5.

Analysis of multiple contingencies (contd..)

a and Z b are removed from the Let us now consider a case where two lines, having impedances Z a terminals e-f and g-h respectively. Here it is to be noted that in the original system, impedance Z b are already included and we are now considering the outages of these two lines. As has been and Z done previously, here also we assume that the bus injection currents do not change on account of outages of these two lines. Now, we have already seen that outage of any line having an impedance of b can be simulated by adding an impedance of Z b between the same two terminals. Therefore, the Z a and Z b can be simulated by connecting impedances Z a and outages of lines having impedance Z b between the terminals e-f and g-h respectively. Subsequently, following the same procedure Z 1 can be formed as; as discussed in the best lecture, the matrix Z 1 = Z T h, ef Z a eg Z eh ) (Z f g Z f h ) Z (Z ge Z gf ) (Z he Z hf ) T h, gh Z b (Z Z
(5.38)

a by Z a and Z b by Z b respectively Note that equation (5.38) has been obtained by replacing Z in equation (5.36). Hence, from equation (5.37) we have, T h, ef Z a eg Z ef ) (Z f g Z f h ) Z (Z ge Z gf ) (Z he Z hf ) T h, gh Z b (Z Z e V f a V I = g V h b V I
(5.39)

Dividing each row of equation (5.39) by its diagonal element, we get,

V f e V ( Z Z ) ( Z Z ) eg ef fg fh T h, ef Z a 1 Ia Z T h, ef Z a Z = (Z ge Zgf ) (Zhe Zhf ) Ib Vg Vh 1 ZT h, gh Zb T h, gh Z b Z

(5.40)

Now, from equation (5.27), we have

ef Z eh Z eg ) (Z f h Z f g ) b (Z I = = Lef, gh (say) gh a T h, gh Z b I Z Z gh Z gf Z ge ) (Z hf Z he ) a (Z I = = Lgh, ef ef b T h,ef Z a I Z Z

241 (say)

(5.41)

(5.42)

ij = Z ji ), from equations (5.40)-(5.42) we have, is symmetrical (Z Nothing that the matrix Z 1 Za Lef, gh Zb
Or,

V e V f b Z T h, ef Z a Ia Z Lgh, ef a Z = V I g V h 1 b b ZT h, gh Z V e V f b Z T h, ef Z a Lgh, ef Z a Z V h 1 g V b ZT h, gh Z

(5.43)

I a 1 1 = 1L gh, ef Lef, gh Za Ib Lef, gh Zb

(5.44)

a and Z b are given by, Now, the pre-outage currents in lines Z ef = Ve Vf I a Z gh = and I g V h V b Z
(5.45)

Utilizes equation (5.45) in equation (5.44) we get,

a = I

1 1 Lgh, ef Lef, gh 1 1 Lgh, ef Lef, gh

2 a Z ef + Zb Lgh, ef I gh I ZT h, ef Za Za ZT h, gh Zb
2 b a Lef, gh Z Z gh Ief + I Zb ZT h, ef Za ZT h, gh Zb

(5.46)

b = I

(5.47)

c ) is given by, Now, the change in current in line i-j (having an impedance Z ij = I
Now,

Vi Vj c Z

(5.48)

ie I e + Z if I f + Z ig I g + Z ih I h Vi = Z if Z ie )I a + (Z ih Z ig )I b = (Z j = Z je I e + Z jf I f + Z jg I g + Z jh I h V jf Z je )I a + (Z jh Z jg )I b = (Z
Thus,

(5.49)

(5.50)

ij = I

if Z ie ) (Z jf Z je ) (Z a + (Zih Zig ) (Zjh Zjg ) I b I Zc Zc

242

(5.51)

Substituting equations (5.46) and (5.47) into equation (5.51) we have,

ij = I
Where,

1 1 Lgh, ef Lef, gh

1I ef + X 2I gh X

(5.52)

2 Lef, gh 1 = Za (Zif Zie ) (Zjf Zje ) + Za ih Z ig ) (Z jh Z jg ) X (Z Zc ZT h, ef Za Zb Zc ZT h, ef Za

Now, we recognize,

(5.53)

Lij, ef =
Hence,

if Z ie ) (Z jf Z je ) a (Z Z c T h, ef Z a Z Z

(5.54)

2 a Lef, gh Z ih Z ig ) (Z jh Z jg ) (Z X1 = Lij, ef + b Z c Z T h, ef Z a Z

(5.55)

Now, expanding the second term of equation (5.55), we have [using equation (5.41)],
2 a Lef, gh Z ih Z ig ) (Z jh Z jg ) (Z b Z c Z T h, ef Z a Z eh Z eg ) (Z f h Zf g ) (Z ih Z ig ) (Z jh Z jg ) b (Z 2 Z Z = a b Z c Z a T h,gh Z b T h,ef Z a Z Z Z

=
Or,

ih Z ig ) (Z jh Z jg ) eh Z eg ) (Z f h Z f g ) b (Z a (Z Z Z c T h, gh Z b b T h, ef Z a Z Z Z Z
2 a Lef, gh Z ih Z ig ) (Z jh Z jg ) = Lij, gh Lgh, ef (Z Zb Zc ZT h, ef Za

(5.56)

Equation (5.56) has been written using equation (5.42) and by noting that,

Lij, gh =
Hence,

ih Z ig ) (Z jh Z jg ) b (Z Z c T h, gh Z b Z Z

(5.57)

1 = Lij, ef + Lij, gh Lgh, ef X

Again, from equations (5.52), (5.46), (5.47) and (5.51) we have,

(5.58)

2 Lgh, ef 2 = Zb if Z ie ) (Z jf Z je ) + Zb (Zih Zig ) (Zjh Zjg ) X (Z a Z c Z T h, gh Z b c T h, gh Z b Z Z Z

Again,

(5.59)

2 Lgh, ef Z b if Z ie ) (Z jf Z je ) (Z Za Zc ZT h, gh Zb
243

Or,

gf Z ge ) (Z hf Zhe ) (Z if Z ie ) (Z jf Z je ) 2 Z a (Z Z b a Z c Z b T h, ef Za T h, gh Z b Z Z Z if Z ie ) (Z jf Z je ) gf Z ge ) (Z hf Z he ) a (Z b (Z Z Z = c T h, ef Z a a T h, gh Z b Z Z Z Z 2 Lgh, ef Z b if Z ie ) (Z jf Z je ) = Lij, ef Lef, gh (Z a Z c Z T h, gh Z b Z

(5.60)

Please note that equation (5.60) has been obtained by using equations (5.41) and (5.54). Hence,

2 = Lij, gh + Lij, ef Lef, gh X

Therefore from equations (5.61), (5.58) and (5.52) we get,

(5.61)

ij = I

1 1 Lef, gh Lgh, ef

ef + (Lij, gh + Lij, ef Lef, gh )I gh (Lij, ef + Lij, gh Lgh, ef )I

(5.62)

Equation (5.62) gives the change in the current of line i-j in terms of the original currents of the lines which have gone out of service. Now, in equation (5.62) all the factors are in terms of complex impedances. However, imposition of the conditions of the DC power ow makes all the factors being represented by the corresponding reactances (i.e. all complex impedances are replaced by their corresponding reactances). Now, from equation (5.28) we see that when these functions are represented by reactances only, they actually represent the dierent line outage sensitivity factors (LOSF). As already noted earlier, there LOSFs are already pre-calculated and stored. Also, as discussed earlier, under the assumption of DC power ow, for contingency calculation, the current ow quantities are replaced by corresponding power ow quantities. Therefore, the change in power ow in line i-j can very easily be calculated from equation (5.62) using the information of pre-outage power ow in lines e-f and g-h. In the next lecture, we will look into an example of contingency analysis for outages of two lines.

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