X Detect abnormal conditions X Isolate faulty part of the system X Speed Fast operation to minimise damage and danger X Discrimination Isolate only the faulty section X Dependability / reliability X Security / stability X Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards
F1
F2
F3
X Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to fault operates first X Minimise system disruption due to the fault
Fuses
IFA approx 2 x IFB X Limited sensitivity to earth faults X Single phasing X Fixed characteristic X Need replacing following fault clearance
Tripping Methods
51
Trip Coil IF
IF '
+
51
-
IF
X Capacitor discharge trip used with static relays where no secure DC supply is available
51
DC BATTERY
Overcurrent Protection
X Operating Speed Instantaneous Time delayed X Discrimination Current setting Time setting Current and time X Cost Generally cheapest form of protection relay
50
IF2
50
IF1
X Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault operates X Problem Relies on there being a difference in fault level between the two relay locations Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2
TOP
Applied Current
51
0.9 sec
51
0.5 sec
X Operating time is independent of current X Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time X Problem Longest operating time is at the source where fault level is highest
Applied Current
X Current setting via plug bridge X Time multiplier setting via disc movement X Single characteristic X Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus additional EF relay
X Electronic, multi characteristic X Fine settings, wide range X Integral instantaneous elements
I>1 I>2
Time
I>3 I>4
Current
X Multiple characteristics and stages X Current settings in primary or secondary values X Additional protection elements
Co-ordination
R1
R2
IF1
T
IS2 IS1
X Relay closest to fault must operate first X Other relays must have adequate additional operating time to prevent them operating X Current setting chosen to allow FLC X Consider worst case conditions, operating modes and current flows
10
E
1
D C B
0.1
0.01
Current (A)
FLB
FLC
FLD
X SI
0.14 (I0.02 -1) X VI t = 13.5 (I2 -1) X EI t = 80 (I2 -1) X LTI t = 120 (I - 1)
t =
10
LTI SI
1
VI EI
0.1 1
10
100
100
10
0.1 1
X Set just above full load current allow 10% tolerance X Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by downstream device consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio) relay must fully reset with full load current flowing zPU/DO for static/numerical = 95% zPU/DO for EM relay = 90% X e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95
R1
R2
IF1
Set upstream device current setting greater than downstream relay e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2
R1
R2
X Traditional breaker op time relay overshoot allow. For errors safety margin Total X Calculate using formula
X Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic X Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s X Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse X Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to ensure co-ordination
Tf Tr
I FMAX
X 1.175Tr
0.1 +
CB
0.1
Safety margin
0.6Tf
Allowance for fuse error (fast)
or X Tf = 2Tr + 0.33s
100
X Used to adjust the operating time of an inverse characteristic X Not a time setting but a multiplier X Calculate TMS to give desired operating time in accordance with the grading margin
10
X Calculate relay operating time required, Treq consider grading margin fault level X Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with TMS = 1, T1 X TMS = Treq /T1
X Calculate required operating current X Calculate required grading margin X Calculate required operating time X Select characteristic X Calculate required TMS X Draw characteristic, check grading over whole curve Grading curves should be drawn to a common voltage base to aid comparison
200/5
B
Is = 5 Amp
A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
X Grade relay B with relay A X Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both relays = 1400A X Assume grading margin of 0.4s
200/5
B
Is = 5 Amp
A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
X Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary X Relay A set to 100A If (1400A) = PSM of 14 relay A OP time = t = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 x 0.05 = 0.13 (I0.02 -1) (140.02 -1) X Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s X Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
B Is = 5 Amp
X Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s X Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve X Relay B set to 200A If (1400A) = PSM of 7 relay B OP time TMS = 1 = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 = 3.52s (I0.02 -1) (70.02 -1) X Required TMS = Required Op time = 0.53 = 0.15 Op time TMS=1 3.52 X Set relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI
350MVA
CTZ61
ACB ACB
CTZ61
2 1
(Open)
MCCB 27MVA
1 2 3 4 F
Fuse Load
K 20MVA
TX damage
350MVA
KCEG 142
ACB
2
(Open)
ACB
1 1 2 3 4 F
MCCB 27MVA
Fuse Load
K 20MVA
TX damage
10kA
1000kA
R1
IF1
M
(Transient backfeed ?)
Delta/Star Transformers
X A phase-phase fault on one side of transformer produces 2-1-1 distribution on other side X Use an overcurrent element in each phase (cover the 2x phase) X 2 & EF relays can be used provided fault current > 4x setting
Turns Ratio = 3 :1
51 HV
51 LV
X Grade HV relay with respect to 21-1 for - fault X Not only at max fault level 86.6%If3 If3
HV2
HV1
LV
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
CURRENT
X Set HV inst 130% IfLV X Stable for inrush X No operation for LV fault X Fast operation for HV fault X Reduces op times required of upstream relays
1.3IF(LV)
Earthfault Protection
X Earth fault current may be limited X Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by overcurrent relays Use dedicated EF protection relays X Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current Can be set to values less than full load current X Co-ordinate as for OC elements May not be possible to provide co-ordination with fuses
E/F
OC
OC
OC
E/F
OC
OC
E/F
OC
OC
OC
E/F
OC
OC
OC
X Independent of neutral current but must use 3 OC relays for phase to neutral faults
X Resistance earth setting w.r.t earth fault level special considerations for impedance earthing - directional?
X Settings down to 0.2% possible E/F X Isolated/high impedance earth networks X For low settings cannot use residual connection, use dedicated CT X Advisable to use core balance CT X CT ratio related to earth fault current not line current X Relays tuned to system frequency to reject 3rd harmonic
NO OPERATION
OPERATION
X Need to take care with core balance CT and armoured cables X Sheath acts as earth return path X Must account for earth current path in connections - insulate cable gland
E/F