the 1018-RP project should also be included in the revised table, as OSB is a common building material. Data for fiberboard and waferboard from 1018-RP (and waferboard data from the IEA report) should also be used in place of the older values, again because the data are more readily available. Until better values are developed for vegetable fiberboard, however, the existing values should be listed instead of the IEA data for wood fiberboard, as the latter are non-specific and provide too great a range of values to be of practical use. The results for particleboard used as a wood sub-floor are from an unknown source, and are not consistent with Lewis, so we do not recommend their continued inclusion in the HOF. The values recommended for the revised table are:
Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.73 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.73 0.82 1.00 0.71 0.94 1.18 3.38 5.14 5.33 2.62 3.30 4.24 0.76 0.92 0.94 1.06 0.74 1.22 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.14 0.33 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.29 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. 29 Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. 34 Plywood (softwood).................. in. 28 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ........ in. 41 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) .... 7/16 in. 41 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ........ in. 41 Waferboard or Wood-chip board ............ 44 Vegetable fiber board Sheathing, regular density ......... in. 18 Sheathing intermediate density .. in. 22 Nail-base sheathing ................... in. 25 Shingle backer............................. in. 18 Sound deadening board.............. in. 15 Tile and lay-in panels, plain or acoustic 18 Laminated paperboard ........................ 30 Homogeneous board from repulped paper 30 Hardboard Medium density ................................... 50 High density, service-tempered grade 55 High density, standard-tempered grade 63 Particleboard Low density.......................................... 37 Medium density .................................. 50 High density........................................ 62 Underlayment.............................. in. 40
1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 Lewis Lewis Lewis 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF Lewis 1972 HOF Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis
Future Work Values for other types of fiberboard, and for hardboard and particleboard, are either from a single 1967 source, or from unknown sources. It is quite likely that product formulations have changed since 1967, and we recommend that current materials should be tested for comparison with the existing values from Lewis (1967). Also, these materials should be reviewed for their applicability, as most current uses of hardboard and particleboard are restricted to interior cabinetry and furniture, and may not be commonly used in wall assemblies. Other new products that are not represented in the 2005 HOF include straw-composite panels and structural insulated panels (SIPs). It may be a simple matter of developing an effective conductivity for SIP products using their constituent components (typically OSB facers on either side of a core of expanded or extruded polystyrene), but measured values would be useful.
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3.2
BUILDING MEMBRANE

Description Vapor-permeable felt.............................. Vapor-seal, 2 layers of mopped 15 lb felt Vapor-seal, plastic film............................ Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 16.70 8.35 high Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 0 0 0
1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide
The source for these values is not known, but they first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, in almost exactly their current format. The only changes in the presentation of this information over the last 47 years are that the heading of this section in the ASHVE Guide was Building Paper, and that the conductance of plastic film was not given (although the thermal resistance was given as negl., which is saying the same thing). The entry for two layers of mopped 15-lb. felt has exactly half the conductance as vaporpermeable felt, and one suspects that one of these values is derived from the other. Therefore, only one of the entries should be listed (the other is superfluous). This is generally a roofing application, however, and therefore should be included in the roofing section of the table. Thermal properties of membranes are typically not important in assessing the performance of the building envelope, as these components are so thin that they contribute very little to the overall thermal resistance or capacitance of the assembly. This is why there are very few entries in this part of the table. There has historically been little interest in including thermal properties for these components (although their water-vapor transmission characteristics are extremely important). Still, for a consistent approach, it should be considered that the thermal properties of these materials either deserve to be in the HOF, or else they should be removed entirely from this table. New Values The data collected for this project provided very little useful information on the thermal properties of building membranes. Several types of membranes were tested in the 1018-RP project, but the results reported there and in other citations are only for hygric properties. Recommended Values ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4 (Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance) should develop a consistent policy on these data types. The existing values for felt and plastic film are of little value. Either all three items should be removed from the table, or a complete list of building membranes should be tested and reported for thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Some materials of interest could include (for example) air-barrier membranes, various types of sheet-type vapor retarders, and self-adhered waterproofing membranes.
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3.3
FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS

Description Carpet and fibrous pad............................ Carpet and rubber pad............................ Cork tile .......................................... in. Terrazzo........................................... 1 in. Tileasphalt, linoleum, vinyl, rubber....... vinyl asbestos...................................... ceramic................................................ Wood, hardwood finish.................... in. Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.48 0.81 3.60 12.50 20.00 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.34 0.33 0.48 0.19 0.30 0.24 0.19 0.68 Reference Data Type 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
1.47
1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1958 1958 1963
The source for these values is not known, but they first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, in almost exactly their current format. The only changes in the presentation of this information over the last 47 years are that values for linoleum and flooring felt were deleted in 1958, and the conductance of various types of flooring tile have been collapsed into a single value (in the 1958 Guide, separate values are provided for flooring tiles made of asphalt, ceramic, cork, and rubber or plastic). The 1958 Guide also lists a value for Floor tile or linoleum, av. Value, and the thermal conductance listed is indeed the arithmetic mean of the conductances of all the other materials. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to flooring finishes, as these components contribute little to the thermal resistance or capacitance of the overall assembly. There has historically been little interest in including thermal properties for these components (although their water-vapor transmission characteristics can be important). Thermal properties are important, however, in considering occupant thermal comfort for example, to assess the surface temperature of floors over crawl spaces. The data collected for this project suggests that some measurements were made in 1975 of the thermal properties of carpet with various types of underlayment, but the source is not known, and the nature of the measurements is not defined. New Values Some carpet values are reported in the IEA reference, but only hygric properties. Test data from the NIST database (http://srdata.nist.gov/insulation), and from the CIBSE compendium (CIBSE, 1985), provides the following (listed values are generally mean results from several tests):
Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 2.77 2.77 0.42 0.62 1.47 1.89 2.94 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
Carpet and rebonded urethane pad.. in. 7 Acrylic/nylon pile, fibrous/rubber pad. - in. 18 Carpet and rubber pad (one-piece)... in. 20 Linoleum Cork .................................. in. 29 Rubber tile...... 1 in. 117 PVC floor covering, dry.............................. Rubber floor covering ...
NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE
Recommended Values ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4 (Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance) should develop a consistent policy on these data types. The source of the existing values in the HOF is not known, and densities are not listed. Either all items should be removed from the table, or a complete roster of flooring membranes should be tested and reported for density, thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Meanwhile, the NIST and CIBSE values can be used instead of the existing values, as the sources of the existing data are easily referenced.
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3.4
3.4.1
INSULATING MATERIALS
Blanket and Batt

Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type
Mineral fiber, fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass approx. 3-4 in....................................... 0.4-2.0 approx. 3.5 in. ..................................... 0.4-2.0 approx. 3.5 in. ..................................... 1.2-1.6 approx. 5.5-6.5 in................................. 0.4-2.0 approx. 5.5 in. ..................................... 0.6-1.0 approx. 6-7.5 in.................................... 0.4-2.0 approx. 8.25-10 in................................ 0.4-2.0 approx. 10-13 in................................... 0.4-2.0
0.091 0.077 0.067 0.053 0.048 0.045 0.033 0.026
NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
These values are from several manufacturers of construction materials, reported in a letter dated 13 March, 1992 from the insulation manufacturers association (NAIMA) to Technical Committee 4.4. Manufacturers generally conduct random quality-control testing of their glass-fiber batt insulation. A correlation has been proven between density and thermal resistance, for a fixed thickness of glass-fiber batt. In the manufacturing process, the density of the product is controlled to ensure that the thermal resistance is maintained. This is perhaps the only way to ensure a stated thermal resistance for a given thickness (where the thickness is defined by the stud-cavity dimension). Most manufacturers produce batt insulation in this manner, and it can be assumed that they monitor their competitors products from time to time, or that an independent agency could easily monitor this parameter. Therefore, the existing values appear to be reliable. New Values Newer values are listed in the 1018-RP and 785-RP ASHRAE research projects, and from the International Energy Agency (IEA) report. This study also uncovered data from the UK (CIBSE, 1985), and from a handbook that listed the sources of the data (Raznjevic, 1976). The values for batt insulation from these sources are:
Description Cellulose batt insulation............. 3 in. Glass-fiber batt insulation.............. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. ... 4 in. 6 in. 6 in. 6 in. Mineral fiber..................... 5 in. Mineral wool, felted.................... Mineral wool . 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. Slag wool ....................................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 1.9 0.7 0.8-0.9 0.6 1 0.6 0.5-0.6 0.7-0.8 2 1 3 5 4-8 3 3 3 5 6 3-12 16 19 22 25 0.24 0.30 0.29 0.24 0.33 0.31 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.27 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.085 0.055 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Reference Data Type 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
1018RP 1018RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE Manufacturer NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic
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The IEA report includes a correlation between density and thermal conductivity for glass-fiber insulation: = 0.1855 + 5.39x10-3 + 0.077/, where density is given in lb/ft3and thermal conductivity is in BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F). This agrees with the above data from 1018-RP and 785-RP. The IEA reports a tested value of 0.25 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for mineral fibre insulation at a dry density of 2.2 lb/ft3, and 0.21 BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for a density of 9.7 lb/ft3. The report also includes a correlation for thermal conductivity of mineral-fiber insulation as a function of density: = 0.22 + 2.93x10-3 + 0.089/, where density is in lb/ft3 and thermal conductivity is in BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F). This correlation produces results that are approximately 10% higher than the listed values for thicknesses less than 2, and results that are 3-4% lower for thicker products. The new values were converted to conductances to allow direct comparison with the NAIMA values, as shown below:
Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Reference Data Type
Mineral fiber, fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass approx. 3-4 in....................................... 0.4-2.0 0.32 approx. 3.5 in. ..................................... 0.4-2.0 0.27 approx. 3.5 in. ..................................... 1.2-1.6 0.23 approx. 5.5-6.5 in................................. 0.4-2.0 0.32 approx. 5.5 in. ..................................... 0.6-1.0 0.26 approx. 6-7.5 in.................................... 0.4-2.0 0.30 approx. 8.25-10 in................................ 0.4-2.0 0.30 approx. 10-13 in................................... 0.4-2.0 0.30 Cellulose batt insulation............. 3 in. 1.9 0.24 Glass-fiber batt insulation....... 3-3 in. 0.6-0.9 0.29-0.30 ... 4 in. 1 0.24 6 in. 0.5-0.8 0.31-0.33 Mineral fiber..................... 5 in. 2 0.25 Mineral wool, felted.................... 1 0.28 3 0.27 5 0.26 4-8 0.24 Mineral wool . 1 in. 3 0.23 1 in. 3 0.26 1 in. 3 0.27 1 in. 5 0.23 1 in. 6 0.24 Slag wool ....................................... 3-12 0.26 16 0.28 19 0.30 22 0.33 25 0.35
0.091 0.077 0.067 0.053 0.048 0.045 0.033 0.026 0.083 - 0.086 0.06 0.052 - 0.055 0.045
NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA 1018RP IEA,785RP,1018RP IEA24 IEA24, 785RP IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE Manufacturer NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
The NAIMA results show production tolerances allowed by manufacturers of glass-fiber insulation, and thus describe the limits of typical values. The more recent values are actual test results, and provide a much narrower range of variation in thermal properties, although they are still within the ranges described by NAIMA. Therefore, the newer values for glass-fiber insulation are recommended. The glass-fiber products show a very consistent result for conductivity for a wide range of thickness. Except for a single value from the IEA report, the thermal conductivity of glass-fiber batt products is within the range of 0.29 0.33 for all thicknesses. Separating the values into two common thicknesses (for nominal 2x4 and 2x6 framing), the results are even more consistent: k = 0.30 3% BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F) for 3 batts, and k = 0.32 3% BTUin/(hr-ft2-F) for 6 batts. The single IEA result for a four-inch glass-fiber batt appears to be an anomaly relative to the other results, so we do not recommend its inclusion in the final table. The NAIMA values are also intended to represent mineral wool and slag wool, but the values from NIST (NIST, 2000) and CIBSE (CIBSE, 1985) are quite different from those described by NAIMA. Again, the latter values are actual test result, not nominal manufacturing tolerances, and are recommended to replace the existing values in the HOF table.
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Recommended Values
Description Cellulose batt insulation............. 3 in. Glass-fiber batt insulation....... 3-3 in. 6 in. Mineral fiber..................... 5 in. Mineral wool, felted.................... Slag wool ....................................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 1.9 0.6-0.9 0.5-0.8 2 1-3 4-8 3-12 16 19 22 25 0.24 0.30 0.31-0.33 0.25 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.086 0.052 - 0.055 0.045 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1018RP IEA,785RP,1018RP IEA24, 785RP IEA24 CIBSE/NIST NIST Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic
3.4.2
Board and Slabs
Existing Values
Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.33 0.25 0.36 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.16-0.18 0.16-0.18 0.14 0.23 0.12 0.29 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.42 0.35 0.50-0.53 0.57 0.80 0.53 0.31 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.18 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.29 0.29 0.38 0.22 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.14 0.31 0.32 Reference Data Type 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1
Cellular glass........................................... 8 Glass fiber, organic bonded.................... 4 -9 Expanded perlite, organic bonded.......... 1 Expanded rubber (rigid).......................... 4.5 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin surface) (CFC-12 exp.) ........................................ 1.8-3.5 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin surface) (HCFC-142b exp.)h ............................... 1.8-3.5 Expanded polystyrene, molded beads... 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 Cellular polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (CFC-11 exp.) (unfaced).................... 1.5 Cellular polyisocyanurate (CFC-11 exp.) (gas-permeable facers)...................... 1.5-2.5 Cellular polyisocyanurate (CFC-11 exp.) (gas-impermeable facers).................. 2 Cellular phenolic (open cell)................... 1.8-2.2 (closed cell, CFC11/113 exp.) .. 3 Mineral fiber with resin binder ............... 15 Mineral fiberboard, wet felted Core or roof insulation....................... 16-17 Acoustical tile ................................... 18 Acoustical tile ................................... 21 Mineral fiberboard, wet molded Acoustical tile l ................................. 23 Wood or cane fiberboard Acoustical tile ............................ in. Acoustical tile ............................. in. Interior finish (plank, tile).......................... 15 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with Portland cement binder) .................................... 25-27 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder)................................. 22
Manufacturer Nottage BDC Nottage Manufacturer Booth SPI SPI SPI SPI SPI SPI SPI Sherman Manufacturer Manufacturer Nottage 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1963 HOF 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1985 HOF 1965 HOF
Data for cellular glass were provided by the manufacturer in support of the development of the 1993 HOF. That documentation notes two types of cellular glass, one with a mean density of 7.94 lb/ft3 and a mean thermal conductivity of 0.33 Btu-in/(hft2F), and the other with a mean density of 8.1 lb/ft3 and a mean thermal conductivity of 0.31 Btu-in/(hft2F). The latter is apparently more common in Europe, but the properties of these products are similar enough that the mean values are presented in the HOF. Unfortunately, the specific test results are marked with an indicator that the information is part of the ASHRAE Handbook process and is for ASHRAE committee use only. It shall not be reproduced or circulated or quoted, in part or whole outside of ASHRAE activities. Although the document is from 1990, and proprietary considerations are likely no longer a concern,
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it would still not be appropriate to cite it as a reference in the HOF, as the values were provided on a conditional basis. We can only make a generic reference refer to manufacturers data. Data for glass-fiber board is listed in Nottage, 1947. The conductivity value is quoted in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, although the density was listed as 9.5 lb/ft3. Values for expanded rubber and mineral fiber with resin binder are also listed in this source. Manufacturers data for expanded perlite board lists the thermal conductivity as 0.34 Btu-in/(hft2F) at a mean temperature of 100 F, which is similar to the existing HOF value. The density from the manufacturer (Certain-Teed Corp.) is given as 9.5 - 11 lb/ft3, which is an order of magnitude greater than the HOF value. Data from another manufacturer (Calsilite Group) lists the density of molded perlite board as 12 lb/ft 3, with a thermal conductivity of 0.44 - 0.78 Btu-in/(hft2F), depending on the additives used as binders. The lower end of the Calsilite data is more representative of typical products. Manufacturers data are presented for extruded polystyrene (XPS). These results, taken from measurements made on production runs, support the conductivity of 0.20 listed in the HOF, although density is not quoted. The 48 samples include roofing insulation, wall sheathing, scoreboard, and arrange of other product types. Sample thicknesses range from 0.39 to 3.11 inches, and resistivity (R per inch) values range from 4.87 - 5.54 hft2F/BTU-in. This equates to a conductivity range of 0.181 - 0.205 Btu-in/(hft2F). Unfortunately, this is not an appropriate reference, as it is not publicly available, so a better citation should be found, but the value appears to be quite representative for HCFC-blown XPS. A separate reference (Booth, 1991) indicates that aged values for XPS blown with CFC or HCFC are equivalent. The Society for the Plastics Institute provided information to ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4 for expanded polystyrene and unfaced polyisocyanurate in the development of the 1993 HOF. This information can be considered reasonably accurate, but the reference is not directly accessible to the general pubic, and therefore should be replaced. The value for cellular polyisocyanurate foam with gas-impermeable facers is taken from a large body of data based on testing of specimens from several different manufacturers (Sherman, 1978.). The data for cellular phenolic insulation were provided from the manufacturer. The footnote in the HOF table notes that Cellular phenolic insulation may no longer be manufactured. The thermal conductivity and resistance values do not represent aged insulation, which may have a higher thermal conductivity and lower thermal resistance. This material was used as roofing insulation in the 1980s, but has been phased out in North America. Nevertheless, phenolic foam insulation is produced in China and the UK. Some US manufacturers offer a phenolic-foam product for use as a duct liner, but thermal conductivity test results are not available. The source of the rest of these data is not known, as the Technical Committee had adopted a protocol that did not require maintaining records of the sources of these data. Values for wet felted mineral fiberboard first appeared in the 1967 HOF. Values for wet molded mineral fiberboard first appeared in the 1963 HOF, but the footnote regarding the variation in insulating value with type, size and depth of perforation first appeared in the 1967 HOF (although the same footnote appears in the 1958 Guide, with reference to wood or cane fiberboard). Values for wood or cane fiberboard first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, but the conductance values were 0.84 Btu/(hft2F) for board and 0.56 Btu/(hft2F) for board. The values appear to be taken from a single test. These values were not changed to the current values until the 1977 HOF, but again it is not known what research or testing was done that resulted in a recommendation to list the new results. The values for interior finishes first appear in the 1958 ASHVE Guide. Values for slab insulation made from shredded wood and cement are listed in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. The sources are taken from testing done at the Armour Institute of Technology (a precursor to the Illinois Institute of Technology) and Rowley (1937). Values for Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder) first appeared in the 1965 HOF, but the value was 0.55 Btu-in/(hft2F), which does not agree with the values in the current table. The current HOF value first appeared in the 1967 HOF.
17
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New Values
Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.20 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.247 0.333 0.269 0.269 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.36 0.76 0.83 0.98 1.12 0.36 0.24 0.29 0.31 0.32 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35* 0.35 0.35* 0.35* 0.35 0.35 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
Expanded polystyrene, extruded in. 1.9 .. 1 in. 2.4 ............................... 1 in. 1.8 .. 2 in. 1.7 .. 2 in. 1.6 .. 1.9 .. 2.4 .. 1.8 Expanded polystyrene, molded beads, 1 in. 1.1 ............................... 1 in. 0.9 ............................ 1 in. 1.0 ............................ 1 in. 0.9 .. 1.4 .. 1.6 .. 0.9 Phenolic foam board with facers, aged, 2 in. 4.1 .. 2 in. 4.1 Polyisocyanurate, aged.. 2.1 2.3 .. 3 in. 1.6 .. 2 in. 2.5 with facers, aged... 2 in. 4.1 Perlite board 10 Asbestos insulating board 45 . 47 . 50 . 56 Mineral wool board . 1 in. 8 1 in. 9 1 in. 14 1 in. 15 1 in. 15
IEA24 IEA24 785RP 785RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018 785RP 785RP 785RP 785RP IEA24 IEA24 1018 IEA24 IEA24 NRCC, 2004 1018 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST
The CIBSE reference also includes historical board insulation materials:

Honeycomb paper board, vermiculite filled. granulated cork filled. Strawboard ... ... ... 16.2 20.6 21.9 0.69 0.55 0.59 0.68 0.76 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1 1 1 1 1
Research at the National Research Council Canada (NRCC, 2004) investigated the effect of foil facers on the long-term (aged) thermal resistance of polyisocyanurate foam insulation. A large number of measurements were conducted on several types of polyisocyanurate insulation, resulting in statistically valid results. These results increase the range of thermal conductivity from 0.16 - 0.18 BTU/hr-ft2-F to 0.14 - 0.18 BTU/hr-ft2-F Rowley and Algren (1932) reported test results for semi-rigid insulating board with a density of 13.3 lb/ft3, with a thermal conductivity of 0.30 Btu-in/(hft2F). This appears to be mineral wool board, judging by the values reported. This is consistent with NIST data (NIST, 2000) for several different specimens of mineral wool board. The NIST data show that mineral wool insulation with a density greater than approximately 9 lb/ft3 can be considered to be board stock (lower densities are for mineral wool batt or blanket insulation). The IEA report also includes newer values of thermal conductivity for glass-fiber board insulation:
Description Glass-fiber board insulation.. 1 in. .. 2 in. Mineral fiber....................... 2 in.
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 9.4 9.5 9.7 0.22 0.25 0.26
Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.20 0.20 0.20
Reference
Data Type 2 2 2
IEA24 IEA24 IEA24
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Material properties of glass-fiber insulation board are also taken from several manufacturers, and are therefore generic, rather than representative of a specific manufacturers product. Thermal conductivity of the semi-rigid glass-fiber board appears to be inversely proportional to density. Several manufacturers have provided data for a flexible elastomeric product th at is available in sheets of various thicknesses, or as a preformed pipe insulation. The product is foamed polyethylene or foamed polyolefin (depending on the manufacturer). Some data show the thermal conductivity as 0.22 0.23 Btu-in/(hft2F), but this appears to be a non-aged value. A more representative value appears to be 0.29 Btu-in/(hft2F). Several other sources were found that cannot be used, either because they are from a single manufacturer (which would ultimately contravene ASHRAEs policy against commercialism) or because they are from a textbook that does not properly list the source of the data, but the IEA results are an acceptable alternative.
Description Semi-rigid glass-fiber board.............. .. Rigid glass-fiber board........... 1-2 in. Flexible elastomeric sheet., -1 in. Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 1.6-6.0 0.22-0.28 8.1 0.25 3.0 0.23 6.0 0.29 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 3 1 3 3
Manufacturer CIBSE Manufacturer Manufacturer
The NIST database contains several values for cane fiberboard, based on testing conducted between 1932 and 1956. Densities for these specimens range from 11 to 21 lb/ft3, with a corresponding range of thermal conductivity from 0.32 to 0.40 Btu-in/(hft2F). The conductivity appears to vary linearly with density. The NIST database also contains several values for wood fiberboard, based on testing conducted between 1932 and 1957. Densities for these specimens range from 9.5 to 20 lb/ft3, with a corresponding range of thermal conductivity from 0.30 to 0.39 Btu-in/(hft2F). The conductivity appears to vary linearly with density, according to = 0.0069 + 0.2434, where density is in lb/ft3 and thermal conductivity is in BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F). NIST also provides other values for fiberboard, but it is not clear whether the source of these materials is wood, straw, vegetable, or cane, so those data were not included in this study. It is also not clear whether the values for fiberboard should appear in the table under Insulation or Wood-based building board. Recommended Values IEA data for glass-fiber board insulation can be used instead of the Nottage data. Booth (1991) showed that aged values for XPS blown with CFC or HCFC are equivalent, so we see no need to list separate values for different blowing agents. The results from the IEA report encompass the results from the 785-RP and 1018-RP projects, so a single reference could be used to show the thermal properties of all XPS samples, if a footnote is provided to indicate that conductivity is inversely proportional to density. The results from IEA and 785-RP for EPS board encompass all results from 1018-RP and the existing HOF values, and provide a more accessible reference than the original SPI bulletin, so these results should be used to represent EPS. The NRCC results encompass the existing data for unfaced polyisocyanurate. One could include the 1018-RP results, with the same footnote on the relationship between density and thermal conductivity. IEA results for faced polyisocyanurate provide a better reference for the data, and should be included in place of the older values, again because the data are more readily available. For the same reason, IEA data for phenolic foam should replace the existing values. IEA test results for mineral fiberboard are more recent, and more representative of current products, and therefore should replace the Nottage value. For the same reason, the IEA value for perlite board should replace the BDC value. The values for mineral and wood or cane fiberboard (used for acoustical tile, etc.) and for cement-fiber boards should be retained, but only because there are no other values available. Therefore, the recommended values for board insulation are:
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Description
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.33 0.22-0.28 0.22 0.15 - 0.21 0.22 - 0.27 0.14 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.42 0.36 0.35 0.50-0.53 0.57 0.80 0.53
Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.18 0.20 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.31 0.32
Reference
Data Type 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
Cellular glass........................................... 8 Glass-fiber board insulation... 10 Expanded rubber (rigid).......................... 4.5 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin) 1.6-2.4 Expanded polystyrene, molded beads.... 0.9-1.6 Polyisocyanurate, aged (unfaced) .. 1.6-2.3 with facers, aged............... 4 Phenolic foam board with facers, aged 4 Mineral fiberboard............................... 10 Mineral fiberboard, wet felted Core or roof insulation......................... 16-17 Acoustical tile ...................................... 18 Acoustical tile ...................................... 21 Mineral fiberboard, wet molded Acoustical tile l .................................... 23 Perlite board 10 Wood or cane fiberboard Acoustical tile l ........................... in. Acoustical tile l ........................... in. Interior finish (plank, tile).......................... 15 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with Portland cement binder) .................................... 25-27 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder)................................. 22
Manufacturer IEA24 Nottage IEA24 IEA24 & 785RP NRCC and 1018 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1963 HOF IEA24 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1985 HOF
0.31
1965 HOF
The NIST values for cane and wood fiberboard could be presented in the table for typical densities, or the representative linear regressions can be presented instead of individual values. These should replace the existing values for wood or cane fiberboard (used for acoustical tile, etc.), as the current HOF values are from unknown sources Future Work Values for Mineral fiberboard (wet felted) and Mineral fiberboard (wet molded) (for acoustical tile, etc.) and for cement-fiber slabs are from unknown sources. Product formulations have likely changed since 1958, and we recommend that current materials should be tested.
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3.4.3
Loose Fill
Existing Values
Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.27-0.32 0.27-0.31 0.31-0.36 0.36-0.42 0.47 0.44 0.091 0.053 0.045 0.033 0.071-0.083 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.33 0.26 0.17 0.32 Reference Data Type
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper, wood pulp) 2.3-3.2 Perlite, expanded..................................... 2.0-4.1 4.1-7.4 7.4-11.0 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 3 - 5 in.................................. 0.6-2.0 approx. 6 - 8 in.............................. 0.6-2.0 approx. 7 - 10 in................................ 0.6-2.0 approx. 10 - 13 in........................... 0.6-2.0 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 3 in. (closed sidewall application) 2.0-3.5 Vermiculite, exfoliated.............................. 7.0-8.2 4.0-6.0
manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer
4 4 4 0 0 0 0
ASHVE/NBS Manufacturer
2 3
Rowley and Algren (1932) reported test results for ground waster paper pulp held together with a binder and applied by air gun, with a density of 5.8 lb/ft3, with a thermal conductivity of 0.27 Btuin/(hft2F). NBS tested expanded vermiculite at a density of 7 lb/ft3 and obtained a conductivity of 0.48 Btu-in/(hft2F), as reported in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. The values for cellulose and perlite that currently appear in the 2005 HOF first appeared in the 1977 HOF, presumably after additional testing. The sources of the newer values, and for the values on loose-fill mineral fiber, are not known. No conductance values are listed for mineral fiber in the current HOF table. The values shown above are computed from the resistances listed in the HOF. These equate to a thermal conductivity range of 0.34 to 0.46 Btu-in/(hft2F), for all thicknesses listed. This is consistent with the footnote in the HOF table for this entry: Batt, blanket, and loose-fill mineral fiber insulations are manufactured to achieve
specified R-values, the most common of which are listed in the table. Due to differences in manufacturing processes and materials, the product thicknesses, densities, and thermal conductivities vary over considerable ranges for a specified R-value. From this, it appears that the data were provided from NAIMA or other manufacturers associations, although no documentation was found to confirm this.
New Values Values tested at a mean temperature of 75F, as listed in the NIST database and from the International Energy Agency (IEA) report, are:
Description Cellulose insulation ..3 in. .. 6 in. .. 6 in. Cellulose ............ 1 in. .. 1 in. .. 1 in. .. 1 in. .. 1 in. .. 1 in. .. 1 in. .. 1 in. Cellulose wadding ........................ Perlite, dry .................................... Vermiculite, loose granules...................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 2 1 3 3.5 1.5 2.8 3.0 2.4 3.1 3.0 3.6 2 4 6 0.26 0.29 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.29 0.45 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45 0.45 0.45 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
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Recommended Values The conductivity values from IEA and NIST for cellulose range between 0.26 and 0.31 Btuin/(hft2F) for arrange of densities from 1 to 3.5 lb/ft3, which seems to be reasonably consistent. It would be appropriate to represent this as a range in the table. The CIBSE values for perlite and vermiculite do not provide any new information, and the CIBSE value for cellulose is duplicated in the NIST data. Therefore, there is no need to present the CIBSE data. The recommended values for loose-fill insulation are:
Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 1-3.5 0.6-2 0.6-2 0.6-2 0.6-2 2.0-3.5 2-4 4-7.5 7.5-11 7.0-8.2 4.0-6.0 0.26-0.31 0.27-0.31 0.31-0.36 0.36-0.42 0.47 0.44 0.091 0.053 0.045 0.033 0.071-0.083 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45 0.17 0.26 0.32 manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer ASHVE/NBS Manufacturer Reference Data Type 1 4 4 4 4
Cellulose insulation Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 3 - 5 in.................................. approx. 6 - 8 in.............................. approx. 7 - 10 in................................ approx. 10 - 13 in........................... Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 3 in. (closed sidewall application) Perlite, expanded.....................................
NIST/IEA
Vermiculite, exfoliated..............................
4 4 4 2 3
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3.4.4
Spray Applied

Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.16-0.18 0.22-0.28 0.29-0.34 0.26-0.27 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 0 1 1 1
Polyurethane foam .................................. 1.5-2.5 Ureaformaldehyde foam ......................... 0.7-1.6 Cellulosic fiber......................................... 3.5-6.0 Glass fiber............................................... 3.5-4.5 Reflective Insulation Reflective material ( < 0.5) in center of in. cavity forms two 3/8 in. vertical air spaces
Dynatech 1978 41a 41a
0.31
The sources of the values for polyurethane foam and reflective material are not known. We do not recommend keeping these values, as their accuracy is uncertain. The results of testing for ureaformaldehyde foam are from a Dynatech report submitted to the Technical Committee in the development of the 1981 HOF. This material is no longer widely used, but should be included in the HOF for older buildings. Values for spray-applied cellulose and glass fibers are from Yarbrough et al. (Reference 3-63), and appear to be very good values. This reference also provides variation of conductivity with density and temperature. A note that conductivity of spray-applied insulations decreases linearly with temperature would be useful to HOF users. Also, the conductivity of spray-applied cellulose increases linearly with density. The conductivity of spray-applied glass fiber insulation tends to decrease slightly with density to a minimum, but then increases as density increases beyond a certain point (that point varies with difference types of glass fibers and binders). New Values
Description Polyurethane foam, aged and dry........... Polyurethane foam ............... Polyurethane foam (low density) ............ ...................................... Polyurethane foam, aged and dry, 1 in. .. 2 in. ... 4 in. Urea formaldehyde foam, dry.................. ....................................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 1.9 2.4 0.4 0.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 - 0.75 1-2 0.18 0.18 0.29 0.26 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.21 0.22 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.35* 0.35* 0.35* 0.35 0.35 Reference Data Type 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
CIBSE 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE
The IEA report includes an important note that the blowing agents in closed-cell polyurethane foam can condense within the cells in different temperature regimes. A plot of conductivity vs. temperature produces a V-shaped curve in the range of -4F to 86F. Recommended Values The new data for polyurethane foam and ureaformadelhyde foam should be used to replace the existing HOF values. As noted, the values for spray-applied cellulose and glass fibers appear to be very good, but should be clarified with a note that conductivity of spray-applied insulations decreases linearly with temperature. Also, another footnote should explain that the conductivity of spray-applied cellulose increases linearly with density, and that the conductivity of spray-applied glass fiber insulation tends to decrease slightly with density to a minimum, but then increases as density increases beyond a certain point (that point varies with difference types of glass fibers and binders). Alternatively, this information could be included in the accompanying text in the HOF Chapter. Therefore, the recommended values for spray-applied insulation are:
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Description Cellulosic fiber......................................... Glass fiber............................................... Polyurethane foam (low density) ............ Polyurethane foam ............... Polyurethane foam, aged and dry, 1 in. .. 2 in. ... 4 in. Urea formaldehyde foam, dry..................
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 3.5-6.0 3.5-4.5 0.4-0.5 2.4 2.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 1.2 0.29-0.34 0.26-0.27 0.29 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.21-0.22
Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.35* 0.35* 0.35 0.35
Reference
Data Type 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
41a 41a 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE
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3.5
ROOFING

Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 4.76 6.50 2.27 3.00 20.00 1.06 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.24 0.36 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.31 Reference Data Type 0 2 0 0 0 0
Asbestos-cement shingles....................... 120 Asphalt roll roofing................................... 70 Asphalt shingles....................................... 70 Built-up roofing ................................ in. 70 Slate................................................. in. Wood shingles, plain and plastic film faced
1958 1952 1958 1955 1952 1958
The sources for most of these values are not known, but many of them first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide. The conductances of asbestos-cement shingles, asphalt shingles, and wood shingles, were listed as 2.85 Btu/(hft2F), 2.0 Btu/(hft2F), and 1.0 Btu/(hft2F), respectively, in the 1955 Guide, but were replaced with the current values in the 1958 Guide. The value for asphalt roll roofing appeared in the 1952 ASHVE Guide, based on tests at the Armour Institute of Technology (a precursor to the Illinois Institute of Technology). The conductivity of built-up roofing was listed as 1.33 Btu-in/(hft2F) in the 1952 Guide, but was replaced with the current value in the 1955 Guide. The original testing was from Willard et al. at the University of Illinois, based on testing of a sample of Roofing, 0.15 in. thick (1.34 lb per square foot), covered with gravel (0.83 lb per square foot), combined thickness assumed 0.25 (according to a footnote in the 1954 Guide). The value in the 1947 Guide indicates a conductance of 3.53 Btu/(hft2F) at an assumed thickness of 3/8, which is consistent with the 1952 data. We can therefore assume that the (Willard et al.) reference predates the 1947 Guide, but beyond that the source cannot be positively identified without searching the University of Illinois archives. The source of the value in the 1955 Guide, which is the value in the current HOF, is not known. It is listed in the 1955 Guide as 3.00 Btu/(hft2F) for a thickness of 3/8, but it is not clear whether this is from new testing or a roundoff of the results from Willard et al. The conductivity of slate was listed as 10.0 Btu-in/(hft2F) in the 1952 Guide, but was replaced with the current value in the 1954 Guide, with a note that a thickness of was assumed (which would account for the current conductance value). The ASHVE Guides listed a thermal conductivity of 300-400 Btu-in/(hft2F) for metal roofing, but this was removed in subsequent editions (after 1958). The ASHRAE SPC142 Standard (ASHRAE, 1998) suggests that the conductivity of mild steel is 314 Btu-in/(hft2F), but that value depends on the specific alloys used in the composition of the metal. It is interesting to note that the Nottage reference upon which the 1947 ASHVE Guide was based (Nottage, 1947) contained thermal properties for roofing materials not listed in the current HOF:
Description 30-lb + rag base felt, asphalt -saturated... 55-lb + rag base felt, asphalt -saturated... Mopping for deck, ply and top coatings.... Coal tar pitch Asphalt . Surfacing gravel (avg 4 lb/ft2 roof) ... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 65 110 81 64 100 0.56 1.2 7.2 5.2 12 - 30 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.27 0.20 0.35 0.22 0.20 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1
Nottage Nottage Nottage Nottage Nottage
The Nottage reference also contains data for all the materials listed in the current HOF, and may ultimately be the source of the current HOF values, but the values are not presented in a way that allows direct comparison. Even if Nottage is the correct reference, that would mean that the data listed in the current HOF comes from a source that is more than 60 years old.
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New Values The only available data for roofing materials not listed in the current HOF are from CIBSE (1985):
Description Asphalt (bitumen with inert fill)................. Mastic asphalt (heavy, 20% grit))............. Roofing felt ... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 100 120 145 60 140 2.98 4.0 7.97 1.32 8.32 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1
CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
The CIBSE reference also includes historical roofing materials:

Description Reed thatch.. Straw thatch.. Density Conductivity, k lb/ft3 Btu in/ hft2F 17 15 0.62 0.49 Conductance (C) Btu/ hft2 F Specific Heat Btu/ lbF Reference Data Type 1 1
CIBSE CIBSE
Recommended Values The existing ASHRAE data can be combined with the CIBSE data to provide a greater range of information. These results are still incomplete, however, as the sources of most of the data are not known.
Description Asbestos-cement shingles....................... Asphalt (bitumen with inert fill)................. Asphalt roll roofing................................... Asphalt shingles....................................... Built-up roofing ................................ in. Mastic asphalt (heavy, 20% grit))............. Roofing felt ... Reed thatch.. Straw thatch.. Slate................................................. in. Wood shingles, plain and plastic film faced Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 120 100 120 145 70 70 70 60 140 17 15 2.98 4.0 7.97 1.32 8.32 0.62 0.49 4.76 6.50 2.27 3.00 20.00 1.06 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.24 0.36 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.31 Reference Data Type 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1958 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 1958 1955 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 1958
Future Work The current HOF contains no values for various types of roofing membrane, including polymeric materials (e.g., EPDM, atatctic polypropylene, two-ply SBS), and most of the values that are listed are from unknown sources. Therefore, we recommend that roofing membranes and underlayments, as well as the materials listed in the current HOF, should be tested for inclusion in the next edition of the HOF.
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3.6
PLASTERING MATERIALS

Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 5.0 1.5 5.6 1.7 13.3 6.66 3.12 2.67 2.13 11.10 9.10 7.70 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.32 0.20 Reference Data Type 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Cement plaster, sand aggregate............. 116 Sand aggregate.......................... in. Sand aggregate.......................... in. Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate ............... in. 45 Lightweight aggregate ............... in. 45 Lightweight aggregate on metal lath in. Perlite aggregate................................. 45 Sand aggregate................................... 105 Sand aggregate........................... in. 105 Sand aggregate........................... in. 105 Sand aggregate on metal lath..... in. Vermiculite aggregate ......................... 45
1963 <1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS 1963 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS
Gypsum plaster is quoted in the 1952 ASHVE Guide, with a conductance of 3.30 Btu/ hft2 F, based on testing by Rowley (1937). In 1963, the Rowley value was replaced by the values listed in the 2005 HOF, but the data source is not known. Each of the Gypsum plaster, lightweight aggregate listings (including the value on metal lath) appears to be the result of separate tests, as the values are not numerically related to each other. The values for Perlite aggregate and Vermiculite aggregate are the average of values from NBS testing, as reported in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. The values for cement or gypsum plaster with sand aggregate do not appear in the 1952 ASHVE Guide, but are listed in the 1963 HOF. The conductance values for 3/8 and 3/4 cement plaster appear to be derived from the conductivity value, similar to the case for sand aggregate. The source of data for plaster materials in the 1963 HOF is not known, as it was the policy of the Technical Committee at that time not to cite references for the data. New Values The only readily available values for plaster not listed in the current HOF comes from CIBSE (1985):
Description Gypsum plaster.................................... ...................................... Perlite plaster....................................... ...................................... Vermiculite plaster............................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... Sand-cement plaster, conditioned.......... Sand-cement-lime plaster, conditioned.. Sand-gypsum (3:1) plaster, conditioned Pulpboard or paper plaster................ Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 70 80 25 38 30 40 50 60 98 90 97 38 2.63 3.19 0.55 1.32 0.97 1.39 1.80 2.08 3.67 3.33 4.51 0.48 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
Recommended Values Rather than providing values that will replace the existing data, the CIBSE data appear to extend the range of the HOF values, as they are for different densities and materials than those listed in the current HOF table. Therefore, the revised table should include both sets of data:
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Description
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 3.67 5.0 3.33 2.63 3.19 1.5 4.51 5.6 0.97 1.39 1.7 1.80 2.08 0.55 1.32 0.48 13.3 3.12 2.67 2.13 7.70
Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.20 0.32 0.20
Reference
Data Type 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cement plaster, sand aggregate............. 98 Sand aggregate................................... 116 Sand-cement-lime plaster, conditioned.. 90 Gypsum plaster.................................... 70 ...................................... 80 Lightweight aggregate ............... in. 45 Lightweight aggregate ............... in. 45 Lightweight aggregate on metal lath in. Perlite aggregate................................. 45 Sand aggregate................................... 97 Sand aggregate................................... 105 Sand aggregate on metal lath..... in. Vermiculite aggregate ......................... 30 ...................................... 40 ...................................... 45 ...................................... 50 ...................................... 60 Perlite plaster....................................... 25 ...................................... 38 Pulpboard or paper plaster................ 38
CIBSE 1963 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS CIBSE 1963 1963 CIBSE CIBSE ASHVE/NBS CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
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3.7
3.7.1
MASONRY MATERIALS
Masonry Units
Existing Values
Description Brick, fired clay ....................................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 8.4-10.2 7.4-9.0 6.4-7.8 5.6-6.8 4.9-5.9 4.2-5.1 3.6-4.3 3.0-3.7 2.5-3.1 1.25 0.90 0.66 0.54 0.45 0.40 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.19 0.21 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep ................................... 3 in. 1 cell deep ................................... 4 in. 2 cells deep.................................. 6 in. 2 cells deep.................................. 8 in. 2 cells deep................................ 10 in. 3 cells deep................................ 12 in. Concrete blocks
Limestone aggregate 8 in., 36 lb, 138 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.48 12 in., 55 lb, 138 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.27 Normal-weight aggregate (sand and gravel) 8 in., 33-36 lb, 126-136 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.90-1.03 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.50 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.52-0.73 3 12 in., 50 lb, 125 lb/ft concrete, 2 cores 0.81 Medium weight aggregate (combinations of normal weight and lightweight aggregate) 8 in., 26-29 lb, 97-112 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.58-0.78 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.27-0.44 Same with vermiculite filled cores ..... 0.30 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 0.32 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 0.37 Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale, clay, slate or slag, pumice) 6 in., 16-17 lb 85-87 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.52-0.61 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.24 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.33 8 in., 19-22 lb, 72-86 lb/ft 3 concrete... 0.32-0.54 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.15-0.23 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.19-0.26 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 0.21 Same with UF foam filled cores ........ 0.22 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 0.29 12 in., 32-36 lb, 80-90 lb/ft 3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.38-0.44 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.11-0.16 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.17 Stone, lime, or sand................................ 180 72 Quartzitic and sandstone 160 43 140 24 120 13 Calcitic, dolomitic, limestone, marble, and granite 180 30 160 22 140 16 120 11 100 8 Gypsum partition tile 3 by 12 by 30 in., solid........................ 0.79 3 by 12 by 30 in., 4 cells..................... 0.74 4 by 12 by 30 in., 3 cells..................... 0.60
0.22 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.19
Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Values for fired clay brick are from Valore, which is quite a thorough reference on the subject of masonry building materials. The HOF does not explain, however, that the values listed are for a range of moisture contents, and a footnote should be added to this effect (with, perhaps, a suggestion that the mean value of the given range is an appropriate value for general use). Rowley and Algren (1937) did a significant amount of measurement on hollow clay tiles, and the results first appeared in the 1963 Guide. Values for concrete block with stone, lime or sand are from Valore (1980). These values were expanded in a report by Valore et al. (1988), which incorporated data from many other studies to develop correlations of thermal conductivity and density. Van Geem (1985) did further testing to fill in the matrix, which was not included in Valore et al. (but is included here). Shu et al. (1979) tested block-wall assemblies to obtain total-wall R values, but some conductivity data appear in that reference and have been included in the HOF since the 1981 edition. Values for gypsum partition tile are from Rowley and Algren (1937), and first appeared in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. New Values Newer values are listed in the 1018-RP ASHRAE research project, and from the International Energy Agency (IEA) report. This study also uncovered data from the UK (CIBSE, 1985), a large database of test results (Touloukian et al., 1970) and from a handbook that lists data sources, and not just unreferenced data (Raznjevic, 1976). Values for masonry units from these sources are:
Description Brick (oven-dried) Brick ............................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... Lightweight brick . 9 in. ............................ 12 in. Clay brick ............................. Limestone ............................ ..................................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 50 75 100 125 50 48 124 150 162 6.93 1.94 2.63 3.61 8.53 1.39 1.55 2.91 3.95 6.45 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.20* 0.20* 0.20* Reference Data Type 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IEA24 Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic IEA24 IEA24 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP
The values from Raznjevic and 1018RP for brick are not consistent with each other, but brick can be expected to show wide variation in results as the product formulation is not consistent. The IEA values for lightweight brick are useful additions to the data in the current HOF, but the other values do not provide any additional information. Recommended Values The IEA data for lightweight brick should be included in the current HOF for brick and clay tile:
Description Brick, fired clay ....................................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 50 48 8.4-10.2 7.4-9.0 6.4-7.8 5.6-6.8 4.9-5.9 4.2-5.1 3.6-4.3 3.0-3.7 2.5-3.1 1.39 1.55 1.25 0.90 0.66 0.54 0.45 0.40 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.19 0.21 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lightweight brick . 9 in. ............................ 12 in. Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep ................................... 3 in. 1 cell deep ................................... 4 in. 2 cells deep.................................. 6 in. 2 cells deep.................................. 8 in. 2 cells deep................................ 10 in. 3 cells deep................................ 12 in.
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore IEA24 IEA24 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
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The current HOF values for concrete block and for stone provide a reasonably complete set of data, and do not need to be supplemented from other sources (except that 1018RP includes limestone data).
Description Concrete blocks Limestone aggregate 8 in., 36 lb, 138 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.48 12 in., 55 lb, 138 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.27 Normal-weight aggregate (sand and gravel) 8 in., 33-36 lb, 126-136 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.90-1.03 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.50 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.52-0.73 3 12 in., 50 lb, 125 lb/ft concrete, 2 cores 0.81 Medium weight aggregate (combinations of normal weight and lightweight aggregate) 8 in., 26-29 lb, 97-112 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.58-0.78 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.27-0.44 Same with vermiculite filled cores ..... 0.30 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 0.32 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 0.37 Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale, clay, slate or slag, pumice) 6 in., 16-17 lb 85-87 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.52-0.61 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.24 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.33 8 in., 19-22 lb, 72-86 lb/ft 3 concrete... 0.32-0.54 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.15-0.23 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.19-0.26 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 0.21 Same with UF foam filled cores ........ 0.22 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 0.29 12 in., 32-36 lb, 80-90 lb/ft 3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.38-0.44 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.11-0.16 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.17 Stone, lime, or sand................................ 180 72 Quartzitic and sandstone 160 43 140 24 120 13 Calcitic, dolomitic, limestone, marble, and granite 180 30 160 22 140 16 120 11 100 8 Limestone ............................ 150 3.95 ..................................... 162 6.45 Gypsum partition tile (was in 1963 HOF) 3 by 12 by 30 in., solid........................ 0.79 3 by 12 by 30 in., 4 cells..................... 0.74 4 by 12 by 30 in., 3 cells..................... 0.60 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.20* 0.20* 0.19 Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type
Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 1018RP 1018RP Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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3.7.2
Concretes
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 150 140 130 10.0-20.0 9.0-18.0 7.0-13.0 11.1 7.9 5.5 1.66 9.7 6.7 4.5 6.4-9.1 4.7-6.2 3.3-4.1 2.1-2.5 1.3 1.8-1.9 1.4-1.5 1.1 0.8 5.4 4.1 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.4 0.8 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.19-0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.15-0.23 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Existing Values
Description
Sand/gravel or stone aggregate concretes (concretes with >50% quartz or quartzite sand have conductivities in the higher end of the range)............. Limestone concretes...............................
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore
140 120 100 Gypsum-fiber concrete (87.5% gypsum, 12.5% wood chips)......................................... 51 Cement/lime mortar and stucco ............. 120 100 80 Lightweight aggregate concretes 120 Expanded shale/clay/slate; expanded slags;100 cinders; pumice (with density up to 100 lb/ft3);80 and scoria (sanded concretes have 60 conductivities in the higher end of the range) 40 Perlite, vermiculite, and polystyrene beads 50 40 30 20 120 100 80 70 60 40 20
Foam concretes ......................................
Foam concretes and cellular concretes...
Data for concrete are from Valore et al. (1988), who compiled several sources for a correlation between density and thermal conductivity, tabulated here at typical densities. Data for gypsumfiber concrete are from Rowley and Algren (1937), and first appeared in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. New Values
Description Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. Mortar (at 50% RH) ................. Mortar (at 50% RH) ................. (oven-dried). Lightweight concrete (oven-dried) Polystyrene concrete (oven-dried) Stucco (oven-dried) .................. Cement mortar (oven-dried).. Concrete (at 50% RH) ............. (at 50% RH) (oven-dried) (oven-dried) Polymer concrete .. 1 in. .... 2 in. Polymer cement ... 2 in. Slag concrete ............................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... Concrete .................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 27-50 29 100 126 123 38-100 16-50 124 65-138 118 138 116 138 122 138 117 60 80 100 125 25 50 75 100 125 150 1.40 0.83 3.26 8.73 7.82 2.54 2.54 2.84 13.8 9.44 8.62 8.62 13.9 11.4 7.14 5.39 1.5 2.25 3.0 8.53 1.04 1.59 2.63 4.58 7.83 12.7 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IEA24 1018RP 1018RP 785RP 785RP IEA24 IEA24 1018RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
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The CIBSE values follow a correlation almost exactly (R2 > 0.997), leading one to suspect that this is in fact a correlation, and not taken directly from test data. Without the original data to verify the source of the data, we cannot recommend their inclusion in the HOF. The values for aerated concrete from two different sources do not agree, but the IEA entry provides a greater density range (which is more likely than a single value for this type of material) The values for limestone, polymer-modified concrete and slag concrete are useful additions to the data in the current HOF, but the newer values for concrete, stucco and mortar do not provide any additional information. We note that the conductivity and specific heat values for limestone concretes fall within those of the aggregate concretes, for the same density range. We therefore recommend that these entries should be combined, to simplify the table and make it easier to use. The values from the 785-RP ASHRAE research project are somewhat lower than the existing Handbook values. We see no reason to modify the table on this basis. Also, the CIBSE data for concrete do not provide new information. The IEA report gives a correlation between density and thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete of = 0.284 exp (0.037 ), where density is in lb/ft3 and thermal conductivity is in BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F). Recommended Values The existing values in the HOF provide a reasonably complete set of data for concrete. Adding the values from 1018RP, Touloukian et al., and the IEA report that are not already represented in the existing HOF, we obtain:
Description Cement/lime mortar and stucco ............. Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 120 100 80 150 140 130 9.7 6.7 4.5 10.0-20.0 9.0-18.0 7.0-13.0 6.4-9.1 4.7-6.2 3.3-4.1 2.1-2.5 1.3 1.66 1.8-1.9 1.4-1.5 1.1 0.8 5.4 4.1 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.4 0.8 1.40 2.54 11.4 7.14 5.39 3.95 6.45 1.5 2.25 3.0 8.53 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.19-0.24 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.15-0.23 0.20 0.20 0.20* 0.20* Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sand/gravel/stone aggregate concretes (concretes with >50% quartz or quartzite sand have conductivities in the higher end of the range) and limestone concretes....... Lightweight aggregate or limestone concretes 120 Expanded shale/clay/slate; expanded slags; 100 cinders; pumice (with density up to 100 lb/ft3); 80 and scoria (sanded concretes have 60 conductivities in the higher end of the range) 40 Gypsum-fiber concrete (87.5% gypsum, 12.5% wood chips)......................................... 51 Cement concrete with perlite, 50 vermiculite, and polystyrene beads 40 30 20 Foam concretes ...................................... 120 100 80 70 Foam concretes and cellular concretes... 60 40 20 Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. 27-50 Polystyrene concrete (oven-dried) 16-50 Polymer concrete .. 1 in. 122 .... 2 in. 138 Polymer cement ... 2 in. 117 Limestone ............................ 150 ..................................... 162 Slag concrete ............................. 60 ..................................... 80 ..................................... 100 ..................................... 125
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP 1018RP Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian
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3.8
SIDING MATERIALS
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 6.9 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.31 0.28 0.31 0.24 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.21 Reference Data Type
Existing Values
Description Shingles Asbestos-cement ................................ Wood, 16 in., 7.5 exposure.................. Wood, double, 16 in., 12 in. exposure. Wood, plus ins. backer board, 0.312 in Siding Asbestos-cement, in., lapped ......... Asphalt roll siding................................ Asphalt insulating siding ( in. bed.).. Hardboard siding, 7/16 in.................... Wood, drop, 1 by 8 in.......................... Wood, bevel, by 8 in., lapped.......... Wood, bevel, by 10 in., lapped........ Wood, plywood, in., lapped ............ Aluminum, steel, or vinyl over sheathing Hollow-backed.................................. Insulating-board backed nominal in. Insulating-board backed nominal in. foil backed....................................... Architectural (soda-lime float) glass.......
120 158
4.75 1.15 0.84 0.71 4.76 6.50 0.69 1.49 1.27 1.23 0.95 1.69 1.64 0.55 0.34
1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 NCIMA 1963 1963 1963 1963 1 1 1 1
Goss
The source of the values for these materials is not known. The wood and asbestos-cement products first appeared in the 1955 ASHVE Guide, but with different values. Most of the other materials listed in the current HOF first appeared in the 1963 HOF, at their current values. The only direct references to specific data entries that were found in this study were: a letter from the National Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association to the Technical Committee, dated 1975, regarding the naming of an entry for hardboard siding, which also referenced previous data submitted to the Technical Committee by that writer when he was with the American Board Products Association; and a letter to the Technical Committee from Dr. Goss, dated 1992, summarizing several textbook sources of data for glass conductivity and recommending the value that currently appears in the HOF.
The source of the values for aluminum, steel and vinyl siding are not known, but the footnote in the current HOF explains that these values are the average of several test results, so we know that they are Data Type 1. New Values The thermal conductivity of glass is recommended by Tye, based on data from Touloukian and Ho at 540R, and as described in the Goss letter. There are many configurations of glass, and the thermal conductivity varies greatly with temperature, but the current value of 6.9 BTU-in/(hr-ft2F) is reasonable for silica float glass from ~ -9F to ~170F. Recommended Values There are no newer values for siding or shingles that could be recommended for inclusion in the HOF. We note, however, that some types of building board (such as cement panels and fibercement board) are also used as siding, not just for sheathing. It might be appropriate to combine the headings for building board and siding into a single category in the HOF.
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3.9
WOODS (12% MOISTURE CONTENT)
Existing Values
Description Hardwoods Oak.......................................................... Birch........................................................ Maple ...................................................... Ash.......................................................... Softwoods Southern pine ......................................... Douglas fir-Larch..................................... Southern cypress..................................... Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir ........................ West coast woods, Cedars...................... California redwood ................................. Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 0.39 s 35.6-41.2 33.5-36.3 31.4-32.1 24.5-31.4 21.7-31.4 24.5-28.0 1.00-1.12 0.95-1.01 0.90-0.92 0.74-0.90 0.68-0.90 0.74-0.82 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.39 s 41.2-46.8 42.6-45.4 39.8-44.0 38.4-41.9 1.12-1.25 1.16-1.22 1.09-1.19 1.06-1.14 Reference Data Type 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987
All of these species, and some not listed here, were tested and reported in Rowley and Algren (1937). Goss and Miller (1992) note that some HOF values for hardwood and softwood lumber are from Wilkes (1979). The Wilkes reference also includes correlations for conductivity and specific heat at moisture contents other than 12%, and these correlations are given in the footnotes to the HOF table. Goss and Miller (1992) also describe the work done by Cardenas and Bible (1987) in developing values for the 1985 HOF. Additional work by Ten Wolde et al. (1988) provided a guideline for updating the wood data in the HOF. New Values
Description Ash ............................. Balsa .......................... Boxwood .................... Cedar ......................... Cork ........................... Mahogany .................. Maple............................. Oak ............................ Redwood ................... Spruce (10% m.c.)................................... Teak............................ Walnut ....................... Southern yellow pine............................... Eastern white pine................................... Spruce ....................... Western Red Cedar......................... Eastern White Cedar........................ Pine (oven-dried). Spruce (oven-dried) Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 46 6.2 56 30 12 44 45 38 64 26 45 31 31 25 25 22 22.5 23.1 24.7 1.07 0.32 1.03 0.83 0.30 1.16 1.26 0.81 0.26 0.92 0.96 0.95 1.06-1.16 0.85-0.94 0.74-0.85 0.83-0.86 0.82-0.89 0.65 0.69 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.45 0.45 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian 1018 1018 1018 1018 1018 IEA24 IEA24
The data from Touloukian et al. do not provide additional data to that already in the HOF, but the data from the 1018RP project and the IEA report would be useful additions to the table of values. Recommended Values
Description Hardwoods Oak.......................................................... Birch........................................................ Maple ..................................................... Ash.......................................................... Softwoods Southern pine ......................................... Southern yellow pine............................... Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 41 - 47 43 - 45 40 - 44 38 - 42 36 - 41 31 1.12-1.25 1.16-1.22 1.09-1.19 1.06-1.14 1.00-1.12 1.06-1.16 0.39 s Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.39 s Reference Wilkes 1979 Data Type 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 1018
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Eastern white pine................................... Douglas fir-Larch..................................... Southern cypress.................................... Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir ....................... Spruce ....................... Western Red Cedar......................... West coast woods, Cedars...................... Eastern White Cedar........................ California redwood .................................
25 34 - 36 31 - 32 24 - 31 25 22 22 - 31 22 24 - 28
0.85-0.94 0.95-1.01 0.90-0.92 0.74-0.90 0.74-0.85 0.83-0.86 0.68-0.90 0.82-0.89 0.74-0.82
1018 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 1018 1018 Cardenas 1987 1018 Cardenas 1987
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3.10
DATA NOT IN TABLE 4
This study discovered data for several types of building materials that are not included in the current (2005) HOF:
Description Stone Granite................................................... Sandstone.............................................. Slate....................................................... Finishing material Paint, Aluminum .. Paint, anti-condensation.... Paint, zinc-rich .... Varnish ..... Rubber Rubber, 40% vulcanized ... Rubber, 50% vulcanized ... Rubber, synthetic or natural , dry . Rubber, synthetic, filled . Rubber, silicone ..... Sealants Polyisolbutylene.. Polyamide.... .. Poured polyurethane.. Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 160-168 150 185 11.1-13.9 31.9 10.6 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) Reference Data Type 1 2 2
Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian
50 67 68 290
1.11 1.32 0.97 14.9
CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
1 1 1 1
94 86 60 94 75
2.01 1.39 1.11 1.87 1.73
1 1 1 1 1
67 83.7 71.5
1.53 2.8 1.28
EMPA IEA24 IEA24
1 2 2
This study also discovered data for metal building materials, which should be considered for inclusion in this table. Although metals are typically included in another HOF Chapter, there are some metals that are specific to construction, and which are not otherwise included in the current (2005) HOF:
Description Galvanized steel studs . Galvanized steel studs . Galvanized steel masonry tie .. Mild steel (masonry shelf angle) . Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) 480 489 469 485 431 484 469 312 Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.11 0.12 0.11 Reference Data Type 2 1 2 2
NRCC 785RP 785RP 785RP
The NRCC value was determined by backing conductivity data out of whole-wall conductance test results, whereas the 785RP data is the arithmetic mean of test results, based on laser-flash diffusivity testing on four samples of galvanized steel studs and stud tracks. Note that the values for galvanized steel are higher than the tested value for a mild steel masonry shelf angle: the difference is due to the higher conductivity of the zinc in the galvanic coating. We do not necessarily recommend the automatic inclusion of these materials in the revised HOF, but their inclusion should be discussed by ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4, as they would be useful additions.
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4. THERMOPHYSICAL DATA TABLES - BUILDING MATERIALS (SI UNITS)

This section of the report replicates the format of the existing data table on thermophysical properties in Chapter 25 of the Handbook of Fundamentals. For each material category, the existing data are presented, followed by new data (if available).
4.1
4.1.1
BUILDING BOARD
Asbestos-cement and gypsum panels
Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1920 1920 1920 800 800 800 0.58 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 187.4 93.7 17.6 12.6 10.1 Specific Heat J/ (kg K) 1.31 1.42 Reference Data Type 0 0 0 0 0 0
Existing Values
Description Asbestos-cement board.......................... Asbestos-cement board...............3.2 mm. Asbestos-cement board...............6.4 mm. Gypsum or plaster board..............9.5 mm. Gypsum or plaster board............12.7 mm. Gypsum or plaster board............15.9 mm.
ASHVE/NBS ASHVE/NBS ASHVE/NBS Nottage Nottage Nottage
The 1947 ASHVE Guide (ASHVE, 1947) lists a thermal conductivity of 0.39 W/(m-K) for Compressed cement and asbestos sheets at a density of 1968 kg/m3. The source of these values is listed as National Bureau of Standards, tests based on samples submitted by manufacturers, indicating that the testing was done by the precursor to NIST. The same material is listed in the 1954 Guide (ASHVE, 1954), but the density is given as 1888 kg/m3, and the conductivity is 0.59 W/(m-K). The reference given is the same as for the 1947 Guide; one can only assume that new samples were tested, or the original samples were re-tested, some time between 1947 and 1954. The values listed in the current (2005) HOF, as shown in the table above, first appear in their present form in the 1955 Guide (ASHVE, 1955). They appear to be rounded-off values of the data given in the 1954 Guide. The value for 6.4-mm asbestos-cement board, first introduced in the 1963 HOF, appears to have been calculated from the value for 3.2-mm board (or perhaps both conductance values were calculated from the conductivity measurement). The 1947 Guide lists a thermal conductivity of 0.20 W/(m-K) for gypsum board at a density of 1005 kg/m3, based on tests at the Armour Institute of Technology (a precursor to the Illinois Institute of Technology). Conductance values for 9.5-mm and 12.7-mm board are given, based on this conductivity, but another conductivity of 12.7-mm board is also given, for a density of 856 kg/m3, based on testing at the U.S. Bureau of Standards. These results appear again in the 1952 and 1954 editions of the ASHVE Guide, but in 1955 the values change to 0.45 W/(m-K) for 9.5-mm board and 0.32 W/(m-K) for 12.7-mm board (both for a density of 800 kg/m3), and no source is available. Thus, values similar to those in the current (2005) HOF appear to have been introduced in 1955. The value for 15.9-mm gypsum or plaster board is not directly related to that of the other gypsum values, and is presumed to be a test result, although no reference is provided. The best reference for these values is Nottage, 1947. New Values Valore (Valore, 1988) provides a correlation for the conductivity of gypsum as a function of density, where k = 0.172 exp (0.318 1/2) for in lb/ft3 and k in BTU-in/(hr-ft2-F), or = 0.025 exp (0.08 1/2) for in kg/m3 and in W/(m-K). Given the above density of 800 kg/m3, this correlation would produce an effective conductance of 24.7 W/(m2-K) for 9.5-mm gypsum board, or 14.8 W/(m2-K) for 15.9-mm gypsum board. These values are 40 - 45% higher than the values in the 2005 HOF. An ASHRAE research project to study thermal bridging in steel-stud walls required thermal testing of (among other materials) interior gypsum board. Thermal resistance tests were conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratories, and the results were converted into an effective conductivity for use in a computer model. Those values can be found in the final report for that ASHRAE research project, 785-RP (ASHRAE, 1996).
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A more recent ASHRAE research project, 1018-RP (ASHRAE, 2002) included measurements of thermal conductivity and specific heat for several building materials, including gypsum sheathing. We note that the 1018-RP values are for interior gypsum board, which raises the question about whether the treated core of a gypsum sheathing product intended for use as exterior sheathing might have a different thermal conductance. Also, none of the products reviewed included values for gypsum sheathing with a glass-fiber facer, which is becoming quite popular in some regions. The 1018-RP project included two types of cementitious boards, reinforced with glass-fiber mesh and with wood fibers. These are becoming quite popular cladding options, and should be included in the HOF. The wood-fiber product is available as a panel, and as lapped siding and trim boards, and the glass-fiber product is available in flat or corrugated panels. The International Energy Agency invited member countries to submit test data for thermal properties of building materials for inclusion in a compilation of data. That report (IEA, 1996) includes test results for three samples of gypsum board. The testing was done at a range of temperatures representing typical climatic variation; the thermal conductivity values measured appear to be constant. However, the IEA report quotes two different values for gypsum with the same density and thickness; no reason is given for the variation in results, and they vary by more than a reasonable tolerance that would allow for experimental error. The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, based in the United Kingdom, has produced a compendium of thermal properties for various building materials (CIBSE, 1985). The data in that report appear to be taken from test results, from several references. The values from these sources are:
Description Gypsum board.9.5 mm. Gypsum board.9.5 mm. Gypsum board.....9.5 mm. ....12.7 mm. 15.9 mm. Interior gypsum board..12.7 mm. Gypsum board........................12.7 mm. Fiber-cement board..................... 7.9 mm. Cement board.............................12.7 mm. Asbestos cement sheet . .. .. .. Asbestos wallboard................................. .. .. Gypsum plasterboard.............................. Perlite plasterboard................................. Diatomaceous board .............................. Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 750 750 720 720 735 640 670 1376 1120 1360 1520 1600 2000 255 320 400 960 800 830 0.22 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.37 0.40 0.56 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.14 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 15.3 12.3 11.8 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.15 1.15 1.15* 1.15 1.09* 1.09* Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IEA24 IEA24 785RP 785RP 785RP 1018RP IEA24 1018RP 1018RP CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
*The 1018RP report references the IEA24 report for this value. Specific heat was not measured independently in the 1018RP project.
Recommended Values Although asbestos-cement board is no longer manufactured, the preference is to leave the entries in the table for historical reasons (and because some heritage buildings may still contain asbestoscement board). It may be misleading, however, to keep the conductance values for specific thicknesses, as these appear to have been generated from a single conductivity measurement. Measurements from the newer sources give property values for gypsum board that are in line with the 2005 HOF, and fill out the thickness matrix reasonably well (although thinner products are available). The newer values are preferred simply because the source reference is known. The values from the 785RP project for nominal 9.5-mm gypsum board represent results for a single specimen, and are not as statistically valid as the IEA values for that size. Therefore, a mean
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value of the IEA results for nominal 9.5-mm gypsum board is recommended. The results from the 1018RP project are more thoroughly documented than results from the other sources, so the values for 12.7-mm gypsum board from 1018RP are recommended. All sources present conductivity results; although this property should be presented as a conductance for a given thickness of board, computer programs will require the effective conductivity value, and this should be presented in the table. Therefore, the recommended values are:
Description Asbestos-cement board........................ Cement board....................................... Fiber-cement board.............................. Fiber-cement board.............................. .. ............. Gypsum or plaster board...................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1920 1135 1375 975 415 320 640 0.57 0.25 0.25 0.19 0.07 0.06 0.16 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.31 1.09* 1.09* 1.09 2.46 2.46 1.15 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
Nottage 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP
The IEA report quotes values for wood wool cement board, which is a cement board reinforced with wood wool (i.e., sawdust), which would be similar to wood fiber-cement board. The IEA report also includes values for fibre cement, and although the type of product is not described, it is likely that this refers to cementitious board reinforced with glass fiber. The material can be used as a building board, but is more commonly a choice for water-resistant cladding, and is available in panel form, or as horizontal siding. Future Work The values listed appear to provide reasonably accurate results for interior gypsum wallboard, but not for exterior gypsum sheathing. According to one gypsum manufacturer (from http://www.gp.com), the thermal properties of various types of gypsum sheathing are not the same. The manufacturer reports the thermal resistance of 15.9-mm glass-fiber-faced gypsum sheathing to be RSI 0.12 m2-K/W; 15.9-mm fire-rated exterior sheathing (paper-faced) is RSI 0.10. In 12.7mm thickness, the glass-fiber-faced product is RSI 0.10; regular gypsum sheathing is RSI 0.08; gypsum fiberboard is RSI 0.09; and cement board is RSI 0.05. This is Type 4 data, and not enough information is provided to verify the results for use in the HOF table, but some variability is apparent. It is possible that the glass-fiber facers, which are thicker than paper facers, may encapsulate a thin layer of air, which would explain the slightly higher thermal resistance. For a similar reason, one would also expect some variation in density and specific heat. Some testing could be done to investigate the variation on thermal properties for these products, as well as moisture-resistant tile backer-board. In particular, glass-fiber-faced gypsum sheathing is becoming popular in wet climates, and values for this product should be included in future versions of the HOF.
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4.1.2
Wood-based Building Board

Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.09 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 18.2 12.1 9.1 7.3 6.2 4.3 2.8 5.2 5.3 6.0 7.3 4.2 4.5 3.0 6.9 6.0 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.59 Reference Data Type 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Plywood (Douglas fir) ............................. 545 Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. 545 Plywood (Douglas fir)....................... in. 545 Plywood (Douglas fir)....................... in. 545 Plywood (Douglas fir)....................... in. 545 Plywood or wood panels.................. in. 545 Vegetable fiber board Sheathing, regular density .......... in. 290 ... 25/32 in. 290 Sheathing intermediate density in. 350 Nail-base sheathing ................... in. 400 Shingle backer............................. in. 290 Shingle backer......................... 5/16 in. 290 Sound deadening board.............. in. 240 Tile and lay-in panels, plain or acoustic 290 .............................. in. 290 ..... in. 290 Laminated paperboard ........................ 480 Homogeneous board from repulped paper 480 Hardboard Medium density ................................... 800 High density, service-tempered grade 880 High density, standard-tempered grade 1000 Particleboard Low density.......................................... 590 Medium density ................................... 800 High density......................................... 990 Underlayment.............................. in. 640 Waferboard.............................................. 590 Wood subfloor............................. in.
1.59 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.64 0.77
Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis USDA USDA Lewis Lewis 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF Lewis 1972 HOF Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Jessome 1977 HOF
1.81 1.53 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.70 1.70 1.59 1.81
Values for plywood are quoted in HOF as being from a single source (Lewis, 1967), but that reference deals with fiberboard and particleboard and not plywood, so the reference is incorrect. Another source (Teesdale, 1958) quotes values for plywood and plywood or wood panels that are the same as (or very similar to) those in the current HOF, but references the 1957 ASHVE Guide. Thus, the values listed in the current HOF appear to be from an unknown source at least 10 years older than the HOF reference. The conductance for all plywood thicknesses in the table appear to be calculated from a single measured conductivity. As plywood is not homogeneous, this approach is incorrect. The original measurements appear to have been made on 3/4" thick plywood, so the conductance value listed for that thickness is appropriate. A review of the Lewis reference confirms that it is the source of the HOF values for regular- and intermediate-density sheathing and nail-base sheathing, and for the hardboard and most of the particleboard values. The sources of the values for shingle backer, acoustic tile and board, laminated paperboard and board from repulped paper are not known. These values first appeared in the 1972 HOF. Lewis (1967) reports a tested conductivity of 0.07 W/(m2-K) for laminated paperboard at 24C. The value for particleboard used as a wood subfloor first appeared in the 1977 HOF, and is also from an unknown source. Goss and Miller (1989) note that the value reported by Jessome (1979) for waferboard was measured at the National Research Council Canada in 1976, and is for a specimen with 1.5% moisture content. This may be too dry to be representative of typical materials in use. The term vegetable fiber board originated in 1975, and first appeared in the 1979 HOF; before that, the material was called insulating board. The Wood Handbook (USDA, 1974) is also a source of values for the HOF, but this appears to be an indirect source at best, as the values in the current HOF are not found in the Wood Handbook. Specific values listed in the Wood Handbook are: 40
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Description Medium-density hardboard...................... High-density hardboard............................ Tempered hardboard............................... Special densified hardboard.................... Low-density particleboard........................ Medium-density particleboard.................. High-density particleboard........................
Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 530-800 800-960 960-1280 1360-1440 400-590 590-800 800-1120 0.08-0.11 0.11-0.20 0.11-0.22 0.27 0.08-0.11 0.11-0.14 0.14-0.18
Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K)
Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K)
Reference
Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA
Specific references for these values are not given: rather the Wood Handbook refers to these as general round-figure values accumulated from numerous sources. For more exact figures on a specific product, individual manufacturers should be consulted or actual tests made. Values are for general laboratory conditions for temperature and relative humidity. Moreover, there is no explanation as to how the range of values given above might have been translated into the specific values given in the HOF. A table of specific values is given in an Appendix of the Wood Handbook, but these values are taken from the HOF, which would be a circular reference. The conductance values for acoustic tile appear to be calculated from a single conductivity measurement; we do not support this approach. Similarly, the value for nominal 19.8-mm regulardensity sheathing appears to be calculated from the value for 12.7-mm sheathing, and the value for 7.9-mm shingle backer appears to be calculated from the 9.5-mm product. New Values ASHRAE 1018-RP project (ASHRAE. 2002) included testing of plywood, OSB and fiberboard. These values were reported as conductivity, which is misleading and may not be correct for plywood as it is not homogeneous (the values are converted to conductances for this report). The International Energy Agency (IEA, 1996) reports tested values for plywood, particleboard, and wafer board or wood-chip board. The IEA report also lists wood fiberboard with a conductivity of 0.05 to 0.06 W/(m2-K) for a density range of 240 to 380 kg/m3, but it is not clear whether the conductivity varies with the density, or with some other variable. Touloukian et al. (1970) provides data for 19-mm fir plywood, but the value is much lower than that of the 1018-RP results.
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.05 - 0.06 0.05 0.20 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 19.2 29.2 30.3 5.96 14.9 18.7 24.1 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.46* 2.46* 2.46* 2.46 2.46 2.46* 2.46* 2.46* 2.46* 2.46 2.46 2.46* Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
Plywood (Douglas fir)..................12.7 mm. 465 Plywood (Douglas fir)..................15.9 mm. 545 Plywood (softwood)..............19.0 mm. 450 Plywood (oven-dried).. Plywood (fir)... 19.0 mm. 530 Hardboard Medium density ................................... 610 Standard density ................................. 750 ................................... 900 Composite wood siding ..........11.1 mm. 735 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ......9.5 mm. 656 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ....11.1 mm. 656 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ....12.7 mm. 656 Particleboard ........................................... 575-800 Waferboard or Wood-chip board ............ 705 Wood fiberboard . 240-380 Wood fiberboard 12.7 mm. 320 Cellulosic fiber insulating fiberboard 1120
1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 Touloukian CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP CIBSE
* The 1018RP report references the IEA24 report for this value. Specific heat was not measured independently in the 1018RP project.
Recommended Values Conductance values in the current HOF for 6.4-mm, 9.5-mm, 12.7-mm, 15.9-mm, and 19-mm plywood were calculated from a single heat-transfer measurement. As plywood is not homogeneous, this can be a misleading approach. Conductance measurements made during the 1018-RP project yielded much higher values. The 1018-RP reference is known and the data are
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readily accessible, so we recommend the new values in the revised table. The values for OSB that were measured in the 1018-RP project should also be included in the revised table, as OSB is a common building material. Data for fiberboard and waferboard from 1018-RP (and waferboard data from the IEA report) should also be used in place of the older values, again because the data are more readily available. Until better values are developed for vegetable fiberboard, however, the existing values should be listed instead of the IEA data for wood fiberboard, as the latter are non-specific and provide too great a range of values to be of practical use. The results for particleboard used as a wood sub-floor are from an unknown source, and are not consistent with Lewis, so we do not recommend their continued inclusion in the HOF. The values recommended for the revised table are:
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.14 0.17 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 19.2 29.2 30.2 14.9 18.7 24.1 4.31 5.22 5.34 6.02 4.20 6.93 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.64 0.77 1.81 1.53 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.70 1.70 1.59 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Plywood (Douglas fir).....................12.7 mm. 465 Plywood (Douglas fir).....................15.9 mm. 545 Plywood (softwood)................... 19 mm. 450 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ......... 9.5 mm. 655 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ....... 11.1 mm. 655 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ....... 12.7 mm. 655 Waferboard or Wood-chip board ............ 705 Vegetable fiber board Sheathing, regular density .........12.7 mm. 290 Sheathing intermediate density .12.7 mm. 350 Nail-base sheathing ..................12.7 mm. 400 Shingle backer............................. 9.5 mm. 290 Sound deadening board.............12.7 mm. 240 Tile and lay-in panels, plain or acoustic 290 Laminated paperboard ........................ 480 Homogeneous board from repulped paper 480 Hardboard Medium density ................................... 800 High density, service-tempered grade 880 High density, standard-tempered grade 1010 Particleboard Low density.......................................... 590 Medium density .................................. 800 High density........................................ 990 Underlayment............................. 15.9 mm. 640
1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 Lewis Lewis Lewis 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF Lewis 1972 HOF Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis
Future Work Values for other types of fiberboard, and for hardboard and particleboard, are either from a single 1967 source, or from unknown sources. It is quite likely that product formulations have changed since 1967, and we recommend that current materials should be tested for comparison with the existing values from Lewis (1967). Also, these materials should be reviewed for their applicability, as most current uses of hardboard and particleboard are restricted to interior cabinetry and furniture, and may not be commonly used in wall assemblies. Other new products that are not represented in the 2005 HOF include straw-composite panels and structural insulated panels (SIPs). It may be a simple matter of developing an effective conductivity for SIP products using their constituent components (typically OSB facers on either side of a core of expanded or extruded polystyrene), but measured values would be useful.
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4.2
BUILDING MEMBRANE

Description Vapor-permeable felt.............................. Vapor-seal, 2 layers of mopped #15 felt Vapor-seal, plastic film............................ Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 94.80 47.40 high Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type 0 0 0
1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide
The source for these values is not known, but they first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, in almost exactly their current format. The only changes in the presentation of this information over the last 47 years are that the heading of this section in the ASHVE Guide was Building Paper, and that the conductance of plastic film was not given (although the thermal resistance was given as negl., which is saying the same thing). The entry for two layers of mopped 15-lb. felt has exactly half the conductance as vaporpermeable felt, and one suspects that one of these values is derived from the other. Therefore, only one of the entries should be listed (the other is superfluous). This is generally a roofing application, however, and therefore should be included in the roofing section of the table. Thermal properties of membranes are typically not important in assessing the performance of the building envelope, as these components are so thin that they contribute very little to the overall thermal resistance or capacitance of the assembly. This is why there are very few entries in this part of the table. There has historically been little interest in including thermal properties for these components (although their water-vapor transmission characteristics are extremely important). Still, for a consistent approach, it should be considered that the thermal properties of these materials either deserve to be in the HOF, or else they should be removed entirely from this table. New Values The data collected for this project provided very little useful information on the thermal properties of building membranes. Several types of membranes were tested in the 1018-RP project, but the results reported there and in other citations are only for hygric properties. Recommended Values ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4 (Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance) should develop a consistent policy on these data types. The existing values for felt and plastic film are of little value. Either all three items should be removed from the table, or a complete list of building membranes should be tested and reported for thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Some materials of interest could include (for example) air-barrier membranes, various types of sheet-type vapor retarders, and self-adhered waterproofing membranes.
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4.3
FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS

Description Carpet and fibrous pad............................ Carpet and rubber pad............................ Cork tile .......................................... in. Terrazzo........................................... 1 in. Tileasphalt, linoleum, vinyl, rubber....... vinyl asbestos...................................... ceramic................................................ Wood, hardwood finish.................... in. Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 2.73 4.6 24.0 71.0 113.6 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.86 1.81 2.63 1.04 1.64 1.31 1.04 3.72 Reference Data Type 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
8.35
1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1958 1958 1963
The source for these values is not known, but they first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, in almost exactly their current format. The only changes in the presentation of this information over the last 47 years are that values for linoleum and flooring felt were deleted in 1958, and the conductance of various types of flooring tile have been collapsed into a single value (in the 1958 Guide, separate values are provided for flooring tiles made of asphalt, ceramic, cork, and rubber or plastic). The 1958 Guide also lists a value for Floor tile or linoleum, av. Value, and the thermal conductance listed is indeed the arithmetic mean of the conductances of all the other materials. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to flooring finishes, as these components contribute little to the thermal resistance or capacitance of the overall assembly. There has historically been little interest in including thermal properties for these components (although their water-vapor transmission characteristics can be important). Thermal properties are important, however, in considering occupant thermal comfort for example, to assess the surface temperature of floors over crawl spaces. The data collected for this project suggests that some measurements were made in 1975 of the thermal properties of carpet with various types of underlayment, but the source is not known, and the nature of the measurements is not defined. New Values Some carpet values are reported in the IEA reference, but only hygric properties. Test data from the NIST database (http://srdata.nist.gov/insulation), and from the CIBSE compendium (CIBSE, 1985), provides the following (listed values are generally mean results from several tests):
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.40 0.40 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 2.38 3.52 8.35 10.73 16.69 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
Carpet and rebonded urethane pad.. in. 110 Acrylic/nylon pile, fibrous/rubber pad. - in. 290 Carpet and rubber pad (one-piece)... in. 320 Linoleum Cork .................................. in. 465 Rubber tile...... 1 in. 1870 PVC floor covering, dry.............................. Rubber floor covering ...
NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE
Recommended Values ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4 (Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance) should develop a consistent policy on these data types. The source of the existing values in the HOF is not known, and densities are not listed. Either all items should be removed from the table, or a complete roster of flooring membranes should be tested and reported for density, thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Meanwhile, the NIST and CIBSE values can be used instead of the existing values, as the sources of the existing data are easily referenced.
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4.4
4.4.1
INSULATING MATERIALS
Blanket and Batt

Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type
Mineral fiber, fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass approx. 75-100 mm................................... 6 - 32 approx. 89 mm ... ..................................... 6 - 32 approx. 89 mm ..................................... 19 - 26 approx. 140-165 mm ............................... 6 - 32 approx. 140 mm ...................................... 10 - 16 approx. 150-190 mm................................ 6 - 32 approx. 210-250 mm ............................... 6 - 32 approx. 250-330 mm ............................... 6 - 32
0.52 0.44 0.38 0.30 0.27 0.26 0.19 0.15
NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
These values are from several manufacturers of construction materials, reported in a letter dated 13 March, 1992 from the insulation manufacturers association (NAIMA) to Technical Committee 4.4. Manufacturers generally conduct random quality-control testing of their glass-fiber batt insulation. A correlation has been proven between density and thermal resistance, for a fixed thickness of glass-fiber batt. In the manufacturing process, the density of the product is controlled to ensure that the thermal resistance is maintained. This is perhaps the only way to ensure a stated thermal resistance for a given thickness (where the thickness is defined by the stud-cavity dimension). Most manufacturers produce batt insulation in this manner, and it can be assumed that they monitor their competitors products from time to time, or that an independent agency could easily monitor this parameter. Therefore, the existing values appear to be reliable. New Values Newer values are listed in the 1018-RP and 785-RP ASHRAE research projects, and from the International Energy Agency (IEA) report. This study also uncovered data from the UK (CIBSE, 1985), and from a handbook that listed the sources of the data (Raznjevic, 1976). The values for batt insulation from these sources are:
Description Cellulose batt insulation.............. 75 mm Glass-fiber batt insulation............... 75 mm . 75 mm . 90 mm ... 100 mm ... 150 mm ... 150 mm .. 150 mm Mineral fiber.................... 140 mm Mineral wool, felted.................... Mineral wool .. 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm Slag wool ....................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 30 11 13 - 14 10 16 10 8 - 10 11 - 13 30 15 50 80 65-130 50 50 50 80 95 50-190 255 305 350 400 0.035 0.043 0.042 0.035 0.048 0.045 0.036 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.035 0.033 0.038 0.039 0.033 0.035 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.048 0.050 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 0.48 0.31 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.46 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 Reference Data Type 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
1018RP 1018RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE Manufacturer NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic
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The IEA report includes a correlation between density and thermal conductivity for glass-fiber insulation: = 0.02675 + 4.85x10-5 + 0.178/, where density is given in kg/m3 and thermal conductivity is in W/(m-K). This agrees with the above data from 1018-RP and 785-RP. The IEA reports a tested value of 0.036 W/(m-K) for mineral fibre insulation at a dry density of 35.9 kg/m3, and 0.03 W/(m-K) for a density of 155 kg/m3. The report also includes a correlation for thermal conductivity of mineral-fiber insulation as a function of density: = 0.03167 + 2.64x10-5 + 0.206/, where density is in kg/m3 and thermal conductivity is in W/(m-K). This correlation produces results that are approximately 10% higher than the listed values for thicknesses less than 50 mm, and results that are 3-4% lower for thicker products. The new values were converted to conductances to allow direct comparison with the NAIMA values, as shown below:
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.46 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 Reference Data Type
Mineral fiber, fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass approx. 75-100 mm................................... 6 - 32 approx. 89 mm ... ..................................... 6 - 32 approx. 89 mm ..................................... 19 - 26 approx. 140-165 mm ............................... 6 - 32 approx. 140 mm ...................................... 10 - 16 approx. 150-190 mm................................ 6 - 32 approx. 210-250 mm ............................... 6 - 32 approx. 250-330 mm ............................... 6 - 32 Cellulose batt insulation.............. 75 mm 30 0.035 Glass-fiber batt insulation....... 85 90 mm 10 - 14 0.043 ... 100 mm 16 0.035 ... 150 mm 8 - 13 0.045-0.048 Mineral fiber.................... 140 mm 30 0.036 Mineral wool, felted.................... 15 0.040 50 0.039 80 0.038 65-130 0.035 Mineral wool .. 25 mm 50 0.033 25 mm 50 0.038 25 mm 50 0.039 25 mm 80 0.033 25 mm 95 0.035 Slag wool ....................................... 50-190 0.038 255 0.040 305 0.043 350 0.048 400 0.050
0.52 0.44 0.38 0.30 0.27 0.26 0.19 0.15
NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA 1018RP IEA,785RP,1018RP IEA24 IEA24, 785RP IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE Manufacturer NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
The NAIMA results show production tolerances allowed by manufacturers of glass-fiber insulation, and thus describe the limits of typical values. The more recent values are actual test results, and provide a much narrower range of variation in thermal properties, although they are still within the ranges described by NAIMA. Therefore, the newer values for glass-fiber insulation are recommended. The glass-fiber products show a very consistent result for conductivity for a wide range of thickness. Except for a single value from the IEA report, the thermal conductivity of glass-fiber batt products is within the range of 0.042 0.048 for all thicknesses. Separating the values into two common thicknesses (for nominal 38x89 and 38x150 framing), the results are even more consistent: k = 0.043 3% W/(m-K) for 89-mm batts, and k = 0.046 3% W/(m-K) for 150-mm batts. The single IEA result for a 100-mm glass-fiber batt appears to be an anomaly relative to the other results, so we do not recommend its inclusion in the final table. The NAIMA values are also intended to represent mineral wool and slag wool, but the values from NIST (NIST, 2000) and CIBSE (CIBSE, 1985) are quite different from those described by NAIMA. Again, the latter values are actual test result, not nominal manufacturing tolerances, and are recommended to replace the existing values in the HOF table.
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Recommended Values
Description Cellulose batt insulation.............. 75 mm Glass-fiber batt insulation....... 85 90 mm ... 150 mm Mineral fiber.................... 140 mm Mineral wool, felted.................... Slag wool ....................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 30 10 - 14 8 - 13 30 16 - 48 65-130 50-190 255 305 350 400 0.035 0.043 0.045-0.048 0.036 0.040 0.035 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.048 0.050 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.46 1.09 1.09 1.09 Reference Data Type 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4.4.2
Board and Slabs
Existing Values
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 4.54 3.01 1.70 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 0.99 1.26 1.64 2.19 1.59 1.59 2.08 1.20 1.20 0.93 1.04 0.77 1.70 1.75 Reference Data Type 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1
Cellular glass........................................... 130 0.048 Glass fiber, organic bonded.................... 65 145 0.036 Expanded perlite, organic bonded.......... 16 0.052 Expanded rubber (rigid).......................... 70 0.032 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin surface) (CFC-12 exp.) ........................................ 30 - 55 0.029 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin surface) (HCFC-142b exp.) ............................... 30 - 55 0.029 Expanded polystyrene, molded beads... 16 0.038 20 0.036 25 0.035 30 0.035 30 0.033 Cellular polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (CFC-11 exp.) (unfaced).................... 25 0.023 - 0.026 Cellular polyisocyanurate (CFC-11 exp.) (gas-permeable facers)...................... 25 - 40 0.023 0.026 Cellular polyisocyanurate (CFC-11 exp.) (gas-impermeable facers).................. 30 0.020 Cellular phenolic (open cell)................... 30 - 55 0.033 (closed cell, CFC11/113 exp.) .. 50 0.017 Mineral fiber with resin binder ............... 240 0.042 Mineral fiberboard, wet felted Core or roof insulation....................... 250-270 0.049 Acoustical tile ................................... 290 0.050 Acoustical tile ................................... 335 0.053 Mineral fiberboard, wet molded Acoustical tile ................................... 370 0.061 Wood or cane fiberboard Acoustical tile ............................ in. Acoustical tile ............................. in. Interior finish (plank, tile).......................... 240 0.050 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with Portland cement binder) .................................... 400-430 0.072 0.076 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder)................................. 350 0.082
Manufacturer Nottage BDC Nottage Manufacturer Booth SPI SPI SPI SPI SPI SPI SPI Sherman Manufacturer Manufacturer Nottage 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1963 HOF 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1985 HOF 1965 HOF
Data for cellular glass were provided by the manufacturer in support of the development of the 1993 HOF. That documentation notes two types of cellular glass, one with a mean density of 127 kg/m3 and a mean thermal conductivity of 0.048 W/(mK), and the other with a mean density of 130 kg/m3 and a mean thermal conductivity of 0.045 W/(mK). The latter is apparently more common in Europe, but the properties of these products are similar enough that the mean values are presented in the HOF. Unfortunately, the specific test results are marked with an indicator that the information is part of the ASHRAE Handbook process and is for ASHRAE committee use only. It shall not be reproduced or circulated or quoted, in part or whole outside of ASHRAE activities.
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Although the document is from 1990, and proprietary considerations are likely no longer a concern, it would still not be appropriate to cite it as a reference in the HOF, as the values were provided on a conditional basis. We can only make a generic reference refer to manufacturers data. Data for glass-fiber board is listed in Nottage, 1947. The conductivity value is quoted in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, although the density was listed as 152 kg/m3. Values for expanded rubber and mineral fiber with resin binder are also listed in this source. Manufacturers data for expanded perlite board lists the thermal conductivity as 0.049 W/(mK) at a mean temperature of 38 C which is similar to the existing HOF value. The density from the manufacturer (Certain-Teed Corp.) is given as 150 175 kg/m3, which is an order of magnitude greater than the HOF value. Data from another manufacturer (Calsilite Group) lists the density of molded perlite board as 190 kg/m3, with a thermal conductivity of 0.063 113 W/(mK), depending on the additives used as binders. The lower end of the Calsilite data is more representative of typical products. Manufacturers data are presented for extruded polystyrene (XPS). These results, taken from measurements made on production runs, support the conductivity of 0.029 listed in the HOF, although density is not quoted. The 48 samples include roofing insulation, wall sheathing, scoreboard, and arrange of other product types. Sample thicknesses range from 10 to 80 mm, and resistivity (R per inch) values range from 33.3 38.3 m2K/W. This equates to a conductivity range of 0.026 - 0.030 W/(mK). Unfortunately, this is not an appropriate reference, as it is not publicly available, so a better citation should be found, but the value appears to be quite representative for HCFC-blown XPS. A separate reference (Booth, 1991) indicates that aged values for XPS blown with CFC or HCFC are equivalent. The Society for the Plastics Institute provided information to ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4 for expanded polystyrene and unfaced polyisocyanurate in the development of the 1993 HOF. This information can be considered reasonably accurate, but the reference is not directly accessible to the general pubic, and therefore should be replaced. The value for cellular polyisocyanurate foam with gas-impermeable facers is taken from a large body of data based on testing of specimens from several different manufacturers (Sherman, 1978.). The data for cellular phenolic insulation were provided from the manufacturer. The footnote in the HOF table notes that Cellular phenolic insulation may no longer be manufactured. The thermal conductivity and resistance values do not represent aged insulation, which may have a higher thermal conductivity and lower thermal resistance. This material was used as roofing insulation in the 1980s, but has been phased out in North America. Nevertheless, phenolic foam insulation is produced in China and the UK. Some US manufacturers offer a phenolic-foam product for use as a duct liner, but thermal conductivity test results are not available. The source of the rest of these data is not known, as the Technical Committee had adopted a protocol that did not require maintaining records of the sources of these data. Values for wet felted mineral fiberboard first appeared in the 1967 HOF. Values for wet molded mineral fiberboard first appeared in the 1963 HOF, but the footnote regarding the variation in insulating value with type, size and depth of perforation first appeared in the 1967 HOF (although the same footnote appears in the 1958 Guide, with reference to wood or cane fiberboard). Values for wood or cane fiberboard first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide, but the conductance values were 4.77 W/(mK) for 13-mm board and 3.18 W/(mK) for 19-mm board. The values appear to be taken from a single test. These values were not changed to the current values until the 1977 HOF, but it is not known what research or testing was done to recommend listing the new results. The values for interior finishes first appear in the 1958 ASHVE Guide. Values for slab insulation made from shredded wood and cement are listed in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. The sources are taken from testing done at the Armour Institute of Technology (a precursor to the Illinois Institute of Technology) and Rowley (1937). Values for Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder) first appeared in the 1965 HOF, but the value was 0.079 W/(mK), which does not agree with the values in the current table. The current HOF value first appeared in the 1967 HOF.
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New Values
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.029 0.023 0.027 0.027 0.030 0.026 0.022 0.027 0.036 0.048 0.039 0.039 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.026 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.052 0.110 0.120 0.141 0.162 0.052 0.035 0.042 0.045 0.046 0.10 0.08 0.085 0.099 0.10 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92* 1.92 1.92* 1.92* 1.92 1.92 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Expanded polystyrene, extruded 19 mm 30 25 mm 40 ............................. 25 mm 30 50 mm 25 50 mm 25 .. 30 .. 40 .. 30 Expanded polystyrene, molded bead, 25 mm 20 ............................. 25 mm 15 ............................. 38 mm 15 ............................. 38 mm 15 .. 20 .. 25 .. 15 Phenolic foam board w/ facers, aged, 50 mm 65 .... 65 mm 65 Polyisocyanurate, aged.. 34 37 75 mm 25 50 mm 40 with facers, aged.. 65 mm 65 Perlite board 160 Asbestos insulating board 720 . 750 . 800 . 900 Mineral wool board . 1 in. 130 1 in. 145 1 in. 225 1 in. 240 1 in. 240 Honeycomb paper board, vermiculite filled. granulated cork filled. Strawboard ... 260 ... 330 ... 350
IEA24 IEA24 785RP 785RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018 785RP 785RP 785RP 785RP IEA24 IEA24 1018 IEA24 IEA24 NRCC, 2004 1018 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
Research at the National Research Council Canada (NRCC, 2004) investigated the effect of foil facers on the long-term (aged) thermal resistance of polyisocyanurate foam insulation. A large number of measurements were conducted on several types of polyisocyanurate insulation, resulting in statistically valid results. These results increase the range of thermal conductivity from 0.023 0.026 W/(m-K) to 0.02 0.026 W/(m-K). Rowley and Algren (1932) reported test results for semi-rigid insulating board with a density of 215 kg/m3, with a thermal conductivity of 0.043 W/(mK). This appears to be mineral wool board, judging by the values reported. This is consistent with NIST data (NIST, 2000) for several different specimens of mineral wool board. The NIST data show that mineral wool insulation with a density greater than approximately 145 kg/m3 can be considered to be board stock (lower densities are for mineral wool batt or blanket insulation). The IEA report also includes newer values of thermal conductivity for glass-fiber board insulation:
Description Glass-fiber board insulation.. 25 mm .. 50 mm Mineral fiber....................... 50 mm Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 150 150 155 0.032 0.036 0.038 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.09 1.09 1.09 Reference Data Type 2 2 2
IEA24 IEA24 IEA24
Material properties of glass-fiber insulation board are also taken from several manufacturers, and are therefore generic, rather than representative of a specific manufacturers product. Thermal conductivity of the semi-rigid glass-fiber board appears to be inversely proportional to density.
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Several manufacturers have provided data for a flexible elastomeric product that is available in sheets of various thicknesses, or as a preformed pipe insulation. The product is foamed polyethylene or foamed polyolefin (depending on the manufacturer). Some data show the thermal conductivity as 0.032 0.033 W/(mK), but this appears to be a non-aged value. A more representative value appears to be 0.042 W/(mK). Several other sources were found that cannot be used, either because they are from a single manufacturer (which would ultimately contravene ASHRAEs policy against commercialism) or because they are from a textbook that does not properly list the source of the data, but the IEA results are an acceptable alternative.
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.032-0.040 0.036 0.033 0.042 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Manufacturer CIBSE Manufacturer Manufacturer Data Type 3 1 3 3
Semi-rigid glass-fiber board.............. 25 - 95 .. 130 Rigid glass-fiber board.......25 50 mm 50 Flexible elastomeric sheet., 6 38 mm 95
The NIST database contains several values for cane fiberboard, based on testing conducted between 1932 and 1956. Densities for these specimens range from 175 to 335 kg/m3, with a corresponding range of thermal conductivity from 0.046 to 0.058 W/(mK). The conductivity appears to vary linearly with density, according to = 5.42 x 10-5 + 0.038, where density is in kg/m3 and thermal conductivity is in W/(m-K). The NIST database also contains several values for wood fiberboard, based on testing conducted between 1932 and 1957. Densities for these specimens range from 150 to 320 kg/m3, with a corresponding range of thermal conductivity from 1.7 to 2.21 W/(mK). The conductivity appears to vary linearly with density. NIST also provides other values for fiberboard, but it is not clear whether the source of these materials is wood, straw, vegetable, or cane, so those data were not included in this study. It is also not clear whether the values for fiberboard should appear in the table under Insulation or Wood-based building board. Recommended Values IEA data for glass-fiber board insulation can be used instead of the Nottage data. Booth (1991) showed that aged values for XPS blown with CFC or HCFC are equivalent, so we see no need to list separate values for different blowing agents. The results from the IEA report encompass the results from the 785-RP and 1018-RP projects, so a single reference could be used to show the thermal properties of all XPS samples, if a footnote is provided to indicate that conductivity is inversely proportional to density. The results from IEA and 785-RP for EPS board encompass all results from 1018-RP and the existing HOF values, and provide a more accessible reference than the original SPI bulletin, so these results should be used to represent EPS. The NRCC results encompass the existing data for unfaced polyisocyanurate. One could include the 1018-RP results, with the same footnote on the relationship between density and thermal conductivity. IEA results for faced polyisocyanurate provide a better reference for the data, and should be included in place of the older values, again because the data are more readily available. For the same reason, IEA data for phenolic foam should replace the existing values. IEA test results for mineral fiberboard are more recent, and more representative of current products, and therefore should replace the Nottage value. For the same reason, the IEA value for perlite board should replace the BDC value. The values for mineral and wood or cane fiberboard (used for acoustical tile, etc.) and for cement-fiber boards should be retained, but only because there are no other values available. Therefore, the recommended values for board insulation are:
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Description
Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.048 0.032-0.04 0.032 0.022-0.03 0.032-0.039 0.020-0.027 0.019 0.019 0.038 0.049 0.050 0.053 0.061 0.052 0.050 0.072-0.076 0.082
Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 4.54 3.01
Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 0.99 1.09 2.19 1.92 1.92 1.09 1.04 0.77 1.70 1.75
Reference
Data Type 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
Cellular glass........................................... 130 Glass-fiber board insulation... 160 Expanded rubber (rigid).......................... 70 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin) 25-40 Expanded polystyrene, molded beads.... 15-25 Polyisocyanurate, aged (unfaced) .. 25-35 with facers, aged............... 65 Phenolic foam board with facers, aged 65 Mineral fiberboard............................... 160 Mineral fiberboard, wet felted Core or roof insulation.......................... 255-270 Acoustical tile ...................................... 290 Acoustical tile ...................................... 335 Mineral fiberboard, wet molded Acoustical tile ...................................... 370 Perlite board 160 Wood or cane fiberboard Acoustical tile ............................13 mm Acoustical tile ........................... 19 mm Interior finish (plank, tile).......................... 240 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with Portland cement binder) .................................... 400-430 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder)................................. 350
1.70
1965 HOF
The NIST values for cane and wood fiberboard could be presented in the table for typical densities, or the representative linear regressions can be presented instead of individual values. These should replace the existing values for wood or cane fiberboard (used for acoustical tile, etc.), as the current HOF values are from unknown sources Future Work Values for Mineral fiberboard (wet felted) and Mineral fiberboard (wet molded) (for acoustical tile, etc.) and for cement-fiber slabs are from unknown sources. Product formulations have likely changed since 1958, and we recommend that current materials should be tested. 4.4.3 Loose Fill
Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.039-0.045 0.045-0.052 0.045-0.052 0.052-0.061 0.068 0.063 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 0.52 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.40-0.47 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.81 1.42 0.93 1.75 Reference Data Type
Existing Values
Description
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper, wood pulp) 35 - 50 Perlite, expanded..................................... 30 - 65 65 - 120 120-175 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 95 127 mm ............................. 10 - 30 approx. 165 220 mm ........................... 10 - 30 approx. 190 255 mm ........................... 10 - 30 approx. 260 350 mm ........................... 10 - 30 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 89 mm (closed sidewall application) 30 - 55 Vermiculite, exfoliated.............................. 110-130 65 - 95
manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer
4 4 4 0 0 0 0
2 3
Rowley and Algren (1932) reported test results for ground waster paper pulp held together with a 3 binder and applied by air gun, with a density of 95 kg/m , with a thermal conductivity of 0.039 W/(mK). 3 NBS tested expanded vermiculite at a density of 110 kg/m and obtained a conductivity of 0.069 W/(mK), as reported in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. Values for cellulose and perlite in the 2005 HOF first appeared in the 1977 HOF, presumably after additional testing. Sources of newer values, and for values on loose-fill mineral fiber, are not known. No conductance values are listed for mineral fiber in the 2005 HOF. The above values are computed from resistances listed in the HOF, and imply a range of thermal conductivity of 0.049 to 0.066 W/(mK), for all thicknesses listed. This is consistent with the footnote in the HOF table for this entry:
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Batt, blanket, and loose-fill mineral fiber insulations are manufactured to achieve
specified R-values, the most common of which are listed in the table. Due to differences in manufacturing processes and materials, the product thicknesses, densities, and thermal conductivities vary over considerable ranges for a specified R-value. From this, it appears that the data were provided from NAIMA or other manufacturers associations, although no documentation was found to confirm this.
New Values Values tested at a mean temperature of 24C, as listed in the NIST database and from the International Energy Agency (IEA) report, are:
Description Cellulose insulation . 89 mm . 150 mm . 150 mm Cellulose ...........25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 25 mm Cellulose wadding ........................ Perlite, dry .................................... Vermiculite, loose granules...................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 30 15 50 55 25 45 50 40 50 50 60 30 65 95 0.038 0.042 0.038 0.042 0.042 0.045 0.040 0.038 0.039 0.039 0.040 0.038 0.042 0.065 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.46 2.46 2.46 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
Recommended Values The conductivity values from IEA and NIST for cellulose range between 0.038 and 0.045 W/(mK) for arrange of densities from 15 to 55 kg/m3, which seems to be reasonably consistent. It would be appropriate to represent this as a range in the table. The CIBSE values for perlite and vermiculite do not provide any new information, and the CIBSE value for cellulose is duplicated in the NIST data. Therefore, there is no need to present the CIBSE data. The recommended values for loosefill insulation are:
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.039-0.045 0.045-0.052 0.045-0.052 0.052-0.061 0.068 0.063 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 0.52 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.40-0.47 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.81 1.42 0.93 1.75 Reference Data Type 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 0
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper, wood pulp) 35 - 50 Perlite, expanded..................................... 30 - 65 65 - 120 120-175 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 95 127 mm ............................. 10 - 30 approx. 165 220 mm ........................... 10 - 30 approx. 190 255 mm ........................... 10 - 30 approx. 260 350 mm ........................... 10 - 30 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 89 mm (closed sidewall application) 30 - 55 Vermiculite, exfoliated.............................. 110-130 65 - 95
NIST/IEA manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer
2 3
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4.4.4
Spray Applied

Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 0.023-0.026 0.032-0.040 0.042-0.049 0.038-0.039 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type 0 1 1 1
Polyurethane foam .................................. 25 - 40 Ureaformaldehyde foam ......................... 10 - 25 Cellulosic fiber......................................... 55 - 95 Glass fiber............................................... 55 - 70 Reflective Insulation Reflective material ( < 0.5) in center of 19-mm cavity forms two 9.5-mm vertical air spaces
Dynatech 1978 41a 41a
1.76
The sources of the values for polyurethane foam and reflective material are not known. We do not recommend keeping these values, as their accuracy is uncertain. The results of testing for ureaformaldehyde foam are from a Dynatech report submitted to the Technical Committee in the development of the 1981 HOF. This material is no longer widely used, but should be included in the HOF for older buildings. Values for spray-applied cellulose and glass fibers are from Yarbrough et al. (Reference 3-63), and appear to be very good values. This reference also provides variation of conductivity with density and temperature. A note that conductivity of spray-applied insulations decreases linearly with temperature would be useful to HOF users. Also, the conductivity of spray-applied cellulose increases linearly with density. The conductivity of spray-applied glass fiber insulation tends to decrease slightly with density to a minimum, but then increases as density increases beyond a certain point (that point varies with difference types of glass fibers and binders). New Values
Description Polyurethane foam, aged and dry........... Polyurethane foam ............... Polyurethane foam (low density) ............ ...................................... Polyurethane foam, aged and dry, 40 mm 50 mm . 118 mm Urea formaldehyde foam, dry.................. ....................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 30 40 5 10 30 55 30 5 10 15 - 30 0.026 0.026 0.042 0.038 0.025 0.026 0.032 0.030 0.032 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.92* 1.92* 1.92* 1.92 1.92 Reference Data Type 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
CIBSE 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE
The IEA report includes an important note that the blowing agents in closed-cell polyurethane foam can condense within the cells in different temperature regimes. A plot of conductivity vs. temperature produces a V-shaped curve in the range of 16C to 30C. Recommended Values The new data for polyurethane foam and ureaformadelhyde foam should be used to replace the existing HOF values. As noted, the values for spray-applied cellulose and glass fibers appear to be very good, but should be clarified with a note that conductivity of spray-applied insulations decreases linearly with temperature. Also, another footnote should explain that the conductivity of spray-applied cellulose increases linearly with density, and that the conductivity of spray-applied glass fiber insulation tends to decrease slightly with density to a minimum, but then increases as density increases beyond a certain point (that point varies with difference types of glass fibers and binders). Alternatively, this information could be included in the accompanying text in the HOF Chapter. Therefore, the recommended values for spray-applied insulation are:
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Description Cellulosic fiber......................................... Glass fiber............................................... Polyurethane foam (low density) ............ ...................................... Polyurethane foam, aged and dry, 40 mm 50 mm . 118 mm Urea formaldehyde foam, dry..................
Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 55 - 95 55 - 70 6-8 40 30 55 30 8 20 0.042-0.049 0.038-0.039 0.042 0.026 0.025 0.026 0.032 0.030-0.032
Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.92* 1.92* 1.92 1.92
Reference
Data Type 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
4.5
ROOFING

Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 27.0 36.9 12.9 17.0 113.6 6.0 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.31 1.97 1.64 1.92 1.64 1.70 Reference Data Type 0 2 0 0 0 0
Asbestos-cement shingles....................... 1120 Asphalt roll roofing................................... 920 Asphalt shingles....................................... 920 Built-up roofing ............................. 9.5 mm 920 Slate............................................... 13 mm Wood shingles, plain and plastic film faced
1958 1952 1958 1955 1952 1958
The sources for most of these values are not known, but many of them first appeared in the 1958 ASHVE Guide. The conductances of asbestos-cement shingles, asphalt shingles, and wood shingles, were listed as 16.2 W/m2C), 11.4 W/(m2C), and 5.7 W/(m2C), respectively, in the 1955 Guide, but were replaced with the current values in the 1958 Guide. The value for asphalt roll roofing appeared in the 1952 ASHVE Guide, based on tests at the Armour Institute of Technology (a precursor to the Illinois Institute of Technology). The conductivity of built-up roofing was listed as 0.19 W/mK) in the 1952 Guide, but was replaced with the current value in the 1955 Guide. The original testing was from Willard et al. at the University of Illinois, based on testing of a sample of Roofing, 0.15 in. thick (1.34 lb per square foot), covered with gravel (0.83 lb per square foot), combined thickness assumed 0.25 (according to a footnote in the 1954 Guide). The value in the 1947 Guide indicates a conductance of 20.0 W/(m2C) at an assumed thickness of 9.5 mm or 3/8, which is consistent with the 1952 data. We can therefore assume that the (Willard et al.) reference predates the 1947 Guide, but beyond that the source cannot be positively identified without searching the University of Illinois archives. The source of the value in the 1955 Guide, which is the value in the current HOF, is not known. It is listed in the 1955 Guide as 17.0 W/(m2C) for a thickness of 9.5 mm, but it is not clear whether this is from new testing or a roundoff of the results from Willard et al. The conductivity of slate was listed as 1.44 W/(mK) in the 1952 Guide, but was replaced with the current value in the 1954 Guide, with a note that a thickness of 12.7 mm was assumed (which would account for the current conductance value). The ASHVE Guides listed a thermal conductivity of 43 - 58 W/(mK) for metal roofing, but this was removed in subsequent editions (after 1958). The ASHRAE SPC142 Standard (ASHRAE, 1998) suggests that the conductivity of mild steel is 45.3 W/(mK), but that value depends on the specific alloys used in the composition of the metal. It is interesting to note that the Nottage reference upon which the 1947 ASHVE Guide was based (Nottage, 1947) contained thermal properties for roofing materials not listed in the current HOF:
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Description #30 + rag base felt, asphalt saturated ... #55 + rag base felt, asphalt saturated ... Mopping for deck, ply and top coatings.... Coal tar pitch Asphalt . Surfacing gravel (avg 210 kg/m2 roof)......
Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1050 1750 1300 1000 1600 0.08 0.17 1.04 0.75 1.7 - 4.3
Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.48 1.09 1.92 1.20 1.09
Reference
Data Type 1 1 1 1 1
Nottage Nottage Nottage Nottage Nottage
The Nottage reference also contains data for all the materials listed in the current HOF, and may ultimately be the source of the current HOF values, but the values are not presented in a way that allows direct comparison. Even if Nottage is the correct reference, that would mean that the data listed in the current HOF comes from a source that is more than 60 years old. New Values The only available data for roofing materials not listed in the current HOF are from CIBSE (1985):
Description Asphalt (bitumen with inert fill)................. Mastic asphalt (heavy, 20% grit))............. Roofing felt ... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1600 1900 2300 950 2250 0.43 0.58 1.15 0.19 1.20 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1
The CIBSE reference also includes historical roofing materials:

Description Reed thatch.. Straw thatch.. Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 270 240 0.09 0.07 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type 1 1
CIBSE CIBSE
Recommended Values The existing ASHRAE data can be combined with the CIBSE data to provide a greater range of information. These results are still incomplete, however, as the sources of most of the data are not known.
Description Asbestos-cement shingles....................... Asphalt (bitumen with inert fill)................. Asphalt roll roofing................................... Asphalt shingles....................................... Built-up roofing ............................. 9.5 mm Mastic asphalt (heavy, 20% grit))............. Roofing felt ... Reed thatch.. Slate............................................... 13 mm Straw thatch.. Wood shingles, plain and plastic film faced Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1120 1600 1900 2300 920 920 920 950 2250 270 240 0.43 0.58 1.15 0.19 1.20 0.09 0.07 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 27.0 36.9 12.9 17.0 113.6 6.0 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.31 1.97 1.64 1.92 1.64 1.70 Reference Data Type 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1958 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 1958 1955 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 CIBSE 1958
Future Work The current HOF contains no values for various types of roofing membrane, including polymeric materials (e.g., EPDM, atatctic polypropylene, two-ply SBS), and most of the values that are listed are from unknown sources. Therefore, we recommend that roofing membranes and underlayments, as well as the materials listed in the current HOF, should be tested for inclusion in the next edition of the HOF.
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4.6
PLASTERING MATERIALS

Description Cement plaster, sand aggregate............. Sand aggregate...................... 9.5 mm Sand aggregate....................... 19 mm Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate ............ 13 mm Lightweight aggregate .......... 15.9 mm Lightweight aggregate/metal lath 19 mm Perlite aggregate................................. Sand aggregate................................... Sand aggregate........................ 13 mm Sand aggregate..................... 15.9 mm Sand aggregate on metal lath.. 19 mm Vermiculite aggregate ......................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1860 720 720 720 1680 1680 1680 720 0.72 0.22 0.81 0.25 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 75.5 37.8 17.7 15.2 12.1 63.0 51.7 43.7 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.79 1.09 Reference Data Type 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1963 <1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS 1963 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS
Gypsum plaster is quoted in the 1952 ASHVE Guide, with a conductance of 18.7 W/(m2K), based on testing by Rowley (1937). In 1963, the Rowley value was replaced by the values listed in the 2005 HOF, but the data source is not known. Each of the Gypsum plaster, lightweight aggregate listings (including the value on metal lath) appears to be the result of separate tests, as the values are not numerically related to each other. The values for Perlite aggregate and Vermiculite aggregate are the average of values from NBS testing, as reported in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. The values for cement or gypsum plaster with sand aggregate do not appear in the 1952 ASHVE Guide, but are listed in the 1963 HOF. The conductance values for 3/8 and 3/4 cement plaster appear to be derived from the conductivity value, similar to the case for sand aggregate. The source of data for plaster materials in the 1963 HOF is not known, as it was the policy of the Technical Committee at that time not to cite references for the data. New Values The only readily available values for plaster not listed in the current HOF comes from CIBSE (1985):
Description Gypsum plaster.................................... ...................................... Perlite plaster....................................... ...................................... Vermiculite plaster............................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... Sand-cement plaster, conditioned.......... Sand-cement-lime plaster, conditioned.. Sand-gypsum (3:1) plaster, conditioned Pulpboard or paper plaster................ Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1120 1280 400 600 480 640 800 640 1560 1440 1550 600 0.38 0.46 0.08 0.19 0.14 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.53 0.48 0.65 0.07 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
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Recommended Values Rather than providing values that will replace the existing data, the CIBSE data appear to extend the range of the HOF values, as they are for different densities and materials than those listed in the current HOF table. Therefore, the revised table should include both sets of data:
Description Cement plaster, sand aggregate............. Sand aggregate...................... 9.5 mm Sand aggregate....................... 19 mm Gypsum plaster.................................... ...................................... Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate ............ 13 mm Lightweight aggregate .......... 15.9 mm Lightweight aggregate/metal lath 19 mm Perlite aggregate................................. Sand aggregate................................... Sand aggregate........................ 13 mm Sand aggregate..................... 15.9 mm Sand aggregate on metal lath.. 19 mm Vermiculite aggregate ......................... Perlite plaster....................................... ...................................... Pulpboard or paper plaster................ Sand-cement plaster, conditioned.......... Sand-cement-lime plaster, conditioned.. Sand-gypsum (3:1) plaster, conditioned Vermiculite plaster............................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1860 1120 1280 720 720 720 1680 1680 1680 720 400 600 600 1560 1440 1550 480 640 800 640 0.72 0.38 0.46 0.22 0.81 0.25 0.08 0.19 0.07 0.53 0.48 0.65 0.14 0.20 0.26 0.30 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 75.5 37.8 17.7 15.2 12.1 63.0 51.7 43.7 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.79 1.09 Reference Data Type 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1963 <1963 1963 CIBSE CIBSE 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS 1963 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
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4.7
4.7.1
MASONRY MATERIALS
Masonry Units
Existing Values
Description Brick, fired clay ....................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 2400 2240 2080 1920 1760 1600 1440 1280 1120 1.21 1.47 1.07 1.30 0.92 1.13 0.81 0.98 0.71 0.85 0.61 0.74 0.52 0.62 0.43 0.53 0.36 0.45 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 7.10 5.11 3.75 3.07 2.56 2.27 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.04 1.15 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep .............................. 75 mm 1 cell deep ............................ 100 mm 2 cells deep........................... 150 mm 2 cells deep........................... 200 mm 2 cells deep........................... 250 mm 3 cells deep........................... 305 mm Concrete blocks
Limestone aggregate 200 mm, 16 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 2.73 300 mm, 25 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.53 Normal-weight aggregate (sand and gravel) 200 mm, 16 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 5.11-5.85 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 2.84 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 2.95-4.14 3 300 mm, 25 kg, 2000 kg/m concrete, 2 cores 4.60 Medium weight aggregate (combinations of normal weight and lightweight aggregate) 200 mm, 12 kg, 1500-1800 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 3.29-4.43 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.53-2.50 Same with vermiculite filled cores ..... 1.70 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 1.82 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 2.10 Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale, clay, slate or slag, pumice) 150 mm, 7 kg 1400 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 2.95-3.46 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.36 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 1.87 200 mm, 8-10 kg, 1150-1380 kg/m3 concrete 1.82-3.07 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.85-1.31 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 1.08-1.48 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 1.19 Same with UF foam filled cores ........ 1.25 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 1.65 300 mm, 16 kg, 1300-1450 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 2.16-2.50 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.62-0.91 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.97 Stone, lime, or sand................................ 2880 10.4 Quartzitic and sandstone 2560 6.2 2240 3.46 1920 1.88 Calcitic, dolomitic, limestone, marble, granite 2880 4.33 2560 3.17 2240 2.31 1920 1.59 1600 1.15 Gypsum partition tile 75 x 300 x 760 mm, solid........................ 4.49 75 x 300 x 760 mm, 4 cells..................... 4.20 100 x 300 x 760 mm, 3 cells..................... 3.41
1.20 1.20 1.15 1.04 1.04 1.04
Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Values for fired clay brick are from Valore, which is quite a thorough reference on the subject of masonry building materials. The HOF does not explain, however, that the values listed are for a range of moisture contents, and a footnote should be added to this effect (with, perhaps, a suggestion that the mean value of the given range is an appropriate value for general use). Rowley and Algren (1937) did a significant amount of measurement on hollow clay tiles, and the results first appeared in the 1963 Guide. Values for concrete block with stone, lime or sand are from Valore (1980). These values were expanded in a report by Valore et al. (1988), which incorporated data from many other studies to develop correlations of thermal conductivity and density. Van Geem (1985) did further testing to fill in the matrix, which was not included in Valore et al. (but is included here). Shu et al. (1979) tested block-wall assemblies to obtain total-wall R values, but some conductivity data appear in that reference and have been included in the HOF since the 1981 edition. Values for gypsum partition tile are from Rowley and Algren (1937), and first appeared in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. New Values Newer values are listed in the 1018-RP ASHRAE research project, and from the International Energy Agency (IEA) report. This study also uncovered data from the UK (CIBSE, 1985), a large database of test results (Touloukian et al., 1970) and from a handbook that lists data sources, and not just unreferenced data (Raznjevic, 1976). Values for masonry units from these sources are:
Description Brick (oven-dried) Brick ............................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... Lightweight brick . 240 mm ........................ 300 mm Clay brick ............................. Limestone ............................ ..................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 800 1200 1600 2000 800 770 1985 2400 2600 1.00 0.28 0.36 0.52 1.23 0.20 0.22 0.42 0.57 0.93 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.09 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.09* 1.09* 1.09* Reference Data Type 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IEA24 Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic IEA24 IEA24 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP
The values from Raznjevic and 1018RP for brick are not consistent with each other, but brick can be expected to show wide variation in results as the product formulation is not consistent. The IEA values for lightweight brick are useful additions to the data in the current HOF, but the other values do not provide any additional information. Recommended Values The IEA data for lightweight brick should be included in the current HOF for brick and clay tile:
Description Brick, fired clay ....................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 2400 2240 2080 1920 1760 1600 1440 1280 1120 800 770 1.21 1.47 1.07 1.30 0.92 1.13 0.81 0.98 0.71 0.85 0.61 0.74 0.52 0.62 0.43 0.53 0.36 0.45 0.20 0.22 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 7.10 5.11 3.75 3.07 2.56 2.27 Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.04 1.15 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 IEA24 IEA24
Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep .............................. 75 mm 1 cell deep ............................ 100 mm 2 cells deep........................... 150 mm 2 cells deep........................... 200 mm 2 cells deep........................... 250 mm 3 cells deep........................... 305 mm Lightweight brick . 240 mm ........................ 300 mm
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The current HOF values for concrete block and for stone provide a reasonably complete set of data, and do not need to be supplemented from other sources (except that 1018RP includes limestone data).
Description Concrete blocks Limestone aggregate 200 mm, 16 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 2.73 300 mm, 25 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.53 Normal-weight aggregate (sand and gravel) 200 mm, 16 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 5.11-5.85 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 2.84 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 2.95-4.14 3 300 mm, 25 kg, 2000 kg/m concrete, 2 cores 4.60 Medium weight aggregate (combinations of normal weight and lightweight aggregate) 200 mm, 12 kg, 1500-1800 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 3.29-4.43 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.53-2.50 Same with vermiculite filled cores ..... 1.70 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 1.82 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 2.10 Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale, clay, slate or slag, pumice) 150 mm, 7 kg 1400 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 2.95-3.46 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.36 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 1.87 200 mm, 8-10 kg, 1150-1380 kg/m3 concrete 1.82-3.07 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.85-1.31 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 1.08-1.48 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 1.19 Same with UF foam filled cores ........ 1.25 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 1.65 300 mm, 16 kg, 1300-1450 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 2.16-2.50 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.62-0.91 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.97 Stone, lime, or sand................................ 2880 10.4 Quartzitic and sandstone 2560 6.2 2240 3.46 1920 1.88 Calcitic, dolomitic, limestone, marble, granite 2880 4.33 2560 3.17 2240 2.31 1920 1.59 1600 1.15 Limestone ............................ 2400 0.57 ..................................... 2600 0.93 Gypsum partition tile 75 x 300 x 760 mm, solid........................ 4.49 75 x 300 x 760 mm, 4 cells..................... 4.20 100 x 300 x 760 mm, 3 cells..................... 3.41 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.04 1.04 1.09* 1.09* 1.04 Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type
Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 1018RP 1018RP Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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4.7.2
Concretes
Existing Values
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 2400 2240 2080 2240 1920 1600 1.44 2.88 1.30 2.60 1.01 1.88 1.60 1.14 0.79 0.24 1.40 0.97 0.65 0.92 1.31 0.68 0.89 0.48 0.59 0.30 0.36 0.19 0.26 0.27 0.20 0.22 0.16 0.12 0.78 0.59 0.43 0.36 0.30 0.20 0.12 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.04 1.31 1.15 1.09 1.09 0.82 1.26 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sand/gravel or stone aggregate concretes (concretes with >50% quartz or quartzite sand have conductivities in the higher end of the range)............. Limestone concretes...............................
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore
Gypsum-fiber concrete (87.5% gypsum, 12.5% wood chips)......................................... 800 Cement/lime mortar and stucco ............. 1920 1600 1280 Lightweight aggregate concretes 1920 Expanded shale/clay/slate; expanded slags; 1600 cinders; pumice (density up to 1600 kg/m3); 1280 and scoria (sanded concretes have 960 conductivities in the higher end of the range) 640 Perlite, vermiculite, and polystyrene beads 800 640 480 320 1920 1600 1280 1120 960 640 320
Foam concretes ......................................
Foam concretes and cellular concretes...
Data for concrete are from Valore et al. (1988), who compiled several sources for a correlation between density and thermal conductivity, tabulated here at typical densities. Data for gypsumfiber concrete are from Rowley and Algren (1937), and first appeared in the 1952 ASHVE Guide. New Values
Description Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. Mortar (at 50% RH) ................. Mortar (at 50% RH) ................. (oven-dried). Lightweight concrete (oven-dried) Polystyrene concrete (oven-dried) Stucco (oven-dried) .................. Cement mortar (oven-dried).. Concrete (at 50% RH) ............. (at 50% RH) (oven-dried) (oven-dried) Polymer concrete .. .. Polymer cement .... Slag concrete ............................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... Concrete .................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 430-800 460 1600 2020 1970 610-1600 255-800 1980 1040-2200 1890 2200 1860 2200 1950 2200 1870 960 1280 1600 2000 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 0.20 0.12 0.47 1.26 1.13 0.37 0.37 0.41 1.99 1.36 1.24 1.24 2.00 1.64 1.03 0.78 0.22 0.32 0.43 1.23 0.15 0.23 0.38 0.66 1.13 1.83 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 Reference Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IEA24 1018RP 1018RP 785RP 785RP IEA24 IEA24 1018RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 785RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
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The CIBSE values follow a correlation almost exactly (R2 > 0.997), leading one to suspect that this is in fact a correlation, and not taken directly from test data. Without the original data to verify the source of the data, we cannot recommend their inclusion in the HOF. The values for aerated concrete from two different sources do not agree, but the IEA entry provides a greater density range (which is more likely than a single value for this type of material) The values for limestone, polymer-modified concrete and slag concrete are useful additions to the data in the current HOF, but the newer values for concrete, stucco and mortar do not provide any additional information. We note that the conductivity and specific heat values for limestone concretes fall within those of the aggregate concretes, for the same density range. We therefore recommend that these entries should be combined, to simplify the table and make it easier to use. The values from the 785-RP ASHRAE research project are somewhat lower than the existing Handbook values. We see no reason to modify the table on this basis. Also, the CIBSE data for concrete do not provide new information. The IEA report gives a correlation between density and thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete of = 0.0414 exp (0.00205 ), where density is in kg/m3 and thermal conductivity is in W/(m-K). Recommended Values The existing values in the HOF provide a reasonably complete set of data for concrete. Adding the values from 1018RP, Touloukian et al., and the IEA report that are not already represented in the existing HOF, we obtain:
Description Cement/lime mortar and stucco ............. Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1920 1600 1280 2400 2240 2080 1.40 0.97 0.65 1.44 2.88 1.30 2.60 1.01 1.88 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.04 1.31 1.09 1.09 1.15 0.82 1.26 1.09 1.09 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
Sand/gravel/stone aggregate concretes (concretes with >50% quartz or quartzite sand have conductivities in the higher end of the range) and limestone concretes.... Lightweight aggregate or limestone concretes 1920 0.92 1.31 Expanded shale/clay/slate; expanded slags; 1600 0.68 0.89 cinders; pumice (density up to 1600 kg/m3); 1280 0.48 0.59 and scoria (sanded concretes have 960 0.30 0.36 conductivities in the higher end of the range) 640 0.19 Gypsum-fiber concrete (87.5% gypsum, 12.5% wood chips)......................................... 800 0.24 Cement concrete with perlite, 800 0.26 0.27 vermiculite, and polystyrene beads 640 0.20 0.22 480 0.16 320 0.12 Foam concretes ...................................... 1920 0.78 1600 0.59 1280 0.43 1120 0.36 Foam concretes and cellular concretes... 960 0.30 640 0.20 320 0.12 Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. Polystyrene concrete (oven-dried) Polymer concrete .. .. Polymer cement .... Slag concrete ............................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 430-800 255-800 1950 2200 1870 960 1280 1600 2000 0.20 0.37 1.64 1.03 0.78 0.22 0.32 0.43 1.23
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian
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4.8
SIDING MATERIALS
Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1.00 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 1.70 1.53 1.70 1.31 1.92 1.92 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.59 1.59 1.75 1.15 Reference Data Type
Existing Values
Description
Shingles Asbestos-cement ................................ 1920 Wood, 16 in., 7.5 exposure.................. Wood, double, 16 in., 12 in. exposure. Wood, plus ins. backer board, 0.312 in Siding Asbestos-cement, in., lapped ......... Asphalt roll siding................................ Asphalt insulating siding ( in. bed.).. Hardboard siding, 7/16 in.................... Wood, drop, 1 by 8 in.......................... Wood, bevel, by 8 in., lapped.......... Wood, bevel, by 10 in., lapped........ Wood, plywood, in., lapped ............ Aluminum, steel, or vinyl over sheathing Hollow-backed.................................. Insulating-board backed nominal in. Insulating-board backed nominal in. foil backed....................................... Architectural (soda-lime float) glass....... 2530
27.0 6.53 4.77 4.03 27.0 36.9 3.92 8.46 7.21 6.98 5.39 9.60 9.31 3.12 1.93
1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 NCIMA 1963 1963 1963 1963 1 1 1 1
Goss
The source of the values for these materials is not known. The wood and asbestos-cement products first appeared in the 1955 ASHVE Guide, but with different values. Most of the other materials listed in the current HOF first appeared in the 1963 HOF, at their current values. The only direct references to specific data entries that were found in this study were: a letter from the National Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association to the Technical Committee, dated 1975, regarding the naming of an entry for hardboard siding, which also referenced previous data submitted to the Technical Committee by that writer when he was with the American Board Products Association; and a letter to the Technical Committee from Dr. Goss, dated 1992, summarizing several textbook sources of data for glass conductivity and recommending the value that currently appears in the HOF.
The source of the values for aluminum, steel and vinyl siding are not known, but the footnote in the current HOF explains that these values are the average of several test results, so we know that they are Data Type 1. New Values The thermal conductivity of glass is recommended by Tye, based on data from Touloukian and Ho at 300K, and as described in the Goss letter. There are many configurations of glass, and the thermal conductivity varies greatly with temperature, but the current value of 1.00 W/(m-K) is reasonable for silica float glass from -20C to +80C. Recommended Values There are no newer values for siding or shingles that could be recommended for inclusion in the HOF. We note, however, that some types of building board (such as cement panels and fibercement board) are also used as siding, not just for sheathing. It might be appropriate to combine the headings for building board and siding into a single category in the HOF.
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4.9
WOODS (12% MOISTURE CONTENT)

Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 660 750 680 725 635 700 615 670 570 660 535 680 500 515 390 500 350 500 350 450 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.12 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 2.13 s Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.13 s Reference Data Type 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Existing Values
Description Hardwoods Oak.......................................................... Birch........................................................ Maple ...................................................... Ash.......................................................... Softwoods Southern pine ......................................... Douglas fir-Larch..................................... Southern cypress..................................... Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir ........................ West coast woods, Cedars...................... California redwood .................................
Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987
All of these species, and some not listed here, were tested and reported in Rowley and Algren (1937). Goss and Miller (1992) note that some HOF values for hardwood and softwood lumber are from Wilkes (1979). The Wilkes reference also includes correlations for conductivity and specific heat at moisture contents other than 12%, and these correlations are given in the footnotes to the HOF table. Goss and Miller (1992) also describe the work done by Cardenas and Bible (1987) in developing values for the 1985 HOF. Additional work by Ten Wolde et al. (1988) provided a guideline for updating the wood data in the HOF. New Values
Description Ash ............................. Balsa .......................... Boxwood .................... Cedar ......................... Cork ........................... Mahogany .................. Maple............................. Oak ............................ Redwood ................... Spruce (10% m.c.)................................... Teak............................ Walnut ....................... Southern yellow pine............................... Eastern white pine................................... Spruce ....................... Western Red Cedar......................... Eastern White Cedar........................ Pine (oven-dried). Spruce (oven-dried) Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 735 100 900 480 190 700 720 600 1025 415 720 500 500 400 400 350 360 370 395 5.87 1.75 5.64 4.54 1.64 6.35 6.90 4.43 1.42 5.04 5.25 5.20 5.80-6.35 4.65-5.19 4.05-4.65 4.54-4.71 4.49-4.87 3.56 3.78 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.46 2.46 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian 1018 1018 1018 1018 1018 IEA24 IEA24
The data from Touloukian et al. do not provide additional data to that already in the HOF, but the data from the 1018RP project and the IEA report would be useful additions to the table of values. Recommended Values
Description Hardwoods Oak.......................................................... Birch........................................................ Maple ...................................................... Ash.......................................................... Softwoods Southern pine ......................................... Southern yellow pine............................... Eastern white pine................................... Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 660 750 680 725 635 700 615 670 570 660 500 400 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.16 5.80-6.35 4.65-5.19 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) 2.13 s Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 2.13 s Reference Data Type 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 1018 1018
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Douglas fir-Larch..................................... Southern cypress..................................... Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir ........................ Spruce ....................... Western Red Cedar......................... West coast woods, Cedars...................... Eastern White Cedar........................ California redwood ................................. Pine (oven-dried). Spruce (oven-dried)
535 680 500 515 390 500 400 350 350 500 360 350 450 370 395
0.14 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 4.05-4.65 4.54-4.71 0.10 0.13 4.49-4.87 0.11 0.12 3.56 3.78
2.46 2.46
Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 1018 1018 Cardenas 1987 1018 Cardenas 1987 IEA24 IEA24
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
4.10
DATA NOT IN TABLE 4
This study discovered data for several types of building materials that are not included in the current (2005) HOF:
Description Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 1.6 2.0 4.60 1.53 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type
Stone Granite................................................... 2560-2690 Sandstone.............................................. 2400 Slate....................................................... 2960 Finishing material Paint, Aluminum .. Paint, anti-condensation.... Paint, zinc-rich .... Varnish ..... Rubber Rubber, 40% vulcanized ... Rubber, 50% vulcanized ... Rubber, synthetic or natural , dry . Rubber, synthetic, filled . Rubber, silicone ..... Sealants Polyisolbutylene.. Polyamide.... .. Poured polyurethane..
Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian
1 2 2
800 1070 1090 4640
0.16 0.19 0.14 2.15
CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
1 1 1 1
1500 1380 960 1500 1200
0.29 0.20 0.16 0.27 0.25
1 1 1 1 1
1070 1340 1140
0.22 0.40 0.13
EMPA IEA24 IEA24
1 2 2
This study also discovered data for metal building materials, which should be considered for inclusion in this table. Although metals are typically included in another HOF Chapter, there are some metals that are specific to construction, and which are not otherwise included in the current (2005) HOF:
Description Galvanized steel studs . Galvanized steel studs . Galvanized steel masonry tie .. Mild steel (masonry shelf angle) . Density Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/ (m K) 7680 7820 7500 7760 62.2 69.8 67.6 45.0 Conductance (C) W/ (m2 K) Specific Heat kJ/ (kg K) 0.60 0.66 0.60 Reference Data Type 2 1 2 2
NRCC 785RP 785RP 785RP
The NRCC value was determined by backing conductivity data out of whole-wall conductance test results, whereas the 785RP data is the arithmetic mean of test results, based on laser-flash diffusivity testing on four samples of galvanized steel studs and stud tracks. Note that the values for galvanized steel are higher than the tested value for a mild steel masonry shelf angle: the difference is due to the higher conductivity of the zinc in the galvanic coating. We do not necessarily recommend the automatic inclusion of these materials in the revised HOF, but their inclusion should be discussed by ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.4, as they would be useful additions.
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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study has recommended several revisions to the existing HOF values, and the inclusion of some new materials. This section of the report compiles all of the recommendations made throughout this report into a single table, which is proposed to replace the existing Table 4 in the current HOF. The table on the following page does not include any of the materials proposed in Sections 3.10 and 4.10 of this report, pending discussion with the Technical Committee on the appropriateness of those listings. The new table would also feature footnotes (not included here, for the sake of brevity) that would be similar to those in the existing (2005) HOF, but with some modifications as noted throughout this report. We note that proposed revisions to the current HOF (which are intended to be implemented in the 2009 edition) would remove most of the text in the current chapter. In that case, it might be better to move the text that is currently in the footnotes to the table into the text of the chapter itself. The following summary of recommendations is taken from the indicated section in the report. Some testing could be done to investigate the variation on thermal properties for gypsum-based sheathing products, as well as moisture-resistant tile backer-board. In particular, glass-fiber-faced gypsum sheathing is becoming popular in wet climates, and values for this product should be included in future versions of the HOF (see Sections 3.1.1 and 4.1.1). We recommend that current types of fiberboard, and for hardboard and particleboard should be tested for comparison with the existing values from Lewis (1967). These materials should be reviewed for their applicability, as current uses of hardboard and particleboard are typically interior cabinetry and furniture, and may not be used in wall assemblies (see Sections 3.1.2 and 4.1.2). Other new products that are not represented in the 2005 HOF include straw-composite panels and structural insulated panels (SIPs). It may be a simple matter of developing an effective conductivity for SIP products using their constituent components (basically OSB facers on either side of a core of expanded or extruded polystyrene), but measured values would be useful (see Sections 3.1.2 and 4.1.2). Product formulations for Mineral fiberboard (wet felted) and Mineral fiberboard (wet molded) (for acoustical tile, etc.) and for cement-fiber slabs have likely changed since 1958, and we recommend that current materials should be tested (see Sections 3.4.2 and 4.4.2) The current HOF contains no values for various types of roofing membrane, including polymeric materials (e.g., EPDM, atactic polypropylene, two-ply SBS), and most of the values that are listed are from unknown sources. Therefore, we recommend that roofing membranes and underlayments, as well as the materials listed in the current HOF, should be tested for inclusion in the next edition of the HOF (see Sections 3.5 and 4.5). This study also discovered data for metal building materials, which should be considered for inclusion in this table. Although metals are typically included in another HOF Chapter, there are some metals (e.g., galvanized steel framing) that are specific to construction, and which are not otherwise included in the current (2005) HOF. We do not necessarily recommend the automatic inclusion of these materials in the revised HOF, but their inclusion should be discussed by Technical Committee 4.4, as they would be useful additions (see Sections 3.10 and 4.10) The following tables represent all the recommended values discussed in this report. The actual format of the tables has not been discussed: as resistivity values are rarely used, we do not recommend their inclusion in future editions of the HOF. It might be useful to include the references for the data in the table, but the column indicating Data Type is not meaningful to HOF users, and we do not recommend its inclusion.
66
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RECOMMENDED DATA TABLE (I-P)

Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Btu/ (lbF) 4.0 1.73 1.73 1.30 0.49 0.41 1.11 0.73 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.73 0.82 1.00 0.71 0.94 1.18 6.9 2.77 2.77 3.38 5.14 5.33 2.62 3.30 4.24 0.76 0.92 0.94 1.06 0.74 1.22 4.75 1.15 0.84 0.71 4.76 6.50 0.69 1.49 1.27 1.23 0.95 1.69 1.64 0.55 0.34 16.70 8.35 high 0.42 0.62 1.47 1.89 2.94 0.24 0.20* 0.20* 0.20 0.45 0.45 0.21 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.14 0.33 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.28 0.31 0.24 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.21 Reference Data Type 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
BUILDING BOARD AND SIDING Asbestos-cement board........................ 120 Cement board....................................... 71 Fiber-cement board.............................. 86 Fiber-cement board.............................. 61 .. 26 ............. 20 Gypsum or plaster board...................... 40 Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. 29 Plywood (Douglas fir)...................... in. 34 Plywood (softwood).................. in. 28 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ........ in. 41 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) .... 7/16 in. 41 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ........ in. 41 Waferboard or Wood-chip board ............ 44 Vegetable fiber board Sheathing, regular density ......... in. 18 Sheathing intermediate density .. in. 22 Nail-base sheathing ................... in. 25 Shingle backer............................. in. 18 Sound deadening board.............. in. 15 Tile and lay-in panels, plain or acoustic 18 Laminated paperboard ........................ 30 Homogeneous board from repulped paper 30 Hardboard Medium density ................................... 50 High density, service-tempered grade 55 High density, standard-tempered grade 63 Particleboard Low density.......................................... 37 Medium density .................................. 50 High density........................................ 62 Underlayment.............................. in. 40 Shingles Asbestos-cement ................................ 120 Wood, 16 in., 7.5 exposure.................. Wood, double, 16 in., 12 in. exposure. Wood, plus ins. backer board, 0.312 in Siding Asbestos-cement, in., lapped ......... Asphalt roll siding................................ Asphalt insulating siding ( in. bed.).. Hardboard siding, 7/16 in.................... Wood, drop, 1 by 8 in.......................... Wood, bevel, by 8 in., lapped.......... Wood, bevel, by 10 in., lapped........ Wood, plywood, in., lapped ............ Aluminum, steel, or vinyl over sheathing Hollow-backed.................................. Insulating-board backed nominal in. Insulating-board backed nominal in. foil backed....................................... Architectural (soda-lime float) glass....... 158 BUILDING MEMBRANES Vapor-permeable felt.............................. Vapor-seal, 2 layers of mopped 15 lb felt Vapor-seal, plastic film............................
Nottage 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 Lewis Lewis Lewis 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF Lewis 1972 HOF Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 NCIMA 1963 1963 1963 1963
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
Goss 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE
FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS Carpet and rebonded urethane pad.. in. 7 Acrylic/nylon pile, fibrous/rubber pad. - in. 18 Carpet and rubber pad (one-piece)... in. 20 Linoleum Cork .................................. in. 29 Rubber tile...... 1 in. 117 PVC floor covering, dry.............................. Rubber floor covering ...
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Description INSULATING MATERIALS Blanket and Batt Cellulose batt insulation............. 3 in. Glass-fiber batt insulation....... 3-3 in. 6 in. Mineral fiber..................... 5 in. Mineral wool, felted.................... Slag wool .......................................
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Btu/ (lbF)
Reference
Data Type
1.9 0.6-0.9 0.5-0.8 2 1-3 4-8 3-12 16 19 22 25
0.24 0.30 0.31-0.33 0.25 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35
0.086 0.052 - 0.055 0.045
0.45 0.20 0.20 0.20
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Board and Slabs Cellular glass........................................... 8 Glass-fiber board insulation... 10 Expanded rubber (rigid).......................... 4.5 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin) 1.6-2.4 Expanded polystyrene, molded beads.... 0.9-1.6 Polyisocyanurate, aged (unfaced) .. 1.6-2.3 with facers, aged............... 4 Phenolic foam board with facers, aged 4 Mineral fiberboard............................... 10 Mineral fiberboard, wet felted Core or roof insulation......................... 16-17 Acoustical tile ...................................... 18 Acoustical tile ...................................... 21 Mineral fiberboard, wet molded Acoustical tile l .................................... 23 Perlite board 10 Wood or cane fiberboard Acoustical tile l ........................... in. Acoustical tile l ........................... in. Interior finish (plank, tile).......................... 15 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with Portland cement binder) .................................... 25-27 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder)................................. 22 Loose Fill Cellulose insulation Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 3 - 5 in.................................. approx. 6 - 8 in.............................. approx. 7 - 10 in................................ approx. 10 - 13 in........................... Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 3 in. (closed sidewall application) Perlite, expanded.....................................
0.33 0.22-0.28 0.22 0.15 - 0.21 0.22 - 0.27 0.14 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.42 0.36 0.35 0.50-0.53 0.57
0.80 0.53
0.18 0.20 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.31 0.32
3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
0.31
1965 HOF
1-3.5 0.6-2 0.6-2 0.6-2 0.6-2 2.0-3.5 2-4 4-7.5 7.5-11 7.0-8.2 4.0-6.0
0.26-0.31 0.27-0.31 0.31-0.36 0.36-0.42 0.47 0.44
0.091 0.053 0.045 0.033 0.071-0.083
0.45 0.17 0.26 0.32
NIST/IEA
1 4 4 4 4
Vermiculite, exfoliated..............................
manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer ASHVE/NBS Manufacturer
4 4 4 2 3
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Description Spray Applied Cellulosic fiber......................................... Glass fiber............................................... Polyurethane foam (low density) ............ Polyurethane foam ............... Polyurethane foam, aged and dry, 1 in. .. 2 in. ... 4 in. Urea formaldehyde foam, dry.................. ROOFING Asbestos-cement shingles....................... Asphalt (bitumen with inert fill)................. Asphalt roll roofing................................... Asphalt shingles....................................... Built-up roofing ................................ in. Mastic asphalt (heavy, 20% grit))............. Roofing felt ... Reed thatch.. Straw thatch.. Slate................................................. in. Wood shingles, plain and plastic film faced
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Btu/ (lbF) 3.5-6.0 3.5-4.5 0.4-0.5 2.4 2.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 1.2 120 100 120 145 70 70 70 60 140 17 15 0.29-0.34 0.26-0.27 0.29 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.21-0.22 2.98 4.0 7.97 1.32 8.32 0.62 0.49 3.67 5.0 3.33 2.63 3.19 1.5 4.51 5.6 0.97 1.39 1.7 1.80 2.08 0.55 1.32 0.48 4.76 6.50 2.27 3.00 20.00 1.06 13.3 3.12 2.67 2.13 7.70 0.35* 0.35* 0.35 0.35 0.24 0.36 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.31 0.20 0.32 0.20
Reference
Data Type 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41a 41a 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE 1958 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 1958 1955 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 1958 CIBSE 1963 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS CIBSE 1963 1963 CIBSE CIBSE ASHVE/NBS CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
PLASTERING MATERIALS Cement plaster, sand aggregate............. 98 Sand aggregate................................... 116 Sand-cement-lime plaster, conditioned.. 90 Gypsum plaster.................................... 70 ...................................... 80 Lightweight aggregate ............... in. 45 Lightweight aggregate ............... in. 45 Lightweight aggregate on metal lath in. Perlite aggregate................................. 45 Sand aggregate................................... 97 Sand aggregate................................... 105 Sand aggregate on metal lath..... in. Vermiculite aggregate ......................... 30 ...................................... 40 ...................................... 45 ...................................... 50 ...................................... 60 Perlite plaster....................................... 25 ...................................... 38 Pulpboard or paper plaster................ 38 MASONRY MATERIALS Masonry Units Brick, fired clay ....................................... 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 50 48
Lightweight brick . 9 in. ............................ 12 in. Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep ................................... 3 in. 1 cell deep ................................... 4 in. 2 cells deep.................................. 6 in. 2 cells deep.................................. 8 in. 2 cells deep................................ 10 in. 3 cells deep................................ 12 in.
8.4-10.2 7.4-9.0 6.4-7.8 5.6-6.8 4.9-5.9 4.2-5.1 3.6-4.3 3.0-3.7 2.5-3.1 1.39 1.55
1.25 0.90 0.66 0.54 0.45 0.40
0.19 0.21
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore IEA24 IEA24 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Description
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Btu/ (lbF) 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.20* 0.20* 0.19 0.19-0.24 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.15-0.23
Reference
Data Type
Concrete blocks Limestone aggregate 8 in., 36 lb, 138 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.48 12 in., 55 lb, 138 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.27 Normal-weight aggregate (sand and gravel) 8 in., 33-36 lb, 126-136 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.90-1.03 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.50 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.52-0.73 12 in., 50 lb, 125 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 cores 0.81 Medium weight aggregate (combinations of normal weight and lightweight aggregate) 3 8 in., 26-29 lb, 97-112 lb/ft concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.58-0.78 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.27-0.44 Same with vermiculite filled cores ..... 0.30 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 0.32 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 0.37 Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale, clay, slate or slag, pumice) 6 in., 16-17 lb 85-87 lb/ft3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.52-0.61 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.24 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.33 8 in., 19-22 lb, 72-86 lb/ft 3 concrete... 0.32-0.54 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.15-0.23 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.19-0.26 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 0.21 Same with UF foam filled cores ........ 0.22 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 0.29 12 in., 32-36 lb, 80-90 lb/ft 3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 0.38-0.44 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.11-0.16 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.17 Stone, lime, or sand................................ 180 72 Quartzitic and sandstone 160 43 140 24 120 13 Calcitic, dolomitic, limestone, marble, and granite 180 30 160 22 140 16 120 11 100 8 Limestone ............................ 150 3.95 ..................................... 162 6.45 Gypsum partition tile (was in 1963 HOF) 3 by 12 by 30 in., solid........................ 0.79 3 by 12 by 30 in., 4 cells..................... 0.74 4 by 12 by 30 in., 3 cells..................... 0.60 Concretes Cement/lime mortar and stucco ............. 120 100 80 150 140 130 9.7 6.7 4.5 10.0-20.0 9.0-18.0 7.0-13.0 6.4-9.1 4.7-6.2 3.3-4.1 2.1-2.5 1.3 1.66 1.8-1.9 1.4-1.5 1.1 0.8 5.4 4.1 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.4 0.8
Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 1018RP 1018RP Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sand/gravel/stone aggregate concretes (concretes with >50% quartz or quartzite sand have conductivities in the higher end of the range) and limestone concretes....... Lightweight aggregate or limestone concretes 120 Expanded shale/clay/slate; expanded slags; 100 cinders; pumice (with density up to 100 lb/ft3); 80 and scoria (sanded concretes have 60 conductivities in the higher end of the range) 40 Gypsum-fiber concrete (87.5% gypsum, 12.5% wood chips)......................................... 51 Cement concrete with perlite, 50 vermiculite, and polystyrene beads 40 30 20 Foam concretes ...................................... 120 100 80 70 Foam concretes and cellular concretes... 60 40 20
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Description Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. Polystyrene concrete (oven-dried) Polymer concrete .. 1 in. .... 2 in. Polymer cement ... 2 in. Limestone ............................ ..................................... Slag concrete ............................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... WOODS (12% moisture content) Hardwoods Oak.......................................................... Birch........................................................ Maple ..................................................... Ash.......................................................... Softwoods Southern pine ......................................... Southern yellow pine............................... Eastern white pine................................... Douglas fir-Larch..................................... Southern cypress.................................... Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir ....................... Spruce ....................... Western Red Cedar......................... West coast woods, Cedars...................... Eastern White Cedar........................ California redwood .................................
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat lb/ft3 Btu in/ (hft2F) Btu/ (hft2 F) Btu/ (lbF) 27-50 1.40 0.20 16-50 2.54 0.20 122 11.4 138 7.14 117 5.39 150 3.95 0.20* 162 6.45 0.20* 60 1.5 80 2.25 100 3.0 125 8.53
Reference IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP 1018RP Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian
Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.39 s 41 - 47 43 - 45 40 - 44 38 - 42 36 - 41 31 25 34 - 36 31 - 32 24 - 31 25 22 22 - 31 22 24 - 28 1.12-1.25 1.16-1.22 1.09-1.19 1.06-1.14 1.00-1.12 1.06-1.16 0.85-0.94 0.95-1.01 0.90-0.92 0.74-0.90 0.74-0.85 0.83-0.86 0.68-0.90 0.82-0.89 0.74-0.82 0.39 s
Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 1018 1018 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 1018 1018 Cardenas 1987 1018 Cardenas 1987
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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5.2
RECOMMENDED DATA TABLE (SI)

Description Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat kg/m3 W/ (mK) W/ (m2 K) kJ/ (kg K) Reference Data Type
BUILDING BOARD AND SIDING Asbestos-cement board........................ Cement board....................................... Fiber-cement board.............................. Fiber-cement board.............................. .. ............. Gypsum or plaster board...................... 1920 1135 1375 975 415 320 640 0.57 0.25 0.25 0.19 0.07 0.06 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.14 0.17 1.00 19.2 29.2 30.2 14.9 18.7 24.1 4.31 5.22 5.34 6.02 4.20 6.93 27.0 6.53 4.77 4.03 27.0 36.9 3.92 8.46 7.21 6.98 5.39 9.60 9.31 3.12 1.93 1.31 1.09* 1.09* 1.09 2.46 2.46 1.15 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 2.46 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.64 0.77 1.81 1.53 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.70 1.70 1.59 1.70 1.53 1.70 1.31 1.92 1.92 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.59 1.59 1.75 1.15 Nottage 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 Lewis Lewis Lewis 1972 HOF 1972 HOF 1972 HOF Lewis 1972 HOF Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 NCIMA 1963 1963 1963 1963 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Plywood (Douglas fir).....................12.7 mm. 465 Plywood (Douglas fir).....................15.9 mm. 545 Plywood (softwood)................... 19 mm. 450 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ......... 9.5 mm. 655 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ....... 11.1 mm. 655 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) ....... 12.7 mm. 655 Waferboard or Wood-chip board ............ 705 Vegetable fiber board Sheathing, regular density .........12.7 mm. 290 Sheathing intermediate density .12.7 mm. 350 Nail-base sheathing ..................12.7 mm. 400 Shingle backer............................. 9.5 mm. 290 Sound deadening board.............12.7 mm. 240 Tile and lay-in panels, plain or acoustic 290 Laminated paperboard ........................ 480 Homogeneous board from repulped paper 480 Hardboard Medium density ................................... 800 High density, service-tempered grade 880 High density, standard-tempered grade 1010 Particleboard Low density.......................................... 590 Medium density .................................. 800 High density........................................ 990 Underlayment............................. 15.9 mm. 640 Shingles Asbestos-cement ................................ 1920 Wood, 16 in., 7.5 exposure.................. Wood, double, 16 in., 12 in. exposure. Wood, plus ins. backer board, 0.312 in Siding Asbestos-cement, in., lapped ......... Asphalt roll siding................................ Asphalt insulating siding ( in. bed.).. Hardboard siding, 7/16 in.................... Wood, drop, 1 by 8 in.......................... Wood, bevel, by 8 in., lapped.......... Wood, bevel, by 10 in., lapped........ Wood, plywood, in., lapped ............ Aluminum, steel, or vinyl over sheathing Hollow-backed.................................. Insulating-board backed nominal in. Insulating-board backed nominal in. foil backed....................................... Architectural (soda-lime float) glass....... 2530 BUILDING MEMBRANES Vapor-permeable felt.............................. Vapor-seal, 2 layers of mopped #15 felt Vapor-seal, plastic film............................
Goss
0.40 0.40
94.80 47.40 high 2.38 3.52 8.35 10.73 16.69
1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE
0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS Carpet and rebonded urethane pad.. in. 110 Acrylic/nylon pile, fibrous/rubber pad. - in. 290 Carpet and rubber pad (one-piece)... in. 320 Linoleum Cork .................................. in. 465 Rubber tile...... 1 in. 1870 PVC floor covering, dry.............................. Rubber floor covering ...
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Description INSULATING MATERIALS Blanket and Batt Cellulose batt insulation.............. 75 mm Glass-fiber batt insulation....... 85 90 mm ... 150 mm Mineral fiber.................... 140 mm Mineral wool, felted.................... Slag wool .......................................
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat kg/m3 W/ (mK) W/ (m2 K) kJ/ (kg K)
Reference
Data Type
30 10 - 14 8 - 13 30 16 - 48 65-130 50-190 255 305 350 400
0.035 0.043 0.045-0.048 0.036 0.040 0.035 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.048 0.050 0.048 0.032-0.04 0.032 0.022-0.03 0.032-0.039 0.020-0.027 0.019 0.019 0.038 0.049 0.050 0.053 0.061 0.052 0.050 0.072-0.076 0.082 0.039-0.045 0.045-0.052 0.045-0.052 0.052-0.061 0.068 0.063
4.54 3.01 0.52 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.40-0.47
2.46 1.09 1.09 1.09 0.99 1.09 2.19 1.92 1.92 1.09 1.04 0.77 1.70 1.75
1018RP IEA,785RP,1018RP IEA24, 785RP IEA24 CIBSE/NIST NIST Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Raznjevic Manufacturer IEA24 Nottage IEA24 IEA24 & 785RP NRCC and 1018 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1967 HOF 1963 HOF IEA24 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1985 HOF
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
Board and Slabs Cellular glass........................................... 130 Glass-fiber board insulation... 160 Expanded rubber (rigid).......................... 70 Expanded polystyrene, extruded (smooth skin) 25-40 Expanded polystyrene, molded beads.... 15-25 Polyisocyanurate, aged (unfaced) .. 25-35 with facers, aged............... 65 Phenolic foam board with facers, aged 65 Mineral fiberboard............................... 160 Mineral fiberboard, wet felted Core or roof insulation.......................... 255-270 Acoustical tile ...................................... 290 Acoustical tile ...................................... 335 Mineral fiberboard, wet molded Acoustical tile ...................................... 370 Perlite board 160 Wood or cane fiberboard Acoustical tile ............................13 mm Acoustical tile ........................... 19 mm Interior finish (plank, tile).......................... 240 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with Portland cement binder) .................................... 400-430 Cement fiber slabs (shredded wood with magnesia oxysulfide binder)................................. 350 Loose Fill Cellulosic insulation (milled paper, wood pulp) 35 - 50 Perlite, expanded..................................... 30 - 65 65 - 120 120-175 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 95 127 mm ............................. 10 - 30 approx. 165 220 mm ........................... 10 - 30 approx. 190 255 mm ........................... 10 - 30 approx. 260 350 mm ........................... 10 - 30 Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) approx. 89 mm (closed sidewall application) 30 - 55 Vermiculite, exfoliated.............................. 110-130 65 - 95
1.70 1.81 1.42 0.93 1.75
1965 HOF NIST/IEA manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 0
2 3
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Description Spray Applied Cellulosic fiber......................................... Glass fiber............................................... Polyurethane foam (low density) ............ ...................................... Polyurethane foam, aged and dry, 40 mm 50 mm . 118 mm Urea formaldehyde foam, dry.................. ROOFING Asbestos-cement shingles....................... Asphalt (bitumen with inert fill)................. Asphalt roll roofing................................... Asphalt shingles....................................... Built-up roofing ............................. 9.5 mm Mastic asphalt (heavy, 20% grit))............. Roofing felt ... Reed thatch.. Slate............................................... 13 mm Straw thatch.. Wood shingles, plain and plastic film faced PLASTERING MATERIALS Cement plaster, sand aggregate............. Sand aggregate...................... 9.5 mm Sand aggregate....................... 19 mm Gypsum plaster.................................... ...................................... Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate ............ 13 mm Lightweight aggregate .......... 15.9 mm Lightweight aggregate/metal lath 19 mm Perlite aggregate................................. Sand aggregate................................... Sand aggregate........................ 13 mm Sand aggregate..................... 15.9 mm Sand aggregate on metal lath.. 19 mm Vermiculite aggregate ......................... Perlite plaster....................................... ...................................... Pulpboard or paper plaster................ Sand-cement plaster, conditioned.......... Sand-cement-lime plaster, conditioned.. Sand-gypsum (3:1) plaster, conditioned Vermiculite plaster............................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... MASONRY MATERIALS Masonry Units Brick, fired clay .......................................
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat kg/m3 W/ (mK) W/ (m2 K) kJ/ (kg K) 55 - 95 55 - 70 6-8 40 30 55 30 8 20 0.042-0.049 0.038-0.039 0.042 0.026 0.025 0.026 0.032 0.030-0.032 1.92* 1.92* 1.92 1.92
Reference
Data Type 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
1120 1600 1900 2300 920 920 920 950 2250 270 240 1860 1120 1280 720 720 720 1680 1680 1680 720 400 600 600 1560 1440 1550 480 640 800 640
0.43 0.58 1.15 0.19 1.20 0.09 0.07 0.72 0.38 0.46 0.22 0.81 0.25 0.08 0.19 0.07 0.53 0.48 0.65 0.14 0.20 0.26 0.30
27.0 36.9 12.9 17.0 113.6 6.0 75.5 37.8 17.7 15.2 12.1 63.0 51.7 43.7
1.31 1.97 1.64 1.92 1.64 1.70 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.79 1.09
1958 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 1958 1955 CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE 1952 CIBSE 1958 1963 <1963 1963 CIBSE CIBSE 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS 1963 1963 1963 1963 ASHVE/NBS CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE
0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2400 2240 2080 1920 1760 1600 1440 1280 1120 800 770
1.21 1.47 1.07 1.30 0.92 1.13 0.81 0.98 0.71 0.85 0.61 0.74 0.52 0.62 0.43 0.53 0.36 0.45 0.20 0.22
7.10 5.11 3.75 3.07 2.56 2.27
1.04 1.15
Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 IEA24 IEA24
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep .............................. 75 mm 1 cell deep ............................ 100 mm 2 cells deep........................... 150 mm 2 cells deep........................... 200 mm 2 cells deep........................... 250 mm 3 cells deep........................... 305 mm Lightweight brick . 240 mm ........................ 300 mm
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Description
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat kg/m3 W/ (mK) W/ (m2 K) kJ/ (kg K) 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.04 1.04 1.09* 1.09* 1.04 1.04 1.31 1.09 1.09 1.15 0.82 1.26
Reference
Data Type
Concrete Blocks Limestone aggregate 200 mm, 16 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 2.73 300 mm, 25 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 cores Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.53 Normal-weight aggregate (sand and gravel) 200 mm, 16 kg, 2200 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 5.11-5.85 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 2.84 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 2.95-4.14 300 mm, 25 kg, 2000 kg/m3 concrete, 2 cores 4.60 Medium weight aggregate (combinations of normal weight and lightweight aggregate) 3 200 mm, 12 kg, 1500-1800 kg/m concrete, 2 or 3 cores 3.29-4.43 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.53-2.50 Same with vermiculite filled cores ..... 1.70 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 1.82 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 2.10 Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale, clay, slate or slag, pumice) 150 mm, 7 kg 1400 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 2.95-3.46 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 1.36 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 1.87 200 mm, 8-10 kg, 1150-1380 kg/m3 concrete 1.82-3.07 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.85-1.31 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 1.08-1.48 Same with molded EPS (beads) filled cores 1.19 Same with UF foam filled cores ........ 1.25 Same with molded EPS inserts in cores 1.65 300 mm, 16 kg, 1300-1450 kg/m3 concrete, 2 or 3 cores 2.16-2.50 Same with perlite filled cores ............ 0.62-0.91 Same with vermiculite filled cores .... 0.97 Stone, lime, or sand................................ 2880 10.4 Quartzitic and sandstone 2560 6.2 2240 3.46 1920 1.88 Calcitic, dolomitic, limestone, marble, granite 2880 4.33 2560 3.17 2240 2.31 1920 1.59 1600 1.15 Limestone ............................ 2400 0.57 ..................................... 2600 0.93 Gypsum partition tile 75 x 300 x 760 mm, solid........................ 4.49 75 x 300 x 760 mm, 4 cells..................... 4.20 100 x 300 x 760 mm, 3 cells..................... 3.41 Concretes Cement/lime mortar and stucco ............. 1920 1600 1280 2400 2240 2080 1.40 0.97 0.65 1.44 2.88 1.30 2.60 1.01 1.88
Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Valore 1980 Van Geem Van Geem Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Shu 1979 Van Geem Van Geem Valore 1980 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 Valore 1988 1018RP 1018RP Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Rowley 1937 Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore Valore
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sand/gravel/stone aggregate concretes (concretes with >50% quartz or quartzite sand have conductivities in the higher end of the range) and limestone concretes.... Lightweight aggregate or limestone concretes 1920 0.92 1.31 Expanded shale/clay/slate; expanded slags; 1600 0.68 0.89 cinders; pumice (density up to 1600 kg/m3); 1280 0.48 0.59 and scoria (sanded concretes have 960 0.30 0.36 conductivities in the higher end of the range) 640 0.19 Gypsum-fiber concrete (87.5% gypsum, 12.5% wood chips)......................................... 800 0.24 Cement concrete with perlite, 800 0.26 0.27 vermiculite, and polystyrene beads 640 0.20 0.22 480 0.16 320 0.12 Foam concretes ...................................... 1920 0.78 1600 0.59 1280 0.43 1120 0.36 Foam concretes and cellular concretes... 960 0.30 640 0.20 320 0.12
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Description Aerated concrete (oven-dried).. Polystyrene concrete (oven-dried) Polymer concrete .. .. Polymer cement .... Slag concrete ............................. ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... WOODS (12% moisture content) Hardwoods Oak.......................................................... Birch........................................................ Maple ...................................................... Ash.......................................................... Softwoods Southern pine ......................................... Southern yellow pine............................... Eastern white pine................................... Douglas fir-Larch..................................... Southern cypress..................................... Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir ........................ Spruce ....................... Western Red Cedar......................... West coast woods, Cedars...................... Eastern White Cedar........................ California redwood ................................. Pine (oven-dried). Spruce (oven-dried)
Density Conductivity, k Conductance (C) Specific Heat kg/m3 W/ (mK) W/ (m2 K) kJ/ (kg K) 430-800 0.20 1.09 255-800 0.37 1.09 1950 1.64 2200 1.03 1870 0.78 960 0.22 1280 0.32 1600 0.43 2000 1.23 2.13 s 660 750 680 725 635 700 615 670 570 660 500 400 535 680 500 515 390 500 400 350 350 500 360 350 450 370 395 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.16 5.80-6.35 4.65-5.19 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.13 4.05-4.65 4.54-4.71 0.10 0.13 4.49-4.87 0.11 0.12 3.56 3.78 2.13 s
Reference IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian Touloukian
Data Type 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Wilkes 1979 Cardenas 1987 1018 1018 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 Cardenas 1987 1018 1018 Cardenas 1987 1018 Cardenas 1987 IEA24 IEA24
2.46 2.46
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6. REFERENCES
This section includes all of the references listed at the end of the current HOF Chapter. Additional sources are also listed, and appear as numbered bullets with letter suffixes on the index listing (e.g., 1a, 1b). 1. Adams, L. 1971. Supporting cryogenic equipment with wood. Chemical Engineering (May):156-58. 1a. ASHRAE 1996. ASHRAE 785-RP Building Insulation System Thermal Anomalies. Research report prepared by Enermodal Engineering Ltd., June 1996. 1b. ASHRAE, 1998. ASHRAE SPC142: standard method for determining and expressing the heat transfer and total optical properties of fenestration products. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1c. ASHRAE. 2002. ASHRAE 1018-RP: a thermal and moisture transport property database for common building and insulating materials. Research report prepared by National Research Council Canada, July 2002. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1d. ASHVE Guide. 1947. Heating ventilating air conditioning guide 1947. Vol 25. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 1e. ASHVE Guide. 1952. Heating ventilating air conditioning guide 1952. Vol 30. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 2. Barbour, E., J. Goodrow, J. Kosny, and J.E. Christian. 1994. Thermal performance of steelframed walls. Prepared for American Iron and Steel Institute by NAHB Research Center. 3. Bassett, M.R. and H.A. Trethowen. 1984. Effect of condensation on emittance of reflective insulation. Journal of Thermal Insulation 8 (October): 127. 3a. Booth, 1991. Factors affecting the long-term insulation performance of extruded polystyrene foams. Proceedings of the second symposium on insulating materials: testing and applications, Gatlinburg, TN. 3b. Cardenas, T.J., and G.T. Bible, 1987. ASTM STP 922, The thermal properties of wood database. Thermal Insulation: Material and systems, F.J. Powell and S.L. Matthews, eds., pp. 238-282. Philadelphia: ASTM International, Inc. 4. Carslaw, H.S. and J.C. Jaeger. 1959. Conduction of heat in solids. Oxford University Press, Amen House, London, England, 449. 4a. CIBSE. 1985. Tested thermal conductivity data tables. Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, London England. 5. Dill, R.S.,W.C. Robinson, and H.E. Robinson. 1945. Measurements of heat losses from slab floors. National Bureau of Standards. Building Materials and Structures Report, BMS 103. 6. FEA. 1976. Economic thickness for industrial insulation. GPO No. 41-018-001 15-8, Federal Energy Administration, Washington, D.C. 7. Farouk, B. and D.C. Larson. 1983. Thermal performance of insulated wall systems with metal studs. Proceedings of the 18th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Orlando, FL. 8. Farouki, O.T. 1981. Thermal properties of soil. CRREL Monograph 81-1, United States Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, December. 9. Fishenden, M. 1962. Tables of emissivity of surfaces. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 5:67-76.
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10. Goss, W.P. and R.G. Miller. 1989. Literature review of measurement and prediction of reflective building insulation system performance: 1900-1989. ASHRAE Transactions 95(2). 10a. Goss and Miller. 1992. Thermal properties of wood and wood products. Proceedings of ASHRAE/DOE Conference, Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings V. 11. Hooper, F.C. and W.J. Moroz. 1952. The impact of aging factors on the emissivity of reflective insulations. ASTM Bulletin (May):92-95. 12. Houghten, F.C., S.I. Taimuty, C. Gutberlet, and C.J. Brown. 1942. Heat loss through basement walls and floors. ASHVE Transactions 48:369. 12a. Jessome, A.P. 1979. Report 523B. Canadian Waferboard Properties, Forintek Canada Ltd. Technical
13. Joy, F.A. 1958. Improving attic space insulating values. ASHAE Transactions 64:251. 14. Kersten, M.S. 1949. Thermal properties of soils. University of Minnesota, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 28, June. 15. Kosny, J. and J.E. Christian. 1995. Reducing the uncertainties associated with using the ASHRAE zone method for R-value calculations of metal frame walls. ASHRAE Transactions 101(2). 16. Latta, J.K. and G.G. Boileau. 1969. Heat losses from house basements. Canadian Building 19(10). 17. Lewis, W.C. 1967. Thermal conductivity of wood-base fiber and particle panel materials. Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL 77, June. 18. MacLean, J.D. 1941. Thermal conductivity of wood. ASHVE Transactions 47:323. 18a. Mark, James E., Editor. 1996. Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook. Institute of Physics Press, Woodbury, NY. American
19. McElroy, D.L., D.W. Yarbrough, and R.S. Graves. 1987. Thickness and density of loose-fill insulations after installation in residential attics. Thermal insulation: Materials and systems. F.J. Powell and S.L. Matthews, eds. ASTM STP 922:423-505. 20. McGowan, A. and A.O. Desjarlais. 1997. An investigation of common thermal bridges in walls. ASHRAE Transactions 103(2). 21. McIntyre, D.A. 1984. The increase in U-value of a wall caused by mortar joints, ECRC/M1843. The Electricity Council Research Centre, Copenhurst, England, June. 22. Mitalas, G.P. 1982. Basement heat loss studies at DBR/NRC, NRCC 20416. Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, September. 23. Mitalas, G.P. 1983. Calculation of basement heat loss. ASHRAE Transactions 89(1B):420. 23a. NRCC. 2004. Long-term thermal resistance of polyisocyanurate foam insulation with gas barrier. National Research Council Canada (Mukhopadhyaya, Phalguni, M.T. Bomberg, M.K. Kumaran, M. Drouin, J. Lackey, D. van Reenen, N. Normandin). Proceedings of ASHRAE/DOE Conference, Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings IX, Clearwater Beach, FL. 23b. NIST, 2000. NIST Standard Reference Database 81: NIST Heat Transmission Properties of Insulating and Building Materials. (http://srdata.nist.gov/insulation/). US Department of Commerce. 23c. Nottage, H.B. 1947. Thermal properties of building materials used in heat flow calculations. ASHVE Transactions, vol. 53, pp 215-243. 24. Prangnell, R.D. 1971. The water vapor resistivity of building materialsA literature survey. Materiaux et Constructions 4:24 (November).
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24a. Raznjevic, K. 1976. Thermal conductivity tables. Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables and Charts. 25. Robinson, H.E., F.J. Powell, and L.A. Cosgrove. 1957. Thermal resistance of airspaces and fibrous insulations bounded by reflective surfaces. National Bureau of Standards, Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 151. 26. Robinson, H.E., F.J. Powlitch, and R.S. Dill. 1954. The thermal insulation value of airspaces. Housing and Home Finance Agency, Housing Research Paper No. 32. 26a. Rowley, F.B., and A.B. Algren. 1932. Heat transmission through building materials. University of Minnesota Bulletin #8, Minneapolis, MN. 26b. Rowley, F.B., and A.B. Algren. 1937. Thermal conductivity of building materials. University of Minnesota Bulletin #12, Minneapolis, MN. 27. Sabine, H.J., M.B. Lacher, D.R. Flynn, and T.L. Quindry. 1975. Acoustical and thermal performance of exterior residential walls, doors and windows. NBS Building Science Series 77. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. 28. Salomone, L.A. and J.I.Marlowe. 1989. Soil and rock classification according to thermal conductivity: Design of ground-coupled heat pump systems. EPRI CU-6482, Electric Power Research Institute, August. 29. Shipp, P.H. 1983. Basement, crawlspace and slab-on-grade thermal performance. Proceedings of the ASHRAE/DOE Conference, Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings II,ASHRAE SP 38:160-79. 30. Shu, L.S., A.E. Fiorato, and J.W. Howanski. 1979. Heat transmission coefficients of concrete block walls with core insulation. Proceedings of the ASHRAE/DOE-ORNL Conference, Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, ASHRAE SP 28:421-35. 30a. Teesdale, L.V. 1958. Thermal insulation made of wood-base materials. FPL Report No. 1740. Forest Products Laboratory, October 1958. 30b. Touloukian, Y.S., R.W. Powell, C.Y. Ho, and I.G Clemens. 1970. Thermophysical properties of matter. Thermal Conductivity Data Tables of Nonmetallic Solids. 31. Tye, R.P. 1985. Upgrading thermal insulation performance of industrial processes. Chemical Engineering Progress (February):30-34. 32. Tye, R.P. 1986. Effects of product variability on thermal performance of thermal insulation. Proceedings of the First Asian Thermal Properties Conference, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China. 33. Tye, R.P. and A.O. Desjarlais. 1983. Factors influencing the thermal performance of thermal insulations for industrial applications. Thermal insulation, materials, and systems for energy conservation in the 80s. F.A. Govan, D.M. Greason, and J.D.McAllister, eds. ASTMSTP 789:733-48. 34. Tye, R.P. and S.C. Spinney. 1980. A study of various factors affecting the thermal performance of perlite insulated masonry construction. Dynatech Report No. PII-2. Holometrix, Inc. (formerly Dynatech R/D Company), Cambridge, MA. 35. USDA. 1974. Wood handbook. Wood as an engineering material. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Tables 3-7 and 4-2, and Figures 3-4 and 35. 36. Valore, R.C. 1980. Calculation of U-values of hollow concrete masonry. American Concrete Institute, Concrete International 2(2):40-62. 37. Valore, R.C. 1988. Thermophysical properties of masonry and its constituents, Parts I and II. International Masonry Institute, Washington, D.C.
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38. Valore, R., A. Tuluca, and A. Caputo. 1988. Assessment of the thermal and physical properties of masonry block products (ORNL/Sub/86-22020/1), September. 39. Van Geem, M.G. 1985. Thermal transmittance of concrete block walls with core insulation. ASHRAE Transactions 91(2). 40. Wilkes, K.E. 1979. Thermophysical properties data base activities at Owens-Corning Fiberglas. Proceedings of the ASHRAE/DOE-ORNL Conference, Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, ASHRAE SP 28:662-77. 40a. Willard, A.C., L.C. Lichty and L.A. Harding, tests conducted at University of Illinois. Date unknown. 40b. Winter. 1983. Steven Winter Associates report The Thermal Properties of Wood Data Base dated May 1983. 41. Yarbrough, E.W. 1983. Assessment of reflective insulations for residential and commercial applications (ORNL/TM-8891), October. 41a. Yarbrough, D.W., R.S. Graves, D.L. McElroy, A.O. Desjarlais, and R.P. Tye. 1987. The thermal resistance of spray-applied fiber insulations. Journal of Thermal Insulation. October 1987. 42. Yellott, J.I. 1965. Thermal and mechanical effects of solar radiation on steel doors. ASHRAE Transactions 71(2):42.
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APPENDIX A. 1997 Criteria for Acceptance of Thermal Property Values
ASHRAE TC 4.4 Thermal Insulation and Vapor Retarders-6/30/97

Criteria for acceptance of Thermal Property Values for publication in Chapter 24 (2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook) - includes Table 4 (Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials Design Values), Table 10 (Typical Thermal Conductivity R for Industrial Insulations at Various Mean Temperatures Design Values) and Table 6 (Transmission coefficients U for wood and steel doors). A. The proposed building material must have an accurate generic identification. Trade names will not be used. B. Specimens and samples must have been selected for testing using ASTM C390 Standard Criteria for Sampling and Acceptance of Performed Thermal Insulation Lots. C. Homogeneous Materials: proposed items must have been tested by a minimum of three different laboratories with current NVLAP (or equivalent for other countries) accreditation using ASTM C177 or C518 (or C335 for pipe insulation). D. The results for Table 4 data will be reported at a mean temperature of 75 F. They can also be reported at a mean temperature of 35 F and 110 F if available. For Table 10, Thermal Conductivity Values shall be reported for at least three mean temperatures. These mean temperature data should represent the full temperature range for the material. E. Nonhomogeneous Materials (these also include homogeneous building materials which have enclosed airspaces when assembled in the building): proposed building assembly or nonhomogeneous material must be tested in an ASTM C236, C976 or C1363 (or IS0 8990) hot box for the thermal transmittance (U-factor air to air) and conductance (surface to surface) at 35 F mean temperature or at a mean temperature that is appropriate for the building application of the building assembly or nonhomogeneous material. The reported value will be the higher of the measured or calculated U-factor or conductance result. Measured and calculated values should be fully documented. Two-dimensional or three-dimensional calculational methods are recommended. F. Other Materials and Building assemblies: For situations where standard test methods do not apply, ASHRAE TC4.4 will set special criteria for tests and calculations required for submittal of thermal performance data. ASHRAE TC 4.4 will review data submitted for technical accuracy and the format of how the data will be presented in Chapter 24. An affirmative vote by a majority of ASHRAE TC 4.4 voting members is required before including the thermal performance data along with a caveat giving the range of applicability and the source of the data.
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APPENDIX B. Revised Criteria for Acceptance of Thermal Property Values
ASHRAE TC 4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance - 5/15/07

Criteria for acceptance of Thermal Property Values for publication in Chapter 24 (2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook) - includes Table 4 (Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials Design Values) A. The proposed building material must have an accurate generic identification. Trade names will not be used. B. Specimens and samples must have been selected for testing using ASTM C390 Standard Criteria for Sampling and Acceptance of Performed Thermal Insulation Lots. C. Homogeneous Materials: it is preferred that proposed items have been tested by a minimum of three different laboratories with current NVLAP (or equivalent for other countries) accreditation using ASTM C177 or C518. These will be designated as data type 1, in accordance with the following designation: Data Type 1: Data pertaining to materials that been tested by a minimum of three different laboratories with current NVLAP (or equivalent for other countries) accreditation using ASTM C177 or C518, and that meet all other requirements of this ASHRAE Policy (Items A F). Data Type 2: Data that meets most of the ASHRAE Policy, with some indication of what criteria are not met. Data from ASTM and ISO consensus standards would fit into this category. Data Type 3: Data from a manufacturer, with some indication of an independent source for the data. Data Type 4: Data from manufacturers literature with no supporting data of any kind. Data Type 0: Data that cannot be assigned a specific category. D. The results for Table 4 data will be reported at a mean temperature of 75 F (24C). They can also be reported at a mean temperature of 35 F (2C) and 110 F (43C) if available. E. Non-homogeneous Materials (these also include homogeneous building materials which have enclosed airspaces when assembled in the building): proposed building assembly or nonhomogeneous material must be tested in an ASTM C236, C976 or C1363 (or IS0 8990) hot box for the thermal transmittance (U-factor air to air) and conductance (surface to surface) at 35 F (2C) mean temperature, or at a mean temperature that is appropriate for the building application of the building assembly or non-homogeneous material. The reported value will be the higher of the measured or calculated U-factor or conductance result. Measured and calculated values should be fully documented. Two-dimensional or three-dimensional calculational methods are recommended. F. Other Materials and Building assemblies: For situations where standard test methods do not apply, ASHRAE TC4.4 will set special criteria for tests and calculations required for submittal of thermal performance data. ASHRAE TC 4.4 will review data submitted for technical accuracy and the format of how the data will be presented in the data Chapter of the Handbook of Fundamentals. An affirmative vote by a majority of ASHRAE TC 4.4 voting members is required before including the thermal performance data along with a caveat giving the range of applicability and the source of the data.
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Catalog of Material Thermal Property Data - Rp905

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Catalog of Material Thermal Property Data - Rp905

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FINAL REPORT ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTY DATA (905-RP)

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

OBJECTIVES OF ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905

PAST ASHRAE THERMAL PROPERTY TABLES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

3. THERMOPHYSICAL DATA TABLES - BUILDING MATERIALS (I-P UNITS)

ASHVE/NBS ASHVE/NBS ASHVE/NBS Nottage Nottage Nottage

Nottage 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 1018RP

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Wood-based Building Board

Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

0.29 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.14

0.33 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.33

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA USDA

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

1958 Guide 1958 Guide 1958 Guide

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS

Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1958 1958 1963

NIST NIST NIST NIST NIST CIBSE CIBSE

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

0.091 0.077 0.067 0.053 0.048 0.045 0.033 0.026

NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA NAIMA

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Board and Slabs

The CIBSE reference also includes historical board insulation materials:

Description Glass-fiber board insulation.. 1 in. .. 2 in. Mineral fiber....................... 2 in.

Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.20 0.20 0.20

IEA24 IEA24 IEA24

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Manufacturer CIBSE Manufacturer Manufacturer

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

Dynatech 1978 41a 41a

CIBSE 1018RP 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE CIBSE

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.35* 0.35* 0.35 0.35

41a 41a 1018RP 1018RP IEA24 IEA24 IEA24 CIBSE

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

1958 1952 1958 1955 1952 1958

Nottage Nottage Nottage Nottage Nottage

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE CIBSE

The CIBSE reference also includes historical roofing materials:

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Existing Values Values in the current (2005) HOF are:

ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT 905-RP CATALOG OF MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES

Specific Heat Btu/ (lbF) 0.20 0.32 0.20