Academic Publishing in the Philippines

by Esther M. Pacheco

Origins
If one would reason that the first grammars, histories, and dictionaries of the local languages constituted scholarly or academic books because they were printed in the interest of scholarship and for a specialized audience, then the beginning of academic publishing in the Philippines can be traced to the seventeenth century, the early years of Spanish rule in the country. Leopoldo Yabes, however, argues that serious scholarship could not have begun before the middle of the nineteenth century, when writers like Francisco Baltazar satirized and criticized the ruling powers. Before then, Church influence was so strong, thinking became uniform, unorthodox ideas were condemned, and original scholarship was non-existent .2 Some of the books during the early Spanish regime were 1. religious instructions - Libro de las excelencias del Rosario e n lengua Tagala (1602), Memorial de la Vida Cristiana e n Lengua China (1606), Libro de 10s Sacramentos (1607), Librong Pinagpapalamunan yto Nang Aalisan N a n g Tayong Cristiano (1 608); 2. * grammars and dictionaries - Librong Pagaralan Nang Manga Tagalog N a n g Uicang Castila (a bilingual language book printed in 1610), Vocabulario Tagalog (1613), VocabularioJapon (1630); 3. histories printed by Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominicans - Historia de Zas Islas Archipelago, y Reyno de la Gran China, Tartaria, Conchinchinna, Malaca, Sian, Camboxa y Japon (1599), Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1604), Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de la Orden de Predicadores e n Filipinas,Japon y China (1640). Many of the books were printed in the first printing press set up in the Philippines - at the University of Santo Tomas (now known as the UST Press),

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which had been transferred there in 1616 from the house of Juan de Vera, a Chinese Christian convert. The same Juan de Vera had set up the first printing press in 1602 at his house and had earlier, in 1593, published the first book in the Philippines - the Doctrina Christiuna. It was a religious handbook in Spanish and Tagalog (one of the major vernaculars in the country). De Vera used the ancient method of printing by xylography, or block printing. Tomas Pinpin, a native Filipino from Bulacan, took over the management of the first printery from 1610 to 1639, and within this period, printed fourteen books. Pinpin is considered the father of Filipino printers. After the opening of Manila to foreign trade in 1785, scientific missions arrived in the Philippines, the most outstanding of which was Antonio Pinedas in 1789. From Pinedas extensive study of Philippine flora, a monumental book was published - Flora de Filipinas Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo (The Flora of the Philippines According to the Linnean System). The press at Santo Tomas took twelve years to print the book, using lithography for the flats illustrating the different types of Philippine flora .4 In the 1800s criticism of the Spanish regime began and found its flowering toward the end of the century with the birth of the Reform Movement in the colonized Philippines. The newspaper L a Solidaridad, founded in 1889, carried the writings of the Filipinos best nationalist writers. At the turn of the century, when the Americans took over from the Spaniards as colonizers, the Filipinos took to learning a new language and were soon publishing in English. Not very long after, regular scholarly journals appeared on the scene, many of them continuing to this day. Among the first ones of these were the Philippine Journal of Science (1906) of the Bureau of Science, Unitus (1922) of the University of Santo Tomas, and the University of the Philippines Philippine Social Sciences Review (1929), its name later to be changed to Philippine Social Science and Humanities Review. Scholarly journals have continued to grow in number and variety, as will be gleaned from the partial listing of journals at the end of this paper. The growth of journals was not matched in scholarly book and in tertiarylevel textbook publishing. A survey of serious books published from 1900 - 1935 and now in the University of the Philippines Library showed only about a dozen titles. The number grew to about one a year before World War I1 to about 15 each year today. Registered in the Copyright Office for the years 1970 to 1974 were some 70 titles. Today, more scholarly books are being produced each year than in the first thirty years of the American O c ~ u p a t i o n . ~ Still, as of the 1980s, scholarly books constitute only about 5 percent of total local book production. Neither is the state of locally authored tertiary-level

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textbooks very bright: most of the books used in tertiary-level education today are still foreign books.

Objectives
Judging by the nature of the books that have been produced by academic publishers since the American Occupation in the 19OOs, and surveying the needs of the Philippine academic community today, we can put forth the following objectives of academic publishing: 1. T o disseminate the works of scholars for other scholars; 2. To encourage the production of books by scholars for the educated general reader; 3 . To spur the production of tertiary-level textbooks written by local authors; and 4. To aid in the publication of the enduring works of Philippine literature, especially those that are needed by students in colleges and universities.

Academic Publishers Today

Several entities carry out the task of academic publishing in the Philippines: university presses, college - and university-related institutes, government and private foundations, and certain commercial publishers .6 Enumerated below are regular publishers who are engaged in ongoing academic book publishing programmes. Even those with a minimal output have been included in the list.7 University Presses Although there are some 70 universities in the Philippines, only 3 have organized university presses that pursue publishing programmes - Ateneo de Manila, De La Salle, and the University of the Philippines.' Ateneo de Manila University Press, which was founded in 1972, publishes academic works of Philippine content for local and international intent. It now has some 80 titles on its backlist under its three publishing programmes: scholarly books, textbooks, and literary works. It also publishes a scholarly journal, Philippine Studies, one of the oldest continuing journals in the country. Its distribution of books has experienced an upswing in the past five years, prompting it to reprint many of the titles put out in the past eight years. The De La Salle University Press, founded only in 1983, has put out two scholarly books on literary criticism and six monographs in the natural sciences.

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The third university press, the University of the Philippines Press, founded in 1965, aims to provide a concrete and deliberately conceived facility for the encouragement, publication, and dissemination of scholarly, creative and scientific volumes, monographs and tracts which commercial publishers would not ordinarily undertake to p ~ b l i s h .-The ~ Press now has some sixty titles on its backlist. These cover the fields of the sciences and the humanities. The Press operates its own printery and has typesetting facilities. University- or College-Related Research Centers These centers put out regular monographs or an occasional papers series. I will mention only the most prominent of these. The University of San Carlos (Cebu City) has, through its Publications Office, released since 1964 a total of 20 books and monographs, plus two scholarly journals, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, and Philippine Scientist. Its Cebu Studies Center and Maguindanao Studies Center put out occasional monographs on the cultures of the Cebuanos and Maguindanaos (both important ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippine South). The Divine Word University in Tacloban City, through its Publications Office (begun in 1967) has to date put out some 21 titles in the areas of social sciences, literature, and philosophy. It also publishes a scholarly journal, Leyte-Samar Studies. The Asian Center, established as the Institute of Asian Studies in 1955 (assuming its present name in 1968), is part of the University of the Philippines System. It also encompasses the Islamic Studies Center. The Center has, to date, put out occasional papers (4 titles), a bibliography series (3 titles), a field report series (2 titles), a monograph series (5 titles), and books (6 titles) - all of a cultural a n d intellectual interest in Asia. The Center also publishes a journal, Asian Studies. The Third World Studies Center, University of the Philippines, has just begun putting out social science monographs focused on the Philippines as a Third World country undergoing the many effects of neocolonization. The Institute of Philippine Culture (Atteneo de Manila University), which was established in 1960, has been responsible for putting out not only some distinplished titles in social science but also an oft-reprinted bestselling series, the IPC Papers. Concentrating on social science research studies on the Philippines, the Institute has published some 25 titles to date.

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Foundations and Government Publishers The publishers mentioned here derive financing from either private philanthropy or government funds for the academic books they publish. Filipinas Foundation, Inc. puts out research-based books of high production quality. Its publishing programme, begun in 1973, has produced some 30 books on Philippine culture, history and art. Foundation for Nationalist Studies, headed by the eminent Nationalist Historian-Writer Renato Constantino, publishes nationalist-oriented, research-based books. Since 1978, when it started publishing, the Center has put out 12 titles in history, economics, and social science. Many of these have been bestsellers that have seen many reprints. They have been very influential on the thinking of the current generation of young adults. National Historical Institute (NHI), a government bureau, has published, to date, 76 titles on Philippine history. They include all publications of the National Historical Commission and all other cultural agencies the NHI absorbed when it was created in 1972. The Historical Conservation Society, a private foundation, occasionally publishes well-research studies on Philippine history. Development Academy Press, the publishing arm of, the governments Development Academy of the Philippines (established to give developmental assistance mainly to public enterprises through management consultancies, policy-oriented research and action programmes), has produced some 25 titles since its creation in 1973. National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), a government bureau created in 1974, regularly puts out books on the Philippine economy. It has put out some 80 - 100 titles, including the Philippine Statistical Yearbook, which has come out yearly since 1974. Institute of Labor and Manpower Studies, of the governments Ministry of Labor and Employment, concentrates on publishing monographs on labor studies, and puts out a journal, Philippine Labor Remew. Since 1976, when it began publishing, the Institute has put out some 18 academic titles. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (Institute of National Language), the government body charged with the development of the national language, is engaged in standardization, research, and lexical elaboration. It puts out orthographies, dictionaries, and publications on the teaching of the national language.

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Commercial Publishers Some commercial publishers come out occasionally with serious scholarly books largely as part of the prestige adjunct of their main publishing line. The National Bookstore operates the largest bookstore chain in the country and runs Cacho Hermanos, one of the oldest printing presses. Its publishing division, which was established in 1973, now claims some 40 scholarly books and about 300 locally authored college textbooks (in the fields of law, medicine, natural and social sciences, business and management, literature, philosophy). Vera-Reyes, Inc., primarily a high quality printer, also has a small publishing section that has produced about a dozen books on Philippine art, history, and culture. New Day Publishers is an active publisher of Philippine fiction and general books but it has also put out about 100 academic titles since it was founded in 1970. Sinagtala Publishers, Inc., founded in 1969, concentrates on publishing tertiary-level textbooks by local authors in the fields of business, economics, philosophy, and religion. It has some 60 titles on its backlist. JMC Press (established in 1966), though prirnarily a printing press that produces elementary and secondary school textbooks for distribution by its sister company, the Goodwill Bookstore, has also been an active publisher of locally authored college textbooks in medicine, law, and accounting. These number about 70.

Major Markets and Funding Arrangements

Academic books find their primary markets in various libraries - the National Librarys 490 provincial, municipal, and village branches all over the country, in specialized libraries, and in private and public college and university libraries. These books are also bought by individual scholars mostly professors in the institutions of higher learning, teachers and students both at the graduate and undergraduate programmes. Average print runs of 2,000 copies of specialized Filipiniana take an average of 3 to 5 years to sell, unless they are adopted by large universities, which could result in sales of 5,000 - 10,000 copiedyear. Most books are sold locally. Only Ateneo de Manila University Press, New Day Publishers, Sinagtala, Vera Reyes, and the University of the Philippines Press sell a large part of their print runs abroad - mostly in the U.S.A. Almost all of the academic publishers have their books stocked by local booksellers

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who readily display these books as Filipiniana. Funding of specialized scholarly books is undertaken mainly by foundations and by universities which give subsidies for scholarly books and which may advance capital for textbooks. Commercial publishers usually lose money on the specialized prestigebooks they put out, and they must pay the cost of the money (interest rates are currently over 20% per year [they have been going down, but are still about 25% in fact]) they sink into college textbooks. Commercial publishers normally have other profitable lines like elementary and secondary school books and general books, and returns from these lines subsidize scholarly books. In order to put out their publications, some university-related institutes have obtained grants from Western European funding agencies and such agencies as the Ford Foundation and Unesco. There is a smaller market for scholarly journals since their even more specialized content make them saleable only to the professionals in the field. Well over 95 percent of journals print less than a thousand copies (most print only an average of 500 copies). The professional journals in the social sciences (for psychologists, economists, sociologists, historians, statisticians, geographers) have, in recent years, been doing better because they enjoy subsidies from the governments National Science Development Board administered through the Philippine Social Science Council (which markets the journals). All journals lose money except those that are financed by faculty and graduate students fees for university publications.

Language and Academic Publishing

The Philippine Bilingual Policy promulgated in 1974 stipulates that English shall be the medium of instruction in every grade of elementary and secondary schools for English, mathematics, and science, and that the national language (Pilipino) shall be the medium for all other academic subjects. On the college level, the Ministry requires that every student must finish at least 6 academic units in Pilipino before he is allowed to graduate. The policy is designed to inculcate cultural consciousness through the common linguistic denominator of Pilipino. Writer N.V.M. Gonzales describes this as the New Societyspriority in locating a pathway to its traditional womb .lo The bilingual policy and the growing popularity of Pilipino have brought about not only fervid activity in preparing and producing teaching materials in Pilipino for elementary and secondary schools, but have spurred college teachers and scholars to engage in authoring not only tertiary-level textbooks but also scholarly studies in Pilipino - something unheard of in earlier

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decades. The Ateneo de Manila University Press has pioneered the publishing of serious works in Pilipino. It has, in the past several years, published at least three scholarly titles in Pilipino - all in literary history and criticism. The Press has also regularly put out outstanding literary works in Pilipino - many of which are now being used by scholars, teachers, and tertiary-level students in their study of Philippine literature. The countrys three university presses are now discussing a cooperative publishing project that will boost Ateneos efforts in this area: the republication or publication of the best of the Philippines literary works in all genres, including their translation into the national language if they are written in another language (be it Spanish, English, or one of the several other Philippine languages). The increasing use of Pilipino in academic publishing not only helps in the national effort to attain a linguistic symbol of nationhood (an effort fraught with regionalistic and ethnic conflicts) but also in the earnest contemporary attempts to intellectualize the language. Furthermore, if the current endeavors to bring about greater competence in the national language succeed, more books will have better chances of being published in Pilipino, as greater numbers of people will read and buy those books in a language which they can more readily understand and identify with. Publishing in Pilipino, however, has one big disadvantage for the publisher, the author, and the prospective reader: the language automatically excludes from the market the non-Filipino academic and scholar. And this is true even in the Philippines, where the majority of academics are not yet competent enough in Pilipino to read and write scholarly works in the language. Most of them have been educated in English, which was introduced as the medium of instruction in schools and as the language of commerce and government when the Americans colonised the Philippines in the early 1900s. Most academics, therefore, for most purposes are not literate in Pilipino and express themselves best in English or in another of the Philippine languages. A solution would, of course, be the translation of scholarly works into another more widely used language like English. But translation costs would be enormous in terms of time, effort and money -- which would render the publishing project impracticable. Despite the enormous difficulties involved in translation and in the absence of any organized effort to overcome the lack of educational materials in Pilipino, some limited but significant efforts have been accomplished in translation work. There is the work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) which, in 1953, began a programme to translate the Bible into various Philippine minority languages. Today it has translated the New Testament into 22 minor languages and produced dictionaries for several languages - 6

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published, and the rest on microfiche. Another project is the one-man effort of Playwright Roland0 Tinio of Teatro Pilipino (Filipino Theater), who has not only translated into Pilipino two full operas - La Tramuta and Madame Butterfly - but also some 40 plays of significant European playwrights, like Shakespeare, Chekov, and Bernard Shaw. At the Ateno de Manila University, the philosophy department has produced in short-run editions translations of works of certain Greek and French philosophers. At the University of the Philippines, the Department of Psychology publishes research in Pilipino, while actively supporting the Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Institute of Filipino Psychology), which publishes psychology monographs and textbooks in Pilipino.

The Problems
Many problems bedevil academic publishing in the Philippines - some unique to the nature of the works published, and some traceable to the problems of the publishing industry of which it is part. There is a great lack of funds for publishing academic books, especially at this time when the country is experiencing a national economic crisis. Production of those scholarly books meant for a very specialized audience of scholars is expected to diminish, since universities (the great majority of which are wholly dependent on tuition for their income) are slowly witnessing the erosion of their funds. In the next five years, the problem is foreseen to escalate yet further. Another problem is the spiralling of production costs and subsequent higher list prices. This could result not only in limiting the number of titles and the quantity of academic books to be published but also in the further shrinking of an already small market. A major component of high production costs is paper, which is produced locally but which costs more than twice that of foreign paper. Imported paper is practically banned because of the tight supply of foreign exchange. There is a great lack of professional managers, editors, designers, and production personnel. Editors, especially of scholarly journals, need some basics on publishing management and economics; furthermore, they often lack the professional appreciation for well-designed and well-produced books and periodicals. The lack of readable, well-planned, and interestingly written scholarly manuscripts is another big problem. Books derived from such manuscripts would be more saleable and therefore not only serve more readers but also earn more revenue for the publishing houses. Basically, the problem can be reduced

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to the lack of competent academic authors. All books, including academic books, have a very depressed market not only because of the absence of effective reading consciousness but also because of the generally low income among academics and the people in general. The academic journals frequently suffer from infrequent appearance not only because of dwindling funds, but also because of inefficient management. The absence of an efficient nationwide distribution network for books remains a grave problem. There is a dearth of bookshops in practically all parts of the country outside of Metro Manila. Compounding the problem is the inadequate transportation and postal facilities for wide distribution in an archipelago made up of 7,000 islands. These problems, which appear to have no solutions in sight for the next five years, are expected to escalate even further while the country undergoes great national economic downtrends. A bright note, however, has surfaced with the diminishing supply of foreign exchange: instead of buying foreign books, libraries now use their funds for purchasing more local academic books.

Special or Innovative Arrangements

Some academic publishing houses have entered into special agreements that result in wider dissemination of their books. The Ateneo de Manila University Press has been actively pursuing copublications with foreign scholarly p,ublishers. In the past four years it has copublished with Ohio University Press, Allen and Unwin, the Asian Studies Association of Australia, the University of Hawaii Press, the University of Washington Press, the University of California Press, Yale Asian Studies Council, and the Oxford University Press at Kuala Lunipur. All its other books in English are exclusively distributed in the U.S.A. by Cellar Bookshop, a specialist bookshop on Filipiniana. The University of the Philippines Press has a contract giving the University of Hawaii Press exclusive rights to distribute all its titles outside the Philippines. Sinagtala Publishers, Inc. has entered into barter arrangements with certain European publishers whereby Sinagtala sells a certain number of copies of a title in exchange for a certain number of copies of a title from its European counterpart. This innovative arrangement bypasses the difficulties arising from the scarcity of foreign exchange that the Philippines is currently experiencing. The National Library gives special help to academic publishers by specifically setting aside a large part of its purchasing budget for buying 100

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copies (it used to be 300 - 400 copies) of any significant scholarly title on the Philippines. Many of these books are sent to its many branches outside Manila. The Fund for Assistance to Private Education (FAPE) gives private college and university libraries an incentive to buy local scholarly titles by subsidizing a library up to P5,OOO annually for the purchase of such books, with the library setting aside an equal counterpart fund. The Academic Libraries Book Acquisitions Services Association (ALBASA) passes on to its library-members the savings it obtains by buying books in bulk for these libraries. Vera-Reyes, Inc. has recently set up an American branch of its operations to market Southeast Asian scholarly books. It promises to become an effective distributor of Philippine scholarly books.

Publicity and Promotions

There are many ways of publicizing books in the Philippines, but these means are poorly exploited by many academic publishers. The many academic journals provide a varied and ready outlet for reviews of Philippine books, but are not vigorously utilized. Much less use is made of specialized journals outside the Philippines. Although the more active academic publish.ers issue regular catalogues and flyers, and issue press releases about new titles, the smaller publishers more often than not neglect to publicize their titles in this manner. Academic books have been given exposure and publicity through local and international book fairs (Frankfurt, Moscow, Singapore, China) and through the Book Development Association of the Philippines (BDAP), to which most of the academic publishers belong. This exposure has resulted in actual sales and in greater publicity. Several Book Awards exist to encourage excellence in content and in p.roduction. There are (1) the Gintong Aklut (Golden Book) Award of the Book Development Association of the Philippines (BDAP), which considers the book in its totality - content and relevance, writing and editing, design, printing and binding; (2) the National Book Awards, which are based solely on content, and are given to authors, not publishers; (3) the Catholic Mass Media Awards, two categories of which are meant for books in English and in Pilipino; and the (4) Palanca Literary Awards, which are given yearly to outstanding literary pieces in different genres.

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Recommendations
In order to strengthen Philippine academic publishing and in order to help insure that society partakes of its benefits, the following recommendations are proposed: 1. So that academic presses in the Philippines can get additional funding for their books, they should work toward convincing foundations (which usually support projects other than books) that Philippine scholarly books are worthy recipients of subsidy. 2 . Presses could work toward cutting down on production costs by (a) employing designs that make for economical books, (b) using cheaper paper; (c) putting out smaller books, as opposed to the typical thick scholarly volumes that deserve to be more tightly written. 3. More interestingly written (and therefore more readable and more saleable) scholarly books might result if books are planned before they are written. Publishers should therefore consider a collaborative effort among authors, editors and publishers in planning their books for publication instead of relying merely on finished manuscripts that are submitted for publication. 4. Because of the difficulties of selling scholarly books, scholarly publishers should explore the possibility of cooperative selling: one publisher or one agent outside the scholarly publishing circle could act as the main or sole supplier of all scholarly books in the Philippines. This specialized selling would not only cut down on overhead costs but also most probably result in more sales than when individual publishers sell their own titles. 5. State colleges and universities, as well as other centers of advanced studies, should obtain from the government funds specifically for scholarly books and journals, as well as for developing pioneering tertiarylevel textbooks. 6 . Institutions of higher learning should provide incentives for meaningful research and for writing college textbooks and scholarly books. Incentives could take the form of grants and a reduction of teaching loads. 7. The government should take steps to remove or at least reduce taxes on bookpaper meant for scholarly books and delete taxes on the sales of scholarly books. 8 . A national government award for outstanding scholar-writers should be instituted similar to the one awarded to poets, artists, and inventors. 9. In order to facilitate and improve communication of ideas and information on scholarly publishing, academic publishers of the ASEAN region should consider joining the only international scholarly publishers

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association which pays special attention to the needs of members in developing countries - the International Association of Scholarly Publishers (IASP), which publishes a regular newsletter and organizes seminars and workshops (one was held in New Delhi, in conjunction with the World Book Fair in February 1986). 10. A catalogue of selected academic/scholarly titles in English from publishers in the ASEAN region should be prepared regularly and negotiations could be made with an international academic books distributor to have the titles in the catalogue distributed in Asia/Pacific, America, and Europe.

Appendix 1
Academic Journals There are many and varied academic journals in the country, and these are put out largely by professional associations and by colleges and universities. The listing below gives only the more stable ones. The information in parentheses gives the year of first issue, the subject covered by the journal, and the publisher. l1 1 . Acta Manilena (1952; natural and applied sciences, socioeconomics and history; University of Santo Tomas) 2 . A g h a m (1983; natural sciences; De La Salle University) 3. Araneta Research Journal (1 952; science and humanities; Araneta University) 4. Asian Studies (1962; science and humanities of interest to Asia; Asian Center, University of the Philippines) 5 . Chemists Quarterly (1959; chemistry; Chemical Society of the Philippines) 6. Boletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas (1926; religion; University of Santo Tomas) 7. Dzliman Review (1951; arts and letters; College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines) 8 . Dansalan Quarterly (1981 ; culture of Muslim Filipinos; Dansalan Research Center, Iligan City) 9. Economic Research Journal (1 952; economics and business; University of the East Graduate School of Business) 10. Education Quarterly (1 953; education; University of the Philippines College of Education)

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11. Far Eastern University Journal (1956; contemporary perspectives; Far Eastern University) 12. Journal of Educational Research (1956; education; Philippine Christian University) 13. Journal of History (1956; Philippine history; Philippine National Historical Society) 14. Journal of Northern Luzon (1971; culture, education, sciences; St. Marys College, Bayombong, Nueva Viscaya) 15. Kinaadman (1979; interdisciplinary studies on the Philippines; Xavier University, Ateneo de Zamboanga, Ateneo de Naga) 16. Leyte-Samar Studies (1967; culture of Leyte and Samar; Divine Word University of Tacloban, Tacloban City) 17. Mindanao Journal (1974; multidisciplinary; Mindanao State University, Marawi City) 18. National Research Council of the Philippines Bulletin (1946; natural sciences; National Research Council of the Philippines) 19. Philippine Economic Journal (1960; Philippine economics; Philippine Economic Society) 20. Philippine Historical Review (1966; Philippine history; Philippine Chapter, International Association of Historian of Asia) 21. Philippine Journal of Biology (1972; biology research; Kalikasan Press, College, Laguna) 22. Philippine Education Quarterly (197 1; education; Arellano University) 23. Philippine Journal of Linguistics (1970; linguistics; Linguistic Society of the Philippines) 24. Philippine Journal of Psychology (1968; psychology; Psychological Association of the Philippines) of Public Administration (1957; public 25. Philippine Journal administration; University of the Philippines College of Public Administration) 26. Philippine Political Science Journal (1972; political science; Philippine Political Science Association) 27. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society (1973; science and humanities; University of San Carlos, Cebu City) 28. Philippine Review of Business and Economics (1964; business and economics; University of the Philippines College of Business and Economics) Philippine Social Science and Humanities Review (1929; social sciences 29. and humanities; University of the Philippines College of Arts and Sciences)

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30. Philippine Sociological Review (1953; sociology; Philippine Sociological Society) 31. Philippine Statistics (1952; theoretical and applied statistics; Philippine Society of Statisticians) 32. Philippine Studies (1953; humanities and social sciences; Ateneo de Manila University) 33. Philippine Journal of Science (1906; sciences; Institute of Science and Technology) 34. Philipiniana Sacra (1966; ecclesiastical sciences; University of Santo Tomas) 35. St. Louis University Research Journal (1971 ; science and the humanities; St. Louis University) 36. SillimanJournal (1953; science and humanities; Silliman University) 37. Solidarity (1966; current affairs, ideas, and the arts; Solidaridad Publishing House) 38. Unitas (1928; science and humanities; University of Santo Tomas)

Appendix 2
Listing of Major Academic Publishers
T h e limited directory below includes only major academic publishers. 1. Asian Center, University of the Philippines, Quezon City 2. Ateneo de Manila University Press, P.O. Box 154, Manila 3. De La Salle University, Integrated Research Center 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 4. Divine Word University (Publications Office), Tacloban City 5. Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 38 Panay Avenue, Quezon City 6. Filipinas Foundation, Inc., P.O. Box 259, Makati Commercial Center, Makati, Manila 7. Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University, P.O. Box 154, Manila 8. JMC Press, 388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City 9. National Bookstore, P.O. Box 1934, Manila 10. National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), Padre Faura, Manila 11. National Historical Institute, National Library, Manila 12. New Day Publishers, Inc., P.O. Box 167, Quezon City 13. Sinagtala Publishers, Inc., 2506 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila

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14. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa, PAG-IBIG Building, EDSA cor. East Avenue, Quezon City 15. University of the Philippines Press, Diliman, Quezon City 16. University of San Carlos (Publications Office) Cebu City 17. Vera-Reyes, Inc., 40 Valencia Street, Quezon City

Notes
1. See F.C. Sta. Maria, Scholarly Publishing in the Philippines: A Review and Assessment,Philippine Studies 21 (1973): 5 - 6. 2. Pacifico Aprieto, in Book Publishing and Philippine Scholarship (Manila: Daily Star Publishing Co., 198l), p. 23, citing Leopoldo Yabes, The Philippine Scholar, CollegeJournal, no. 5 (1963), p. 91. 3. See Alfred0 Navarro Salanga, Publishing in the Philippines, in Publishing in the Third World, ed. P. Albach, A. Arboleda, S. Gopinathan (N.J. Heinemann), pp. 138 - 51. 4. Ibid. 5. Pacifico Aprieto, Book Publishing pp. 24 - 25. 6. Information on the publishers and their publications, as well as on the scholarly journals, have been obtained not only through interviews with key personnel of the publishing houses concerned, but also through library research. 7 . Excluded from the survey are international organizations like the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the International Center for Living Acquatic Resources Management (ICLARM). 8 . The University of the East Press had been organized around 1975 and had gone into limited textbook publishing for its own students before turning inactive because of the formidable financial problems the University began facing last year. 9. From the University of the Philippines Board of Regents resolution creating the university press, 31 March 1985. 10. Unless otherwise specified, the publishers are based in Metro Manila. 11. Quoted in C. Bautista and A. Salanga, The Year in Literature, 1980 Fookien Times Yearbook, p. 351.