Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in WFMT Systems

Roman M. Vitenberg
IEEE Member Wavetone Technologies Ltd. Tel Aviv, ISRAEL roman@wavetonetech.com

Abstract This paper discuses the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAR) for signal of novel Wavelet based Filtered MultiTone (WFMT) modulation. The Wavelet based Filtered MultiTone (WFMT) modulation was developed as an alternative line code for xDSL system and represents future extending of OFDM/ DMT technologies. Because of the multicarrier nature of WFMT modulation, it is suitable for carrying high-speed data over a wide frequency band. The major drawback of the multicarrier system is the large PAR of the transmit signal, which causes a straightforward implementation costly and inefficient. In this paper, we examine the PAR of WFMT line code. A simple expression for PAR is developed, both for circular and for square constellation diagram of QAM modulator. The results illustrate significant little Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of the WFMT transmit signal versus PAR in OFDM system. Keywords- FMT, WFMT, filter-bank, OFDM, PAR, multicarrier

The most widely used in OFDM is the tone reservation scheme [14]. The tone reservation scheme shows very well PAR reduction performance when operation with optimized positions of the peak reduction tones (PRT). However, it is not easy to find the optimal PRT positions, and the performance of the tone reservation scheme degrades with non-optimal PRT positions. Figure 1 illustrates typical PAR reduction performance of the DMT VDSL system that uses a peak tones reduction technique [17].

I.

INTRODUCTION

One particular major drawback of the multicarrier signal, which has been often cited, is its large envelope fluctuation. This is usually quantified by parameter called Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR). Since most practical transmission systems are peak-power limited, designing the multicarrier system to operate in a linear region often requires operating at power levels well below the maximum power available. Therefore, implementation of multicarrier system needs more precision Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) in Transmitter and more precision Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) in Receiver. The DAC clips all samples that exceed certain maximum amplitude, the clip level. Setting this level is a compromise between the clipping probability and the quantization noise level: decreasing the clip level will increase the average clip noise but it decreases the quantization noise. It is usually set to minimize the total SNR. A lower PAR will increase the SNR or allow for a DAC with lower resolution to be used. Several technical solutions were proposed for PAR reduction in OFDM /DMT systems: Signal distortion technique (clipping and companding). Coding technique (tone reservation and tone injection). Scrambling technique (Partial Transmit Sequence, and Constellation shaping).

Figure 1. PAR reduction in DMT VDSL

During last years, the concept of multicarrier transmission has been generalized with introduction of filter-bank multicarrier systems. In filter-bank based systems, the data symbols are transmitted over different sub-channels after suitable pulse shaping. In particular, the pulse shape in filter-bank system is significantly longer than the sub-channel symbol period, so, unlike OFDM the pulse waveforms of different symbols overlap in time. The number of carriers in filter-bank systems is significant less than in OFDM system with the same bandwidth. The Filtered Multi-Tone (FMT) Modulation was proposed by group of researches from IBM as alternative technology for xDSL [1]. This technology is based on Wavelet theory and

1-4244-0517-3/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE

uses complex filter-banks for synthesis and analysis of multichannel signal. The theoretical aspects of FMT Modulation for Wireless Application were developed by Cambridge University [2] and Udine University [3]. It was shown that in many cases FMT modulation guarantees better performance than OFDM. A novel Wavelet based Filtered Multi-Tone Modulation (WFMT) was developed by Data-JCE Electronics Ltd in 2002 2003 years [4]. A new DSP algorithm realizes a low complexly WFMT core that can be implemented in a small silicon chip [5], [6]. The high Peak to Average Ratio Problem `exist for systems with FMT and WFMT modulation in the same manner as for DMT and OFDM. In this paper, we first describe a novel WFMT modulation and analyze the structure of WFMT Transmitter. Then we define PAR characteristic for WFMT modulation. The results of a computer simulation of the proposed PAR reduction technique will be presented further, followed by the conclusion. II. WFMT MODULATION

selective fading channel authors propose to use a simple equalization scheme. A functional diagram of an Overlap and Adder Block (OAB) that produces the line WFMT code is shown in Fig.3. This block provides an overlapping of L sequential wavelets, which come from output of IFFT core. OAB comprises a shift register (SR) that stores current wavelet into N-word FIFO memory and adder . An IFFT core generates sequence of non-overlapped wavelets A, B, C, which appear with frequency f = 1 / T .
IFFT OUTPUT

SHIFT REGISTER

OVERLAPPED WAVELETS T

A
LT

The principle of a WFMT modulation was described in [4] and may be illustrated by the block diagram of the Transmitter shown in Figure 2. The WFMT transmitter uses an N point core IFFT and transmits M data streams ai each at rate 1/ T0 = L /( NT ) . As shown in Fig. 2, the data streams modulate groups of K inputs of IFFT core to provide the frequency shifted wavelet coefficients. Some of the outermost data streams can be set to zero for spectral containment reasons. Finally, the coefficients are passed through the IFFT, P/S converted and finally an overlap and add operation takes place to obtain the synthesized multicarrier signal.
0 aM-1(lT0 ) aM-2(lT0 ) G
K

B
D

C
D

A+B+C

Figure 3. Overlap and Adder Block

G
K IFFT N points

Synthesis Filter-Bank WFMT

Overlap and Add P/S over Blocks of Duration NT with DelayT0

x(nT

a0 (lT0 )

G
K

0 G = [G(0), G(1),..G(K-1)] T0 =(N/L)T

The current non-overlapped wavelet is added to contents of shift register SR. After then, the SR is shifted on N/L position to the right. During shift operation, the SR input is connected to the ground, and in the end of the shift operation, N/L last words of FIFO are 0. . The sequential data, that appears on output of SR (N/L 16-bit words) passes to Digitalto-Analog Converter (DAC). The DAC output signal comprises overlapped wavelets WFMT line code. The number of sub-channels M in WFMT system is significantly less than the number of carriers in OFDM system that uses the same IFFT core. As was described above, each sub-channel wavelet is generated from K point of IFFT. Therefore, we can write the following limit for the number of sub-channels:

Figure 2. WFMT Transmitter

M<

N , K

At the receiver side, after amplification, and A/D conversion, the received WFMT signal is processed by the analyses filter-bank that implements demodulation of the subchannels wavelets. The analysis of the sub-channel wavelets is provided by the analysis of its frequency components by FFT. To compensate the distortions introduced by the frequency

where N is the number of the IFFT points. Practically, in real WFMT system K = 9 ~ 21, N = 128 1024 , and

The Peak-to Average Power Ratio for OFDM system has been researched in many papers [10-16], but PAR

M = 5 ~ 60. As it is well known, the IFFT core with N = 64 ~ 8192 is used for OFDM system.

1-4244-0517-3/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE

characteristics of WFMT modulation have been not examined before. III. PEAK-TO-AVERAGE RATIO IN WFMT

PARM = 10 log 2M (1 Ppeak ); (8) It is clear that probability Pclip of clipping of multi-band
WFMT signal is:

Pclip = Ppeak M ,

(9)

To simplify the problem we will study the PAR in WFMT system (Fig.2) that comprises M independent sub-channels, which have the same bandwidth. The sub-channel wavelets in each sub-channel are synthesized from K -harmonics and are modulated by QAM with the same constellation. Additionally we suppose that QAM modulator uses a circular constellation with large number of constellation points. In this case, we can define Ppeak ( X ) -a probability of peaks of QAM signal

and clipping level X M = MX . Using expressions (8) and (9) we can define a formula for calculation of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in multicarrier systems:

PARM = 10 log 2 M (1 M Pclip );

(10)

S (t ) those exceeded the threshold X (0 < X <| S max |).

A Graph of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio for WFMT system with M=5, 10, 25, 255, and 1024 sub-channels is shown in Fig. 4.

Ppeak ( X ) = 1 P0 ( X ), where P0 is probability that ( | S (t ) |< X .) P0

(1)

Because of the large number of the constellation points, is proportional to the area of a circle with radius X :

P0 ( X ) = ( X / S max ) 2 ,
and

(2) (3)

Ppeak ( X ) = 1 ( X / S max ) 2 .
Now we define the average power of QAM signal:
S max

A=
S max

P0 ( X ) 2 X X = X

2 S max X3 2( 2 )X = ; 2 S max

(4)

Figure 4. Peak-to-Average Power Ratio for different number of sub-channels in WFMT system with circular constellation diagram.

The Peak to Average Power Ratio for single carrier QAM and circular constellation is:
2 PARqam = 10 log(S max / A) = 3dB.

(5)

Next, we define dependence of Peak to Average Power Ratio PARM ( X ) on level of threshold X for WFMT signal with M sub-channels.

As we can see from Fig. 4, the PAR for large number of sub-channels is the same as for OFDM system with equal number of carriers but for small number of sub-channels the PAR is significant less. The Cable TV Broadcast System described in [9] comprises only 5 sub-channels and has PAR about 10~ 11 dB. For QAM modulation that uses square constellation with large number of point, the probability P0 S may be obtained in the following way: Suppose that circular and square constellation diagram have an equal number of equidistant points. In this case, the area of both constellation diagrams is the same Vsq = VC = V and:
2 2 VC = RC = Vsq = Dsq ,

PARM ( X ) = 10 log(2
= 10 log 2 M (

( MX ) 2 )= 2 MS max

X S max

(6)

) ;
where

RC is a radius of circle constellation diagram, and S MAX -

From (3) we can define:

(
and:

X S max

Dsq is a size of square side.

) = 1 Ppeak ( X );

(7)

Now define relations between RC , D sq and

maximal amplitude of QAM signal with square constellation:

1-4244-0517-3/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE

Dsq = RC = S max ;
S MAX = Dsq 2 = S max / 2 ;
(11)

REFERENCES
[1] G. Cherubini, E. Eleftheriou, S. Oelser : "Filtered Multitone Modulation for Very High-Speed Digital Subscribe Lines", IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, VOL.20, NO. 5, 2002. Inaki Berenguer, Ian J. Wassell, Efficient FMT equalization in outdoor broadband wireless systems, Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Advances in Wireless Communications, Victoria, Canada, Sept. 2002. Andrea Tonello:Discrete Multi-Tone and Filtered Multi-Tone Architectures forBroadband Asynchronous Multi-User Communications, ireless personal Multimedia Communications Symposium - Aalborg, Denmark - September 9-12, 2001 Roman M. Vitenberg:Method and system for Transmission of information data over communication line,US Patent Application 20050047513 Andrea Tonello , Roman M. Vitenberg:An Efficient Wavelet Based Filtered Multitone Modulation Scheme WPMC 2004 Albano Terme , Italy , September 2004 Andrea Tonello, Roman M. Vitenberg: An Efficient Implementation of a Wavelet based Filtered Multitone Modulation Scheme, ISSPIT04, ITALY, Rome, December 2004. Andrea Tonello:" An Asynchronus Multicarrir Multiple Access: Optimal and Sub-optimal Detection and Decoding", BLTJ vol. 7 issue 3 pp 191-217, February 2003. Roman M. Vitenberg: A practical implementation of a Wavelet Based Filtered Multitone Modulation, WOSM05 Conference, Tenerife, December 2005 Roman M. Vitenberg " An Integrated WFMT Transmitter for Cable TV Broadcast System", WSEAS Transaction on Communications, 2006, February. F. Dovis, M. Mondin, and F. Daneshgran: The Modified Gaussian: A Novel Wavelet with Low Sidelobes with Applications to Digital Communications, IEEE Transactions on Communication Letters, Vol 2, No 8, Augusr 1998. Krongold, B.S.; Jones, D.L.:A new method for PAR reduction in baseband DMT systems, Signal, System and Computers, 2001. Conference record on the Thirty-Fifth Asiomar Conference on,Vol 1, 2001, Pages: 502-506 . Krongold, B.S.; Jones, D.L. A new tone reservation method for complex-baseband PAR reduction in OFDM systems , Acoustics and Signal Processing, 2002, Proceeings. (ICASSP '02) IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 3 , 2002, Pages 23212314. Chan-Soo Hwang:"A peak power reduction method for multicarrier transmission", 2001, (ICC'01), IEEE Int. Conference on, Vol. 5 , 2001, pages 1496-1500.

The Peak to Average Power Ratio for single channel QAM with square constellation is:

[2]

PAR QAM

_ SQ

= 10 log

2 S MAX = A

[3]

S2 = 10 log 2 MAX = 10 log( ) = 4 . 94 dB ; 2 S max

(12)
[4]

In addition, difference between PAR of QAM with square and circular constellation diagram is:

= PAR QAM

_ SQ

PAR

qam

= 10 log

[5]

[6]

Finally we define

PARMS - Peak to Average Ratio for

[7]

system with square constellation diagram:

PAR MS = 10 log 2 M (1 Ppeak ) + 10 log = 10 log 2 M (1 M Pclip ) + 1.97 dB;

A Graph of

[8]

(14)
[9]

PARMS for different number of sub-channels

( M ) and square constellation diagram is shown in Fig. 5.

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

Figure 5. Peak-to-Average Power Ratio for different number of subchannels in WFMT system with square constellation diagram.

[14] Eun Jung Chang; Ho Yeol Kwon Peak-to-average ratio reduction algorithm for MCM signal using the selective partial transmit sequence Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2004. ISPACS 2004. Proceedings of 2004 International Symposium on Date: 18-19 Nov. 2004, Pages: 723 - 727 [15] Seungsoo Yoo; Seokho Yoon; Sun Yong Kim; Iickho Song A novel PAPR reduction scheme for OFDM systems: selective mapping of partial tones (SMOPT) ,Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Volume 52, Issue 1, Date: Feb. 2006, Pages: 40 - 43 [16] Ochiai, H.; Imai, H.; On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals ; Communications, IEEE Transactions on Volume 49, Issue 2, Feb 2001 Page(s):282 289 [17] Per Ola Borjesson, Hans Feichtinger, Niklas Grip, Michael Isaksson, Norbert Kaibinger, Per Oding, Lars-Erik Persson; A low-complexity PAR reduction method for DMT-VDSL. DSPCS 99, Perth , Australia, Feb 1999, Pages 164-169.

IV.

CONCLUSION

We have presented a Peak to Average Ratio performance of novel WFMT modulation. The simple analytic expressions for PAR in WFMT system with circle and square constellation diagram are proposed. We demonstrate a better PAR performance of WFMT system than OFDM system that uses the same number of IFFT points. For low number of subchannels PAR improving may be as large as 3~4 dB.

1-4244-0517-3/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE