GOLONGAN IVB

Titanium Electrons per shell Electron Configuration Ground state Atomic Volume Electronegativity Magnetic ordering Mass susceptibility Molar susceptibility Speed of sound Thermal Properties Enthalpy of Atomization Enthalpy of Fusion Enthalpy of Vaporisation Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Hardness Brinell hardness Mohs hardness Vickers hardness Elastic Properties Bulk modulus Poisson ratio Shear modulus Young's modulus Electrical Properties Electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity Chemical Properties Electrochemical Equivalent Electron Work Function 0.4468 g Ah-1 4.33 eV 4.0 x 10-7 m 0.0234 106/cm 110 GPa 0.32 44 GPa 116 GPa 716 MPa 6.0 970 MPa 468.6 kJ mol-1 @25C 20.9 kJ mol-1 425.5 kJ mol-1 25.060 J mol-1 K-1 21.9 W m-1 K-1 8.6 m m-1 K-1 magnetic magnetic 2,8,10,2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2
3

F2

10.64 cm3 mol-1 1.54 No data 4.01 x 10-8 1.919 x 10-9 5090 m s-1

Valence Electron Potential 95.2 (-eV) Ionization Potential First Second Third Energy Levels K1 K2
(intensity 100) (intensity 50)

6.82 13.58 27.491 4.51084 KeV 4.50486 KeV

K1 L1 L2 L1 L3 L4 L3 Ll

(intensity 20.44) (intensity 100) (intensity 10) (intensity 20) (intensity 4) (intensity 4) (intensity 55)

4.93181 KeV 0.4522 KeV 0.4522 KeV 0.4584 KeV 0.519 KeV 0.519 KeV 0.401 KeV 0.395 KeV 140 pm 176 pm 136 pm No data. 108 pm 147 pm Ti+4 Ti-1, Ti0, Ti+2, Ti+3 658 1310 2652 4175 9573 11516 13590 16260 18640 20830 10 2171 100 (2403) 1K 2692 10K 100K 3064 3558

(intensity 140)

Atomic Radii Empirical Bohr Radius Covalent Radius Van der Waals Triple covalent Metallic Oxidation States Main Other M - M+ M+ - M2+ M M M M M M M P (Pa) T (K)
2+ 3+ 4+ 5+

Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)

-M -M -M -M -M -M -M

3+ 4+ 5+ 6+

M6+ - M7+
7+ 8+ 9+ 8+ 9+ 10+

Vapour Pressure 1 1982

Crystal Structure Structure Hexagonal packed close

a = 295.08 pm b = 295.08 pm c = 468.55 pm = 90 = 90 = 120

Titanium Compounds Titanium boride Titanium carbide Titanium dioxide Titanium nitride Titanium boride TiB2 An extremely hard ceramic material with excellent corrosion resistance at high temperatures and very good wear resistance which does not occur naturally in earth. Many TiB2 applications are inhibited by economic factors, particularly the costs of densifying a high melting point material. Current use of this material appears to be limited to specialized applications in such areas as impact resistant armour, cutting tools, crucibles and wear resistant coatings. Titanium carbide TiC An extremely hard refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide. It is commercially used in tool bits cutting tools. It is mainly used in preparation of cermets, which are frequently used to machine steel materials at high cutting speed. Tool bits without tungsten content can be made of titanium carbide in nickel-cobalt matrix cermet, enhancing the cutting speed and precision and smoothness of the workpiece. This material is sometimes called high-tech ceramics and is used as a heat shield for atmospheric re-entry of space shuttles and similar vehicles. The substance may be also polished and used in scratch-proof watches. Titanium dioxide TiO2 Titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment because of its brightness and very high refractive index, in which it is surpassed only by a few other materials. When deposited as a thin film, its refractive index and colour make it an excellent reflective optical coating for dielectric mirrors. TiO2 is also an effective opacifier in powder form, where it is employed as a pigment to provide whiteness and opacity to products such as paints, coatings, plastics, papers, inks, foods, and most toothpastes. In cosmetic and skin care products, titanium dioxide is used both as a pigment and a thickener, and in almost every sunblock with a physical blocker, titanium dioxide is found both because of its refractive index and its resistance to discolouration under ultraviolet light. This advantage enhances its stability and ability to protect the skin from ultraviolet light. Titanium dioxide is used as a white food dye. In that use, its E number is E171. Titanium nitride TiN An extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a coating on titanium alloy, steel, carbide, and aluminium components to improve the substrate's surface properties. Far and away the most common use for TiN coating is for edge retention and corrosion resistance on machine tooling, such as drill bits and milling cutters, often improving their lifetime by a factor of three or more. Because of its metallic gold colour, it is used to coat costume jewellery and automotive trim for decorative purposes. TiN is also widely used as a top-layer coating, usually with nickel or chromium plated substrates, on consumer plumbing fixtures and door hardware. Reactions of Titanium Reactions with water Titanium is coated with a thin oxide layer that under normal circumstances renders inert in air. However, titanium will react with steam to form titanium(IV) oxide and hydrogen. Ti(s) + 2H2O(g) TiO2(s) + 2H2(g) Reactions with air

Titanium is coated with a thin oxide layer that under normal circumstances renders inert in air. However, once titanium starts to burn in air it burns with a bright white flame to form titanium oxide and titanium nitride. It will burn in pure nitrogen to form titanium nitride. Ti(s) + O2(g) 2Ti(s) + N2(g) TiO2(s) TiN(s)

Reactions with halogens Titanium does react with the halogens upon warming to form titanium(IV) halides. The reaction with fluorine requires heating to 200C. Ti(s) + 2F2(g) Ti(s) + 2Cl2(g) Ti(s) + 2Br2(l) Ti(s) + 2I2(s) TiF4(s) TiCl4(s) TiBr4(s) TiI4(s)

Reactions with acids Dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid reacts with titanium to form the complex anion [TiF 6]3together with hydrogen. 2Ti(s) + 12HF(aq) 2[TiF6]3-(aq) + 3H2(g) + 6H+(aq) Titanium metal does not react with mineral acids at ambient temperature but does react with hot hydrochloric acic to form titanium(III) complexes. Reactions with bases Titanium does not appear to react wih alkalis under normal conditions, even when hot. Reduction Potentials Balanced half-reaction TiIV + eTi Ti Ti
IV 3+ 2+

E0 / V -0.092 -0.88 -0.369 -1.630

TiIII
-

+ 4e +e
-

Ti(s) Ti
2+

+ 2e

Ti(s)
-

TiO22+ TiO22+

+ H + 4e
+ + +

HTiO2>sup> TiO Ti
3+ 2+

+1.303 +1.800 -0.666 -0.502 +0.099 +0.04 -0.135 +0.362 -1.19

+ 2H + 2e
-

+ H2O

TiO2(s) + 4H + e TiO TiO

2+ 2+

+ H2O + H2O

TiO2(s) + 4H + 2e + 2H + e + 2H + e
+ + -

Ti Ti Ti
3+ 3+

2+

+ H2O + H2O
2+

TiO2+ + 2H+ + 2eHTiO2- + 5H+ TiF62- + 4e+ 2e

-

Ti2+ + H2O Ti
-

+ 3H2O

Ti(s) + 6F

Occurrence and Production of Titanium Occurrence Titanium is always bonded to other elements in nature. It is the ninth-most abundant element in the Earth's crust (0.63% by mass) and the seventh-most abundant metal. It is present in most igneous rocks and in sediments derived from them (as well as in living things and natural bodies of water). In fact, of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey, 784 contained titanium. Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5 to 1.5%. It is widely distributed and occurs primarily in the minerals anatase, brookite, ilmenite (FeTiO3), perovskite, rutile (TiO2), titanite ( CaTiSiO5) (sphene), as well in many iron

ores. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have any economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations. Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in western Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, and Ukraine. Large quantities of rutile are also mined in North America and South Africa and help contribute to the annual production of 90,000 tonnes of the metal and 4.3 million tonnes of titanium dioxide. Total known reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes. Titanium is contained in meteorites and has been detected in the sun and in M-type stars; the coolest type of star with a surface temperature of 3,200C (5792F). Rocks brought back from the moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% TiO 2. It is also found in coal ash, plants, and even the human body. Titanium [Ti] CAS-ID: 7440-32-6 An: 22 N: 26 Am: 47.867 g/mol Group No: 4 Group Name: Transition metals Block: d-block Period: 4 State: solid at 298 K Colour: silvery metallic Classification: Metallic Boiling Point: 3560K (3287C) Melting Point: 1941K (1668C) Superconducting temperature: 0.40K (-272.7C) Density: 4.506g/cm3 Discovery Information Who: William Gregor When: 1791 Where: England Name Origin Greek: titanos (Titans).
"Titanium" in different languages.

Sources Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite (Fe3O4), titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. The primary deposits of titanium ore are in Australia, Scandinavia, North America and Malaysia. World wide production is around 99 thousand tons. Abundance Universe: 3 ppm (by weight) Sun: 4 ppm (by weight) Carbonaceous meteorite: 550 ppm Earth's Crust: 6600 ppm Seawater: 4.8 x 10-4 ppm Uses Titanium is well known for its excellent resistance to corrosion; it is almost as resistant as platinum, being able to withstand attack by acids, moist chlorine gas, and by

common salt solutions. Because of its high tensile strength (even at high temperatures), light weight, extraordinary corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures, titanium alloys are used in aircraft (a Boeing 737 contains around 18 tons, a 777 around 58 tons), armour plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. It is used in steel alloys to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content. Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to refine grain size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron, manganese, molybdenum and with other metals. Because it is considered to be physiologically inert, the metal is used in joint replacement implants such as hip ball and sockets and to make medical equipment and in pipe/tank lining in food processing. Since titanium is non-ferromagnetic patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with magnetic resonance imaging, which makes it convenient for long term implants and surgical instruments for use in imageguided surgery. 95% of titanium production is consumend in the form of titanium dioxide (TiO 2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many other materials. Also used in heat exchangers, airplane motors, bone pins and other things requiring light weight metals or metals that resist corrosion or high temperatures. Titanium oxide is used extensively in paints and in suncreens. Due to excellent resistance to sea water, it is used to make propeller shafts and rigging and in the heat exchangers of desalination plants and in heater-chillers for salt water aquariums, and lately diver knives as well. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colourless liquid, is used to iridize glass and because it fumes strongly in moist air it is also used to make smoke screens and in skywriting. History Titanium was discovered combined in a mineral in Cornwall, England in 1791 by amateur geologist William Gregor, the then vicar of Creed village. He recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite (FeTiO3) when he found black sand by a stream in the nearby parish of Manaccan and noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet. Analysis of the sand determined the presence of two metal oxides; iron oxide (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide he could not identify. Gregor, realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match the properties of any known element, reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and in the German science journal Crell's Annalen. Around the same time, Franz Joseph Muller also produced a similar substance, but could not identify it. The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile from Hungary. Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology. After hearing about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed it contained titanium. The processes required to extract titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce in the normal manner, by heating in the presence of carbon, because that produces titanium carbide. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter by heating TiCl 4 with sodium in a steel bomb at 700 - 800C in the Hunter process. Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1946 when William Justin Kroll proved that it could be commercially produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium in what came to be known as the Kroll process. Although research continues into more efficient and cheaper processes (FFC Cambridge, e.g.), the Kroll process is still used for commercial production. Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered the iodide, or crystal bar, process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapours over a hot filament to pure metal.

Notes Pure titanium is a lustrous white metal, as strong as steel, 45% lighter, 60% heavier than aluminium. Titanium is Latin and refers to the Titans, the first sons of the earth in Mythology. It was discovered by Gregor in 1791 and named by Klaproth four years later. It was nearly a hundred years later (1887) when impure titanium was first prepared by Nilson and Pettersson. About 20 years later Hunter heated Titanium Chloride TiCl 4 with sodium in a steel bomb and isolated 99.6% pure titanium. It is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is also found in meteorites and in the sun. It is found in the ash of coal, in plants and even in the human body. It occurs in the minerals rutile (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). As a compound, it is found as Titanium dioxide TiO2 in star sapphires and rubies (it is TiO2 that gives them their asterism). It is also found as titanium chloride (TiCl 4). When it is red hot the metal combines with oxygen, and when it reaches 550C it combines with chlorine. It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen. Hazards As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard and, when heated in air, an explosion hazard. Water and carbon dioxide-based methods to extinguish fires are ineffective on burning titanium. Titanium powder is harmful if inhaled and is also an eye irritant.

ZIRCONIUM
Zirconium Electrons per shell Electron Configuration Ground state Atomic Volume Electronegativity Magnetic ordering Mass magnetic susceptibility Molar magnetic susceptibility Speed of sound Thermal Properties 2,8,18,10,2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2
3

F2

14.1 cm3 mol-1 1.33 No data 1.66 x 10-8 1.514 x 10-9 3800 m s-1

Enthalpy of Atomization Enthalpy of Fusion Enthalpy of Vaporisation Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Hardness Brinell hardness Mohs hardness Vickers hardness Elastic Properties Poisson ratio Shear modulus Young's modulus Electrical Properties Electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity Chemical Properties Electrochemical Equivalent Electron Work Function

598 kJ mol-1 @25C 23 kJ mol-1 566.7 kJ mol-1 25.36 J mol-1 K-1 22.6 W m-1 K-1 5.7 m m-1 K-1 650 MPa 5.0 903 MPa 0.34 33 GPa 68 GPa 4.2 x 10-7 m 0.0236 106/cm 0.8509 g Ah-1 4.05 eV

Valence Electron Potential 80 (-eV) Ionization Potential First Second Third Incompatibilities Flammability Combustible Energy Levels K1 K2 K1 K2 K3 L1 L2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L1 L3 Ll
(intensity 100) (intensity 50) (intensity 16.6) (intensity 3.2) (intensity 7.9) (intensity 100) (intensity 10) (intensity 44) (intensity 1.8) (intensity 4) (intensity 1.5) (intensity 0.5) (intensity 3)

6.84 13.13 22.99 Potassium nitrate (KNO3), oxidizers.

15.7751 KeV 15.6909 KeV 17.6678 KeV 17.9663 KeV 17.6501 KeV 2.04236 KeV 2.0399 KeV 2.1244 KeV 2.2194 KeV 2.2014 KeV 2.1878 KeV 2.3027 KeV 1.876 KeV 1.7906 KeV

(intensity 6)

Atomic Radii Empirical Bohr Radius Covalent Radius Van der Waals Triple covalent Metallic Oxidation States Main Other M - M+ M -M M M M M M M
2+ 3+ + 2+ 3+ 4+

155 pm 206 pm 148 pm No data. 121 pm 160 pm Zr+4 Zr0, Zr+1, Zr+2, Zr+3 660 1267 2218 3313 7860 9500 11200 13800 15700 17500 1 2639 10 2891 100 3197 1K 3575 10K 4053 100K 4678

Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)

-M -M -M -M -M -M

M4+ - M5+
5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+

M9+ - M10+ Vapour Pressure P (Pa) T (K) Structure

Crystal Structure Hexagonal close packed a = 323.2 pm b = 323.2 pm c = 514.7 pm = 90 = 90 = 120 Zirconium Compounds Zirconium carbide Zirconium dioxide Zirconium(IV) hydroxide Zirconium nitride Zirconium carbide ZrC An extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. It is usually processed by sintering. It has the appearance of a gray metallic powder with cubic crystal structure. It is highly corrosion resistant. Zirconium carbide reacts with water and acids and is pyrophoric. Hafnium-free zirconium carbide and niobium carbide can be used as refractory coatings

in nuclear reactors. It is also used as an abrasive, in metal cladding, in cermets, incandescent filaments and cutting tools. Zirconium dioxide ZrO2 Sometimes known as zirconia, is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. Its most naturally occurring form, with a monoclinic crystalline structure, is the rare mineral, baddeleyite. The high temperature cubic crystalline form, called 'cubic zirconia', is rarely, if ever, found in nature, but is synthesized in various colours for use as a gemstone and is the best-known diamond simulant. Zirconium dioxide is one of the most studied ceramic materials. Pure ZrO2 has a monoclinic crystal structure at room temperature and transitions to tetragonal and cubic at increasing temperatures. It is used as a refractory material, in insulation, abrasives, enamels and glazes. Stabilized zirconia is used in oxygen sensors and fuel cell membranes because it has a unique ability to allow oxygen ions to move freely through the crystal structure at high temperatures. This high ionic conductivity (and a low electronic conductivity) makes it one of the most useful electroceramics. Zirconia is one of few compounds that actually becomes conductive at high temperatures, and more conductive, as its temperature increases. Zirconia starts out with a very high resistance at room temperature, greater than 1 trillion ohm-cm. As the temperature increases it has less than 20,000 ohm-cm at 500 degrees Celsius, to having less than 1,000 ohm-cm of resistance at 1,000 degrees Celsius. It loses nearly all of its resistance around 2,000 degrees Celsius, and becomes a very good conductor. Zirconium(IV) hydroxide Zr(OH)4 Zirconium hydroxide is primarily used as in intermediate for the manufacture of zirconium compounds. It is used in pigments, glass and dyes. Zirconium nitride ZrN It is hard and refractory. It has been used recently as an alternative to titanium nitride for coating drill bits. Both coatings are supposed to keep the bit sharper and cooler during cutting. It is also used in refractories, cermets and laboratory cruibles. Reactions of Zirconium Reactions with water Zirconium does not react with water under normal conditions. Reactions with air Zirconium is coated with an oxide layer that usually renders it inactive. However zirconium does burn in air if provoked to form zirconium(IV) oxide, ZrO2. Zr(s) + O2(g) ZrO2(s) Reactions with halogens Zirconium does react with the halogens, upon warming, to form zirconium(IV) halides. Zr(s) + 2F2(g) Zr(s) + 2Cl2(g) Zr(s) + 2Br2(g) Zr(s) + 2I2(g) ZrF4(s) ZrCl4(s) ZrBr4(s) ZrI4(s)

Reactions with acids Zirconium metal is coated with an oxide layer that usually renders it inactive. Most cold mineral acids have little effect. Zirconium does dissolve in hydrofluoric acid, HF, presumably to form fluoro complexes. Reactions with bases Zirconium does not appear to react wih alkalis under normal conditions, even when hot.

Reduction Potentials Balanced half-reaction Zr4+ + 4eHZrO32+ ZrO

+

E0 / V -1.539 Zr(s) + 4OH Zr(s) + 3H2O Zr(s) + H2O Zr(s) + 2H2O

-

Zr(s)
-

H2ZrO3(s) + H2O + 4e + 5H + 4e
+ +

-2.36 -1.276 -1.570 -1.456 -1.53 -1.553

+ 2H + 4e
+

ZrO2(s) + 4H + 4e
+

ZrO2.H2O(s) + 4H + 4e ZrO2.2H2O + 4H + 4e Occurrence

Zr(s) + 3H2O3 Zr(s) + 4H2O

Occurrence and Production of Zirconium Zirconium is never found in nature as a free metal. The principal economic source of zirconium is the zirconium silicate mineral, zircon (ZrSiO4), which is found in deposits located in Australia, South Africa and the United States, reports the British Geological Survey. (It is extracted as a dark sooty powder, or as a gray metallic crystalline substance). Zirconium and hafnium are contained in zircon at a ratio of about 50 to 1 and are difficult to separate. Zircon is a coproduct or byproduct of the mining and processing of heavy-mineral sands for the titanium minerals, ilmenite and rutile, or tin minerals. Zirconium is also in 30 other recognized mineral species including baddeleyite. This metal is commercially produced by reduction of the Zirconium(IV) chloride with magnesium in the Kroll process, and through other methods. Commercial-quality zirconium still has a content of 1 to 3% hafnium. This element is also abundant in S-type stars and has been detected in the sun and meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several Apollo program missions to the moon have a very high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks. Zirconium [Zr] CAS-ID: 7440-67-7 An: 40 N: 51 Am: 91.224 (2) g/mol Group No: 4 Group Name: Transition metals Block: d-block Period: 5 State: solid at 298 K Colour: silvery white Classification: Metallic Boiling Point: 4682K (4409C) Melting Point: 2128K (1855C) Superconducting temperature: 0.61K (-272.54C) Density: 6.52g/cm3 Availability: Zirconium is available in many forms including foil, nanosized activated powder, powder, rod, sponge, bar, sheet, and wire. Discovery Information Who: Martin Klaproth When: 1789 Where: Germany

Name Origin From the mineral zircon

"Zirconium" in different languages.

Sources Zirconium is never found in nature as a free metal. Found in many minerals such as zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2). Annual production of zircon is around 1.2 million tonnes. Primary producers are Australia, Brazil, Sri Lanka and the USA. Abundance Universe: 0.05 ppm (by weight) Sun: 0.04 ppm (by weight) Carbonaceous meteorite: 6.7 ppm Earth's Crust: 130 ppm Seawater: 9 x 10-6 ppm Human: 50 ppb by weight 3 ppb by atoms Uses Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also used in catalytic converters, percussion caps and furnace bricks. Baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Zirconium nitride (ZrN) has been used more recently as an alternative to titanium nitride for coating drill bits. Both coatings are supposed to keep the bit sharper and cooler during cutting. Extensively used by the chemical industry for piping in corrosive environments. Because human tissues can easily tolerate this metal it is suitable for biocompatible implants, eg. some artificial joints and limbs. When alloyed with niobium, zirconium becomes superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets with possible large-scale electrical power uses. History Although it was discovered in 1789 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth it wasn't isolated until 1824, by Jns Jakob Berzelius. The zirconium-containing mineral zircon, or its variations (jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure), were mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth analyzed a jargon from Ceylon in the Indian Ocean. He named the new element Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was isolated first by Berzelius by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium-zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process conducted in an iron tube. Pure zirconium wasn't prepared until 1914. The crystal bar process (or Iodide process), discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of pure ductile metallic zirconium. It was superseded by the Kroll process. Notes This element has been detected in the sun and meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several Apollo program missions to the moon have a very high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks. Hazards Compounds containing zirconium are not noted for toxicity. The metal dust can ignite in

air and should be regarded as a major fire and explosion hazard.

HAFNIUM
Hafnium Electrons per shell Electron Configuration Ground state Atomic Volume Electronegativity Magnetic ordering Mass magnetic susceptibility Molar magnetic susceptibility Speed of sound Thermal Properties Enthalpy of Atomization Enthalpy of Fusion Enthalpy of Vaporisation Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Hardness Brinell hardness Mohs hardness Vickers hardness Elastic Properties Bulk modulus Poisson ratio Shear modulus Young's modulus Electrical Properties Electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity 3.0 x 10-7 m 0.0312 106/cm 110 GPa 0.37 30 GPa 78 GPa 1700 MPa 5.5 1760 MPa 703 kJ mol-1 @25C 25.5 kJ mol-1 570.7 kJ mol-1 25.73 J mol-1 K-1 23.0 W m-1 K-1 5.9 m m-1 K-1 2,8,18,32,10,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
3

F2

13.6 cm3 mol-1 1.3 No data 5.3 x 10-9 9.46 x 10-10 3010 m s-1

Chemical Properties Electrochemical Equivalent Electron Work Function 1.6649 g Ah-1 3.9 eV

Valence Electron Potential 81 (-eV) Ionization Potential First Second Third Incompatibilities Flammability Explosive in powder form Energy Levels K1 K2 K1 K2 K3 L1 L2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L1 L2 L3 Ll
(intensity 100) (intensity 50) (intensity 25.1) (intensity 9.7) (intensity 9.9) (intensity 100) (intensity 10) (intensity 44) (intensity 19) (intensity 8) (intensity 4) (intensity 7.5) (intensity 4) (intensity 2)

6.65 14.925 23.32 Strong oxidizers, chlorine.

55.7902 KeV 54.6114 KeV 63.234 KeV 64.3746 KeV 63.109 KeV 7.899 KeV 7.8446 KeV 9.0227 KeV 9.3473 KeV 9.1599 KeV 8.9039 KeV 10.5158 KeV 10.8324 KeV 8.137 KeV 6.9583 KeV 155 pm 208 pm 150 pm No data. 122 pm 159 pm Hf+4 Hf+1, Hf+2, Hf+3 642 1440 2250 3216

(intensity 5.5)

Atomic Radii Empirical Bohr Radius Covalent Radius Van der Waals Triple covalent Metallic Oxidation States Main Other M - M+ M+ - M2+ M M
2+ 3+

Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)

-M -M

3+ 4+

Vapour Pressure P (Pa) T (K) Structure 1 2689 10 2954 100 3277 1K 3679 10K 4194 100K 4876

Crystal Structure Hexagonal close packed a = 319.64 pm b = 319.64 pm c = 505.11 pm = 90 = 90 = 120 Hafnium Compounds Hafnium diboride Hafnium(IV) oxide Hafnium diboride HfB2 Hafnium diboride is an ultra-high temperature ceramic. It has a melting temperature of about 3250 degrees Celsius. It is an unusual ceramic, having relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities. It is a grey, metallic looking material. Hafnium diboride has a hexagonal crystal structure, a molar mass of 200.11 grams per mole, and a density of 10.5 grams per cubic centimeter. Hafnium diboride is often combined with carbon, boron, silicon, silicon carbide, and/or nickel to improve the consolidation of the hafnium diboride powder (sintering). It is commonly formed into a solid by a process called hot pressing, where the powders are pressed together using both heat and pressure. The material has potential for use in hypervelocity reentry vehicles such as ICBM heat shields or aerodynamic leading-edges, due to its strength and thermal properties. Unlike polymer and composite material, HfB2 can be formed into aerodynamic shapes that will not ablate during reentry. Hafnium diboride is also investigated as a possible new material for nuclear reactor control rods. Hafnium(IV) oxide HfO2 It is used in optical coatings, and as a high-k dielectric in DRAM capacitors. Hafnium based oxides are currently leading candidates to replace silicon oxide as a gate insulator in field effect transistors. Reactions of Hafnium Reactions with water Hafnium does not react with water under normal conditions. Reactions with air Hafnium is coated with an oxide layer that usually renders it inactive. However hafnium will burn in air if provoked to form hafnium dioxide. Finely divided hafnium is pyrophoric making it a fire hazard. Hf(s) + O2(g) HfO2(s) Reactions with halogens Hafnium does react with all the halogens upon warming to form hafnium(IV) halides. Hf(s) + 2F2(g) HfF4(s)

Hf(s) + 2Cl2(g) Hf(s) + 2Br2(g) Hf(s) + 2I2(g)

HfCl4(l) HfBr4(s) HfI4(s)

Reactions with acids Hafnium is coated with an oxide layer that usually renders it inactive. Most cold mineral acids have little effect. Hafnium does dissolve in hydrofluoric acid. Reactions with bases Hafnium does not appear to react wih alkalis under normal conditions, even when hot. Reduction Potentials Balanced half-reaction Hf
4+

E0 / V -1.70 -1.57 -1.70

-

+ 4e

Hf(s) Hf(s) + 2H2O

+

HfO2(s) + 4H+ 4eHfO

2+

+ 2H + 4e

Hf(s) + H2O
-

HfO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4e Occurrence

Hf(s) + 4OH

-2.50

Occurrence and Production of Hafnium Hafnium is estimated to make up about 0.00058% of the Earth's upper crust by weight. It is found combined in natural zirconium compounds but it does not exist as a free element in nature. Minerals that contain zirconium, such as alvite [(Hf, Th, Zr)SiO 4 H2O], thortveitite and zircon (ZrSiO4), usually contain between 1 and 5% hafnium. Hafnium and zirconium have nearly identical chemistry, which makes the two difficult to separate. About half of all hafnium metal manufactured is produced as a by-product of zirconium refinement. This is done through reducing hafnium(IV) chloride with magnesium or sodium in the Kroll process. Hafnium [Hf] CAS-ID: 7440-58-6 An: 72 N: 106 Am: 178.49 g/mol Group No: 4 Group Name: Transition metals Block: d-block Period: 6 State: solid at 298 K Colour: grey steel Classification: Metallic Boiling Point: 4876K (4603C) Melting Point: 2506K (2233C) Superconducting temperature: 0.128K (-273.022C) Density: 13.31g/cm3 Discovery Information Who: Dirk Coster, George Hevesy When: 1923 Where: Denmark Name Origin From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen.

"Hafnium" in different languages.

Sources Hafnium does not exist in nature in elemental form. Obtained from the minerals alvite ([(Hf, Th, Zr)SiO4.H2O]), thortveitite ((Sc,Y)2Si2O7) and zircon (ZrSiO4 which usually contain between 1 and 5% hafnium. Abundance Universe: 0.0007 ppm (by weight) Sun: 0.001 ppm (by weight) Carbonaceous meteorite: 0.17 ppm Earth's Crust: 5.3 ppm Seawater: 7 x 10-6 ppm Uses Used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons also as a gas scavenger in vacuum tubes. Used as the electrode in plasma cutting because of its ability to shed electrons into air. It is also used in iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum and other metal alloys. History The existence of a gap in the periodic table for an as-yet undiscovered element 72 was predicted by Henry Moseley in 1914. Hafnium (Latin Hafnia for "Copenhagen", the home town of Niels Bohr) was discovered by Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy in 1923 in Copenhagen, Denmark, validating the original 1869 prediction of Mendeleev. Soon after, the new element was predicted to be associated with zirconium by using the Bohr theory and was finally found in zircon through X-ray spectroscope analysis in Norway. It was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of double ammonium or potassium fluorides by Jantzen and von Hevesy. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer by passing hafnium tetraiodide vapour over a heated tungsten filament. This process for differential purification of Zr and Hf is still in use today. Notes A man made radioactive element and the first transactinide element. Hazards Care needs to be taken when machining hafnium because when it is divided into fine particles, it is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air.

Rutherfordium Electrons per shell Electron Configuration Ground state Atomic Volume Electronegativity Magnetic ordering Thermal Properties Enthalpy of Atomization Enthalpy of Fusion Enthalpy of Vaporisation Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Electrical Properties Electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity Atomic Radii Empirical Bohr Radius Covalent Radius Van der Waals Triple covalent Metallic Oxidation States Main Other Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) M - M+ 490 (estimated) Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) Rf+4 (predicted) No data. No data. No data. No data. 131 pm No data. No data. ? 106/cm No data. No data. No data. No data. No data. No data. 2,8,18,32,32,10,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
3

F2 (?)

cm3 mol-1 No data. No data

Rutherfordium Compounds Rutherfordium is a synthetic and highly unstable element. No useful or commercial rutherfordium compounds exist.

Reactions of Rutherfordium Reactions As only so little rutherfordium has ever been made it's reactivity is unknown. It is expected that its behaviour would be similar to that of hafnium, immediately above it in the periodic table, and zirconium (two places above it).

Occurrence and Production of Rutherfordium Synthesis Rutherfordium is created by bombarding plutonium-242 with neon-22 nuclei.

Rutherfordium [Rf] CAS-ID: 53850-36-5 An: 104 N: 157 Am: [261] g/mol Group No: 4 Group Name: Transactinides Block: d-block Period: 7 State: presumably a solid Colour: unknown, but probably metallic and silvery white or grey in appearance Classification: Metallic Boiling Point: unknown Melting Point: unknown Density: unknown Availability: Rutherfordium is a synthetic element that is not present in the environment at all. Discovery Information Who: A. Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K.A.Y. Eskola, and P.L. Eskola When: 1969 Where: Berkeley California Name Origin In honor of Ernest R. Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist.
"Rutherfordium" in different languages.

Sources Bombarding plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon ions. Also by bombarding a target of Cf249 with C12 nuclei of 71 MeV, and C13 nuclei of 69 MeV. Uses It has no uses. History Rutherfordium (named in honour of noted New Zealand nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford) was reportedly first synthesized in 1964 at the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.). Researchers there bombarded 242Pu with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV 22Ne ions and claimed that they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope which indicated the presence of a new element. In 1969 researchers at the University of California, Berkeley synthesized the element by subjecting 249Cf and 12C to high energy collisions. The UC group also stated that they could not reproduce the earlier synthesis by Soviet scientists. This resulted in an element naming controversy; since the Soviets claimed that it was first detected in Dubna, dubnium (Db) was suggested, as was kurchatovium for element 104, in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960), former head of Soviet nuclear research. The Americans, however, proposed rutherfordium (Rf) for the new element to

honour Ernest Rutherford, who is known as the "father" of nuclear physics. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted unnilquadium as a temporary, systematic element name, derived from the Latin names for digits 1, 0, and 4. However in 1997 they resolved the dispute and adopted the current name. (Element 105 was named Dubnium, instead.) Notes Evidence of element 104 was first detected at the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (USSR) in 1964 by bombarding plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV neon ions. By measuring fission tracks in a special glass with a microscope, the scientists detected an isotope that decays by spontaneous fission. The isotope was thought to be Rf260 with a half life of 0.15 to 0.3 seconds. It was not until 1969, however that the group in Berkley were able to chemically separate element 104 and positively identified two possibly three isotopes of the element. In August of 1997 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry announced the official naming of this element as Rutherfordium with the atomic symbol of Rf. The IUPAC choose Rutherfordium over the Russians' choice of Kurchatovium, which was in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960), former Head of Soviet Nuclear Research. Element 104 was previously known as Unnilquadium; from the latin from "one zero four".