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Electricity & Electronics
Control & Instrumentation
Process Control
Mechatronics
Telecommunications
Electrical Power & Machines
Test & Measurement
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Powerframes
Electrical Machines
Students Manual

60-070-CS-S
(Also covers Series Universal Motor 60-070-SUM
and Synchronous Machine 60-070-SMC Options)

Feedback Instruments Ltd, Park Road, Crowborough, E. Sussex, TN6 2QR, UK.
Telephone: +44 (0) 1892 653322, Fax: +44 (0) 1892 663719.
email: feedback@fdbk.co.uk website: http://www.fbk.com
Manual: 60-070-CS-S Ed01 122006 Printed in England by Fl Ltd, Crowborough
Feedback Part No. 116060070CSS

Notes

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Preface

60-070-CS-S i
THE HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974

We are required under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, to make available to users of this equipment certain information
regarding its safe use.
The equipment, when used in normal or prescribed applications within the parameters set for its mechanical and electrical performance,
should not cause any danger or hazard to health or safety if normal engineering practices are observed and they are used in accordance
with the instructions supplied.
If, in specific cases, circumstances exist in which a potential hazard may be brought about by careless or improper use, these will be
pointed out and the necessary precautions emphasised.
While we provide the fullest possible user information relating to the proper use of this equipment, if there is any doubt whatsoever about
any aspect, the user should contact the Product Safety Officer at Feedback Instruments Limited, Crowborough.
This equipment should not be used by inexperienced users unless they are under supervision.
We are required by European Directives to indicate on our equipment panels certain areas and warnings that require attention by the
user. These have been indicated in the specified way by yellow labels with black printing, the meaning of any labels that may be fixed to
the instrument are shown below:

CAUTION -
RISK OF
DANGER

CAUTION -
RISK OF
ELECTRIC SHOCK

CAUTION -
ELECTROSTATIC
SENSITIVE DEVICE
Refer to accompanying documents

PRODUCT IMPROVEMENTS
We maintain a policy of continuous product improvement by incorporating the latest developments and components into our equipment,
even up to the time of dispatch.
All major changes are incorporated into up-dated editions of our manuals and this manual was believed to be correct at the time of
printing. However, some product changes which do not affect the instructional capability of the equipment, may not be included until it is
necessary to incorporate other significant changes.

COMPONENT REPLACEMENT
Where components are of a Safety Critical nature, i.e. all components involved with the supply or carrying of voltages at supply
potential or higher, these must be replaced with components of equal international safety approval in order to maintain full equipment
safety.
In order to maintain compliance with international directives, all replacement components should be identical to those originally supplied.
Any component may be ordered direct from Feedback or its agents by quoting the following information:

1. Equipment type
3. Component reference
2. Component value
4. Equipment serial number
Components can often be replaced by alternatives available locally, however we cannot therefore guarantee continued performance
either to published specification or compliance with international standards.

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Preface

ii 60-070-CS-S

OPERATING CONDITIONS

This equipment is designed to operate under the following conditions:
Operating Temperature 10C to 40C (50F to 104F)
Humidity 10% to 90% (non-condensing)

DECLARATION CONCERNING ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
Should this equipment be used outside the classroom, laboratory study area or similar such place for which it is designed and sold then
Feedback Instruments Ltd hereby states that conformity with the protection requirements of the European Community Electromagnetic
Compatibility Directive (89/336/EEC) may be invalidated and could lead to prosecution.
This equipment, when operated in accordance with the supplied documentation, does not cause electromagnetic disturbance outside its
immediate electromagnetic environment.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Feedback Instruments Limited
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Feedback Instruments Limited.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Feedback Instruments Ltd acknowledge all trademarks.
IBM, IBM - PC are registered trademarks of International Business Machines.
MICROSOFT, WINDOWS XP, WINDOWS 2000, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 3.1 and Internet Explorer are registered
trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

WARNING:
This equipment must not be used in conditions of condensing humidity.

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Foreword

60-070-CS-S iii
PURPOSE
This manual provides practical assignments to support the use of this trainer as a teaching aid.
Each assignment consists of exercises which, when performed, allow the students to discover for
themselves the practical aspects of a particular subject. Results obtained are entered into tables
and, if necessary, plotted on graph paper. Provided at the front of each assignment is any relevant
theory pertaining to the subject and/or references to further reading.
CONTENT
This manual comprises:
Chapter 1 - Description. Provides an overview of the Electrical Machines trainer, including
power supply safety features, system frame construction, and an introduction to the
equipment.
Chapter 2 - Preliminary Checks. Provides information about installation, inspection, earth
protection and the Module Utility Sheets.
Chapter 3 - Assignments. Consists of practical assignments that can be performed by the
student.

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Foreword

iv 60-070-CS-S
Notes

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Contents

60-070-CS-S TOC-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
CHAPTER 1 Systems Description
CHAPTER 2 Preliminary Checks
CHAPTER 3 Assignments
Assignment 1 dc Shunt Motor and Familiarisation

Practicals

1.1 - Speed / Torque Characteristics

1.2 - Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics
Assignment 2 dc Series Motor

Practicals


2.2 - Speed / Applied Voltage Characteristics
Assignment 3 dc Compound Wound Motor

Practicals


3.2 - Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque characteristics
Assignment 4 dc Separately Excited Motor

Practicals


4.2 - Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics
Assignment 5 dc Shunt Generator

Practicals

5.1 - Effect of Field Current on Output Voltage

5.2 - Effect of Generator Speed on Output Voltage

5.3 - Effect of Resistive Load on Output Voltage and Power
Assignment 6 dc Compound Generator

Practicals

6.1 - Effect of Load Current on Output Voltage

6.2 - Effect of Speed on Output Voltage for Different Load Values

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES

TOC-2 60-070-CS-S

Assignment 7 dc Separately Excited Generator

Practicals

7.1 - Effect of Field Current on Output Voltage

7.2 - Effect of Load Current on Output Power and Output Voltage

7.3 - Effect of Generator Speed on Output Voltage
Assignment 8 Single Phase Induction Motor - Capacitor Start

Practical

8.1 - Speed / Torque and Efficiency Characteristics
Assignment 9 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Practicals

9.1 - Speed / Torque Characteristics - Star connection

9.2 - Speed / Torque Characteristics - Delta Connection

OPTIONS
60-070-SUM
Assignment 10 Series Universal Motor

Practicals

10.1 - Motor Characteristics with dc Supply

10.2 - Motor Characteristics with ac Supply

60-070-SMC

Assignment 11 3-Phase Synchronous Generator Open & Short Circuit
Characteristics

Practicals

11.1 - Open Circuit Characteristic

11.2 - Short Circuit Characteristic

11.3 - Effect of Speed Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S TOC-3

OPTIONS (continued)
60-070-SMC

Assignment 12 Voltage Regulation of a 3-Phase Generator

Practicals

12.1 - Voltage Regulation with Resistive Load

12.2 - Voltage Regulation with Inductive Load (Using Option 60-070-ECT)

12.3 - Voltage Regulation with Capacitive load (Using Option 60-070-ECT)
Assignment 13 Synchronisation Procedure and Motor Operation of a 3-Phase
Synchronous Machine

Practicals

13.1 - Synchronising a Three Phase Synchronous Generator

13.2 - Power Factor Control of a Three Phase Synchronous Motor

Powerframes
ELECTRICAL MACHINES

TOC-4 60-070-CS-S

Notes

Powerframes Chapter 1
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Systems Description

60-070-CS-S 1-1
1 Systems Description
1.1 Introduction
The 60-070 forms the core part of one of the Powerframes range of electrical machines trainers,
that has been designed to allow the properties of dc motors and generators, single and three
phase ac machines to be investigated. The measurement of these properties is accomplished
using virtual or conventional instrumentation.
Power supplies, electrical loading and virtual instrumentation are all provided in the form of panels
which are mounted into a purpose-designed, bench-standing frame. The panels can be arranged in
an order convenient to the user as they can easily be slotted in and out of the frame.
To enable the assignments contained in this manual to be easily followed, the layout of the panels
within the frame has been pre-determined.
The courseware provided in this manual assumes that a complete trainer is available. The
assignments have been organised such that they can be carried out with systems that use either
virtual or conventional instrumentation. Check your product to determine the type before
commencing assignments for instrumentation supplied.
1.2 Power Supply Safety Features
The Universal Power Supply 60-105 comes complete with a 3-phase circuit breaker to ensure
mains supplies are automatically disconnected in the event of a current overload occurring or an
inadvertent interruption of the ac mains supply. It is recommended that the 3-phase mains supply
to this unit is connected via an earth leakage circuit breaker (such as Feedback 60-140-1).
An emergency power off pushbutton is also provided which allows an operator to disconnect all
supplies from the unit and frame equipment in the event of an emergency.
Variable ac and dc supply outputs are provided which are protected by a current operated circuit
breaker. A fixed dc supply is available which is protected by a fuse.
All power connections for assignment work are made using 4 mm output shrouded plug leads.

1.3 System Frame Construction
The system frame (91-200) is constructed using captive nut and bolt fixings as shown in the
Assembly Instructions - Frame System drawing (Figure 1-1). Ensure all bolts including the bolts
securing the frame feet , as shown in the side view of Figure 1-1, are fully tightened before
loading the frame with equipment.
WARNING:
All un-powered frame mounted units are provided with earth terminals on the front and/or back
which must be connected to a protective earth point that is provided on all power supply units,
using the earth leads supplied.
WARNING:
If the frame system fixings are not fully tight before equipment is mounted, the frame could be
unstable or collapse with consequent damage to equipment and personnel.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

1-2 60-070-CS-S

Figure 1-1: System Frame Fixings Location

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 1-3
1.4 Equipment
The core system of the Electrical Machines trainer is shown in Figure 1-2 with virtual
instrumentation and Figure 1-3 with conventional instrumentation. It comprises:

Universal Power Supply 60-105
dc Compound Wound Motor 63-120
Single Phase Induction Motor - capacitor start, induction run 64-110
Three Phase Induction Motor - squirrel cage, dual voltage 64-501
Dynamometer incorporating a Tachogenerator 67-530
Torque & Speed Control Panel 68-441
Switched Three Phase Resistance Load 67-142
Shaft Coupling and Key 68-703
System Frame 91-200
Standard Set of Patch Leads 68-800
Machine Guards 91-270

The system may have one of the following:

Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500
Software Pack CD 68-912-USB
Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
Two Voltmeter and Ammeter panels 68-110
Single and Three Phase Measurements 68-100
Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

For a more detailed description of the individual units supplied, please consult the Utilities Manual
60-070-UM and the relevant product number that can be found on a label fixed to the rear panel of
the instrument.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

1-4 60-070-CS-S

Figure 1-2: Layout with Virtual Instrumentation

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 1-5

Figure 1-3: Layout with Conventional Instrumentation

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

1-6 60-070-CS-S
1.5 Core System Panels
1.5.1 Universal Power Supply 60-105
The power supplies in the 60-070 series are provided by a Universal Power Supply 60-105.
The power supply is designed to be fitted between the two narrow rails of the frame in the lowest
area of the frame.
The Universal Power Supply 60-105 receives a three phase input from the mains supply and input
connections are hard wired at the rear of the unit. After being connected to the unit 60-105, the
supply is protected via a three phase circuit breaker which when closed provides power to three
phase variable and fixed ac outputs and variable and fixed dc outputs (as indicated by a green
power on indicator light). An emergency power off pushbutton is provided which allows an
operator to remove all supply outputs from the panel and other units supplied from it. The supply
outputs can be re-established by releasing the emergency power off button (turn clockwise to
release) and resetting the lever switches on the circuit breaker to up (on) position.
1.5.2 Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142
The Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 unit provides a wide range of resistance variation making
it ideally suited to the testing of electrical circuits, transformers and electrical machines.
Three resistance banks are provided for three phase applications; however, they may be used in
series or parallel to provide the value required.
Note that the resistors in each section are identified with references R1, R2, R3 etc. These
references will be used in the assignments to select specific resistances.
1.5.3 Torque & Speed Control Panel 68-441
The 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel in conjunction with the Dynamometer 67-530, in
Torque Mode provides a system for applying loads to a motor, allowing the performance
parameters of the motor to be measured.
In Speed Mode the panel allows a generator to be driven at a desired speed, allowing the
performance parameters of the generator may be measured.
1.6 Virtual Instrumentation 60-070-VIP
1.6.1 Multichannel I/O 68-500
The Multichannel I/O 68-500 unit allows a number of different parameters associated with the
operation of the motors and generators to be measured with a Virtual Instrumentation system.
Used with a PC, the software provides on-screen ac and dc voltmeters and ammeters, dc
wattmeter, single and three phase wattmeters, ac phase meter, ac power meter, ac frequency
meter and single and three phase power factors. Torque and speed measurements can also be
displayed when the 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel is connected.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 1-7
The system requires the following:
Virtual instrumentation software 68-912-USB,
PC interface hardware,
PC with a minimum specification of 700 MHz, Pentium 3, 512 MB of memory, USB1 port
and Windows 2000 or XP operating systems.
For further information, see the Powerframes Virtual Instrumentation 60-070-VIP manual.
1.7 Conventional Instrumentation 60-070-CI1
As an alternative to the use of virtual instrumentation, the 60-070-CI1 provides the following
conventional instruments:
2 x 68-110 dc voltmeter and ammeter panels
1 x 68-100 Electronic Single and Three Phase Measurements panel. This is a
programmable industrial standard unit and the user is referred to its accompanying manual
for operating information.

WARNING:
High voltages are present on front panel sockets. Ensure that only the 4 mm shrouded
plug leads provided are used for all power connections to prevent exposure to the hazard
of electric shock.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

1-8 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Preliminary Checks

60-070-CS-S 2-1
2 Preliminary Checks
2.1 Installation
Hardware installation instructions are provided in the Powerframes Installation and Commissioning
Manual 60-070-IC. For Virtual Instrumentation software installation and associated hardware
installation, refer to manual 60-070-VIP.
2.2 Inspection
Prior to use, check all equipment for mechanical damage and for any loose fittings, and secure
these.

2.3 Earth Protection
Ensure all non-powered modules such a Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 are earthed through
the supply by connecting all module earth terminals (normally situated on the back of each module)
to any one of the earth terminals situated on the back of the Universal Power Supply 60-105 using
the earth leads supplied.
Powered modules such as the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500 are directly supplied with power and
are earthed through the supply.
A protective earth terminal on the front panel of the power supply unit is provided to allow
connection to non-direct mains powered equipment such as electrical machines, transformers etc
that are bench-standing.

2.4 Specification
Specification details and safety aspects of the individual modules are provided in Module Utility
Sheets which are provided with the equipment and in the Powerframes Utilities Manual
60-070-UM.
WARNING:
If the frame system fixings are not fully tight before equipment is mounted, the frame could be
unstable or collapse with consequent damage to equipment and personnel. See Chapter 1 for
further information.
WARNING:
All non-direct powered panels must be earthed to the main power supply, 60-105, using the
earth leads supplied.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Preliminary Checks

2-2 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Assignments

60-070-CS-S 3-1
3 Assignments
3.1 Introduction
This chapter contains assignments for Electrical Machines supplied with the core system 60-070
and for the extension options of the Synchronous Machine and Series Motor.
The assignments are designed to demonstrate the behaviour of a number of typical ac and dc
motors and generators under various conditions. They enable you to investigate and record the
effect of varying the motor or generator parameters such as field current, armature current, speed,
applied load torque etc.
In all cases calculations are made, the results are evaluated and conclusions are drawn.
The assignments are:
1. dc Shunt Motor and Familiarisation
2. dc Series Motor
3. dc Compound Wound Motor
4. dc Separately Excited Motor
5. dc Shunt Generator
6. dc Compound Generator
7. dc Separately Excited Generator
8. Single Phase Induction Motor - Capacitor Start/Induction Run
9. 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Additional assignments available with the various optional machines.
10. Series Universal Motor (Option 60-070-SUM)
11. 3-Phase Synchronous Generator Open & Short Circuit Characteristics
(Option 60-070-SMC)
12. Voltage Regulation of 3-Phase Synchronous Generator (Option 60-070-SMC)
13. Synchronisation Procedure and Motor Operation of a 3-Phase Synchronous Machine
(Option 60-070-SMC)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Assignments

3-2 60-070-CS-S
3.2 Assignment Composition
Each assignment comprises:
An Introduction giving theory relevant to the assignment as a whole.
Practicals, which contain operating procedures, and exercises pertaining to the results
obtained. For each practical, a circuit diagram is provided (see below), and, for the more
complex circuits, the patching diagram is also given.
Results tables for each practical in which measured data is recorded.
Typical results and answers which provide completed tables and graphs, and answers to
all questions are provided the Reference Manual 60-070
3.3 Wiring Diagrams
In Assignment 1, wiring and circuit diagrams are given for both Conventional Instrumentation and
Virtual Instrumentation equipment set ups.
After this assignment, the student should be familiar with interpreting the circuit diagram such that
the various equipment meters, power supply motor etc can be interconnected without fully detailed
information. Wiring diagrams are shown only for the more complex circuits, or where new items of
equipment are being introduced which have not been used in previous assignments.
3.4 Trainer Versions (230 V and 120 V)
The practicals provided in each assignment cover both 230 V and 120 V versions of the trainer.
Check your product for the version in use.
Where parameters specific to an appropriate trainer version are given within a practical, they
appear in a table adjacent to the associated step of the practical procedure.
Results tables are given at the end of the assignment for both versions (230 V and 120 V) of the
trainer.

Powerframes Assignment 1
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL dc Shunt Motor and Familiarisation

60-070-CS-S 3-1-1
1 dc Shunt Motor and Familiarisation
1.1 Assignment Information
1.1.1 Objectives
When you have completed this assignment you will:
be familiar with the trainer.
understand the principles of dc motor operation.
be aware of the parameters used to measure dc motor performance.
know where to use a dc shunt motor.
1.1.2 Knowledge Level
Before you start this assignment:
you should have a clear understanding of voltage and current in dc circuits.
you should be familiar with the procedures associated the Machine Shaft Covers and
Coupling (see Appendix A).
if you have a Virtual Instrumentation System, you should be familiar with its use and its
connections to a dynamometer.

For details on the connections between the PC, the 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel
and the 68-500 Multichannel I/O Unit, see Virtual Instrumentation System manual -
60-070-VIP. See also this manual for details of the Virtual Instrumentation software
68-912-USB and Machine Loading and Testing System.
1.1.3 Practicals
1. Speed / torque relationship
Armature current / output torque relationship,
Armature voltage / speed relationship,
Efficiency
2. Field current / shaft speed relationship

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-2 60-070-CS-S

1.2 Theory
1.2.1 Introduction
A shunt connected motor has its armature and field windings connected in parallel across the dc
supply. Figure 3-1-1 shows the equivalent circuit of a dc shunt machine.

Figure 3-1-1: Equivalent Circuit of a dc Shunt Machine
where V is the voltage applied to the terminals
E is the motional or back EMF
L is the self inductance of the field winding
is the flux in the armature circuit
The magnitude of E is proportional to the flux and speed
N K E
E
= Eq 1
where N is the speed, K
E
a constant referring to the field windings.
The armature current is given by

a
a
R
E V
I

= Eq 2
where R
a
the is resistance of the armature and I
a
the current through the armature.
NOTES:
Practicals cover both 230 V and 120 V versions of the trainer.
Where parameters specific to an appropriate trainer versions are given within a practical, they
appear in a table adjacent to the associated step of the practical procedure.
Results tables are given at the end of the assignment for both versions (230 V and 120 V) of the
trainer.
This assignment contains both wiring and circuit diagrams, and is designed to familiarise you
with the equipment for use with dc motors and generators.
Subsequent dc motor and generator assignments will only contain the circuit diagram, as by
then it is expected that you will be able to wire the equipment yourself from the circuit diagram.
The wiring and circuit diagrams are shown for both virtual and conventional instrumentation.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-1-3
The torque produced on the rotor is proportional to the flux and the armature current.

a T
I K T = Eq 3
Where K
T
is a constant relating to the armature winding.

Under steady state ideal (light running) conditions if we assume there is no friction or other losses
in the motor, the torque is zero, and hence from Eq 3 the armature current I
a

is zero. This implies,
from Eq 2 that:
N K E V
E
= = Eq 4
From Eq 4 it can be seen that if the magnetic flux is reduced (i.e. the field is weakened), the speed
will correspondingly increase in inverse proportion, until the motor is again at a higher equilibrium
speed.
Consider how the speed varies with an increase in load, if the terminal voltage is kept constant.
When subjected to an increase in torque, the flux in a shunt motor is virtually independent of the
armature current. Therefore the armature current increases proportionally with torque, leading to a
fall in motional EMF, which causes the speed to fall linearly with increasing torque.
Flux is proportional to the field current, hence speed can be controlled by the field current, if the
terminal voltage is kept constant.
The practicals in this assignment will demonstrate the basic laws governing the behaviour of the
shunt motor and will investigate the relationships between applied armature voltage, field strength
and motor torque and speed.
1.2.2 Efficiency
Input power to the motor
a a f f i
I V I V P + = Eq 5
Output power from the motor
60
TN 2
P
o

= Eq 6
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
I V I V
60
TN 2
a a f f

+
Eq 7
where V
f
and I
f
are the voltage across and the current through the field winding.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-4 60-070-CS-S
1.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment familiarise the student with the trainer and provide an introduction
to dc shunt motors.
1.4 Equipment Required
Universal Power Supply 60-105.
Dynamometer Machine 67-530
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)

or
Two Voltmeter and Ammeter
panels
68-110

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:
Refer to the Virtual Instrumentation System manual 60-070-VIP for the setting up of the
virtual instrumentation voltmeters, ammeters etc, and the use of Set-Up files.
Do refer to the Help information in the 68-500-USB software.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-1-5
1.5 Circuit Diagrams and Wiring

Figure 3-1-2: Virtual Instrumentation Wiring

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-6 60-070-CS-S

Figure 3-1-3: Conventional Instrumentation Wiring

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-1-7

Figure 3-1-4: Circuit Diagram with resistance shorting link fitted

1.6 Preliminary Set-up
Switch off all power by setting the 3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release on the Universal
Power Supply 60-105 to the off position.
Make up connections shown in Figure 3-1-2 and Figure 3-1-4 for Virtual Instrumentation and
Figure 3-1-3 and Figure 3-1-4 for Conventional Instrumentation.
If you have Virtual Instrumentation and access to an Excel
Spreadsheet you can use the facility

in the 68-912-USB software to save and store sets of results, import them directly into Excel,
automatically calculate results and draw graphs. (See the manual - Virtual Instrumentation Pack
60-070-VIP, Appendix A).
NOTE:
The circuit diagram shows both virtual and conventional instrumentation.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-8 60-070-CS-S
1.7 Control Settings
67-142 Resistance Box Fit the link, which shorts out the resistance box, and check that all the
resistance switches are switched on (see Figure 3-1-5).
60-105 Power Supply Turn the variable output voltage control to 0% on the Universal
Power Supply 60-105 and then switch off all power by opening the
3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release circuit breaker.
68-441 Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.
Set the constant speed or torque and the torque proportional to
speed control to their most anti-clockwise positions.
Connect the dynamometer to the torque mode socket.
Set the demand voltage switch to +ve.
Press the power pushbutton which illuminates green.
Press the dynamometer power on button so that the adjacent red
LED is lit.

68-912-USB Software For Virtual Instrumentation, switch on the PC and start the Virtual
Instrumentation Software 68-912-USB (see manual 60-070-VIP).
SAFETY NOTES
1. Do NOT leave the 68-441 powered up with the test motor
NOT rotating and with a load demand. This will cause the
dynamometer motor to overheat which may lead to
permanent damage.
2. In circumstances when the dynamometer is not being used
for a period longer than 5 minutes, press the dynamometer
power off button. When ready to continue with the
assignment, press the dynamometer power on button
bringing power back on to the system.
3. Do NOT under any circumstances allow an open circuit in
the 67-142 resistance box, when conducting motor tests
requiring a resistance in series with the field winding. This
will collapse the field to zero and lead to the motor running
away at high speed. Always ensure the link is inserted
when the resistance is not required, and that the resistance
switches are never all set to off.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-1-9
1.8 Practical 1.1 - Speed / Torque Characteristics
Product Version
230 V 120 V
On the 60-105 unit, ensure the variable output voltage control is set to 0%
and then set the circuit breaker switch to the on position. Power is now
available as indicated by the power on green indicator being illuminated.

On the 60-105, increase the variable output voltage control, until the motor
speed is about 3200 rpm with a maximum voltage of ..........................

220 V dc

120 V dc
Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional
instrumentation, take the readings listed for values of the applied torque
from the minimum to a maximum of 1.2 Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm
Enter them into a table similar to that given in Practical 1.1 Results Table at
the end of this assignment. Results are required for the following
parameters:

Armature Volts (V1)
Field Volts (V2)
Armature Current (I1)
Field Current (I2)
Torque Nm
Speed rpm
Note: Should the readings fluctuate significantly when approaching the
maximum torque values, record the meter readings for the highest
sustainable torque in the appropriate line and column of your results table

Switch off all power from the Universal Power Supply 60-105 by setting the
circuit breaker to off.

1.8.1 Exercise 1.1
Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency from Eq 5, 6, and 7
and enter them in the table.

Draw graphs of speed, armature current and efficiency vs torque, using the
axes suggested by those shown in Practical 1.1 Results Table.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-10 60-070-CS-S
1.8.2 Questions
Question 1 What do you notice about the shape of the armature current vs torque
graph? Compare with Eq 3.
Question 2 What do you notice about the slope of the speed vs torque graph?
Question 3 What do you notice about the slope of the efficiency vs torque graph?
Question 4 List as many factors you can to account for the efficiency being less
than 100%. Which of these will increase as the torque increases and
which will decrease?

1.9 Practical 1.2 - Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics
Reset the control settings as previously described with the following
differences. Remove the link across the resistor box shown by the dotted
line in Figures 3-1-2 to 3-1-5.

Figure 3-1-5

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-1-11

Product Version
230 V 120 V
Now set the resistance panel to change the motor field resistance to a
new value so that results can be found for the Set 2 column of your table
182
All resistors
on.
All sections
connected
in parallel.

1.9.1 Practical
On the 60-105 unit, ensure the variable output voltage control is set to
0% then set the 3 phase circuit breaker to the on position.

On the 60-105 unit, increase the variable output voltage control, until the
motor speed is about 3200 rpm with a maximum voltage of

220 V dc

120 V dc
A Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or
conventional instrumentation, take the following readings for
values of the applied torque from the minimum possible value to
1.2 Nm, in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into the Set 2
column of a copy of the appropriate Practical 1.2 Results Table
(230 V or 120 V product version) at the end of this assignment.

Field Current (I2)
Torque Nm

Speed rpm

B On the 60-105, turn the variable output voltage control to 0%.
Switch off all power by setting the circuit breaker to the off
position.

Now set the resistance panel to change the motor field resistance to a
new value so that results can be found for the Set 3 column of your table.
316
R1, R4 and
R7 on.
All sections
connected
in parallel

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-12 60-070-CS-S

Using this new value for the resistance in series with the field winding,
which will have the effect of reducing the field current, follow the same
sequence of operations you previously carried out between:

A and B

entering your results into the Set 3 column of a copy of the appropriate
Practical 1.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version).

Finally enter the corresponding values from your copy of Practical 1.1
Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version) into the Set 1 column of
your copy of the appropriate Practical 1.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V
product version).

1.9.2 Exercise 1.2

Draw a graph of speed vs torque for each of the three values of the field
current using the axes suggested by that given in Practical 1.2 Results
Table (230 V or 120 V product version). Compare your results with the
theoretical predictions at the beginning of this assignment.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Results Tables

60-070-CS-S 3-1-13
1.10 Practical 1.1 - Results Tables and Graphs (230 V Product Version)
Armature
Voltage V1
(V)
Field
Voltage V2
(V)
Armature
Current I1
(A)
Field
Current I2
(A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-14 60-070-CS-S
Armature
Voltage
V1 (V)
Field
Voltage
V2 (V)
Armature
Current
I1 (A)
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-1-15
Set 1: No resistance in series
with field winding
Set 2: 182 Resistance in
series with field winding
Set 3: 317 Resistance in
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-1-16 60-070-CS-S
Practical 1.2 - Results Tables and Graphs (120 V Product Version)
Set 1: No resistance in series
with field winding
Set 2: Resistance in
Set 3: Resistance in
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL dc Series Motor

60-070-CS-S 3-2-1
2 dc Series Motor
2.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the different characteristics between a dc series motor and dc shunt motor.
know suitable applications for dc series and shunt motors.
you should have completed Assignment 1.
connections to a dynamometer. (Refer to the 60-070-VIP manual for details on the
equipment interconnection and software operation.)
2.1.3 Practicals
Armature current / output torque relationship
Armature voltage / speed relationship
Efficiency
2. Relationship of speed to applied voltage

NOTES:
Where parameters specific to an appropriate trainer version are given within a
practical, they appear in a table adjacent to the associated step of the practical
procedure.
Results tables are given at the end of the assignment for both versions (230 V and
120 V) of the trainer.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-2-2 60-070-CS-S
2.2 Theory
2.2.1 Introduction
A series connected dc motor has its armature and field windings connected in series across a dc
supply. Figure 3-2-1 shows the circuit for a dc series machine.

Figure 3-2-1: Equivalent Circuit of a dc Series Machine
where V is the voltage applied to the terminals
E is the motional or back EMF
R
a
is the inherent armature resistance
R
s
is an external resistance added in series with the armature.
The magnitude of E is proportional to the flux and speed.
N K E
E
= Eq 1
Where N is the speed and K
E
is a constant referring to the field windings.
The armature current is given by:
E V I R
a a
= Eq 2
The flux is proportional to the field current (until the effects of magnetic saturation take place),
which, for a series motor, is equal to the armature current
a f f f
I K I K = = Eq 3
where
T
K is a constant related to the field windings.
The speed of the motor can be controlled by adding a variable resistor in series with the armature
winding resistance. Increasing the value of the resistor will increase the voltage drop across it, this
will cause a drop in the motor terminal voltage and hence a reduction in the speed of the motor as
the motional EMF reduces to balance the loss of terminal voltage.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-2-3
Torque produced on the rotor is proportional to the flux density. It can be proved that.

a T
I K T = Eq 4
Where I
a
is armature current and K
T
is a constant relating to the armature winding.

2
a
I K T = Eq 5
where K is a constant of proportionality.
Thus the torque is proportional to the square of the armature current. The current varies inversely
with speed due to the low value of the back EMF at low speeds and hence the series motor has a
high torque at low speeds. This makes it suitable for use in traction applications.
From Eq 1, Eq 2 and Eq 3
) N K R ( I V
1 a a
+ = Eq 6
and from Eq 5, (assuming that V is constant after allowing for the very small voltage drop across
the field winding)
2
1
1 a
3
) N K R (
1
K T
+
= Eq 7
where
1
K and
3
K are constants.
At large values of the speed N, R
a
<< K
1
N and so we derive the result that the torque is
approximately proportional to the square root of the speed, at higher values of the speed, until the
effects of magnetic saturation take place.
2.2.2 Efficiency
a i
VI P = Eq 8
60
NT 2
P
o

= Eq 9
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
VI
60
NT 2
a
Eq 10
where V is the voltage across the motor.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-2-4 60-070-CS-S
2.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a dc series motor.
System Frame 91-200
Either:


Software Pack CD
68-912-USB
Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)

or

panels
68-110

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-2-5

Figure 3-2-2: Circuit Diagram

Switch off all power by setting the 3 phase circuit breaker on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
to the off position.
Make up connections shown in the circuit diagram in Figure 3-2-2.

NOTE:
The circuit diagram shows for both virtual and conventional instrumentation.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-2-6 60-070-CS-S
60-105 Power Supply Turn the variable output voltage control to 0%. Switch off the
3 phase circuit breaker.
Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
dynamometer motor to overheat which may lead to permanent
damage.
2. In circumstances when the dynamometer is not being used for
a period longer than 5 minutes, press the dynamometer power
off button. When ready to continue with the assignment, press
the dynamometer power on button bringing power back on to
the system.


The series motor is always a difficult motor to make measurements on,
since on light loads it will tend to run at very high speed (theoretically infinite
speed at no load) and with any increase in load the speed initially reduces
rapidly to a lower value until the additional load can be sustained.

With increasing load the torque output increases rapidly as does armature
current, the current and torque theoretically being infinite at zero speed.

With this type of characteristic it is possible only to obtain a portion of the
overall characteristic torque/speed curve.

On the 60-105 unit, set the 3 phase circuit breaker to the on position.

Product Version

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-2-7
230 V 120 V
Using the variable output voltage control on the 60-105, raise the dc supply
voltage to the motor to

160 V dc

80 V dc
You will notice that as the supply voltage is applied the motor shaft speed is
increasing rapidly to a point where it exceeds 5000 rpm. This speed is
outside the measuring range of the instrumentation and will need to be
reduced before measurements can be made.

Slowly reduce the dc supply voltage until the motor speed is 4950 rpm.
This will be the initial value of speed and supply voltage to carry out the
following test.

instrumentation, take the readings listed for values of the applied torque
from the minimum to a maximum of 1 Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm
Enter them into a table similar to that given in Practical 2.1 Results Table
(230 V or 120 V product version) at the end of this assignment. Record the
following:

Motor Voltage (V1)
Motor Current (I1)
Torque Nm
Speed rpm
Note: Maintain the applied voltage as constant as possible throughout the
test.

Be sure that as you increase the torque you allow enough time for the shaft
speed to settle before taking your readings.

Turn the variable output voltage control to 0% on the Universal Power
Supply 60-105 and then switch off the 3 phase circuit breaker.

2.8.1 Exercise 2.1
Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency from Eq 8, 9 and 10


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-2-8 60-070-CS-S
2.9 Practical 2.2 - Speed / Applied Voltage Characteristics
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Increase the variable output voltage control on the 60-105 until the speed
of the motor is 4950 rpm. The voltage should be the same as that
determined in Practical 2.1. Ensure that the torque applied is at the
minimum. There will always be some torque due to the load imposed by
motor losses and the effect of the dynamometer motor being attached.

instrumentation, Take the following readings:

Motor Voltage (V1)
Speed - rpm
reducing the voltage by ..
Enter the readings in to a copy of the appropriate Practical 2.2 Results
Table (230 V or 120 V product version). Note the minimum value of the
torque.
20 Volt
steps
down to
20 V
10 Volt
steps
down to
10 V
Supply 60-105 and then switch off all power by setting the 3 phase circuit
breaker to the off position.

2.9.1 Exercise 2.2
Draw a graph of speed against applied motor voltage using the axes
suggested by those shown in Practical 2.1 Results Table.

2.9.2 Questions
Question 1 What are the main differences between the torque/speed curves for
the shunt and series connected motor?
Question 2 What do you notice from the shape of the speed versus applied motor
voltage curve? Are your deductions in accordance with Eq 6?

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-2-9
Motor Voltage
V1 (V)
Motor Current
I1 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input Power
(W)
Output Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

M
o
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

Torque (Nm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-2-10 60-070-CS-S
Motor Voltage
V1 (V)
Motor Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input Power
(W)
Output Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

M
o
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

Torque (Nm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-2-11

Speed
(rpm)
Motor Voltage
(V)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-2-12 60-070-CS-S

Speed
(rpm)
Motor Voltage
(V)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL dc Compound Wound Motor

60-070-CS-S 3-3-1
3 dc Compound Wound Motor
3.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the difference between series dc motors and shunt motors, and the combination
compound motor.
know the connection and behaviour of differential and cumulative compound motors.
3.1.3 Practicals
Efficiency
2. Torque / Speed and Field Current relationship

NOTES:
procedure.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-3-2 60-070-CS-S
3.2 Theory
The dc compound wound motor is fundamentally a combination of series and shunt connected dc
motors. The series winding is arranged so its magnetomotive force either assists or opposes that
of the shunt. This makes it possible to attain a selection of torque/speed characteristics. By
adjusting the relative strengths and ratios of the windings, it is possible to obtain any
characteristics of the shunt and series motors. In most compound motors, however, most of the
magnetomotive force is produced by the shunt winding.
3.2.1 Differential dc compound wound motor
The differential dc compound wound motor has the series winding opposing the shunt. Any
increase in current results in a weakening of the field and a reduction in torque per ampere.
However, this connection is not used in practise as it is inherently unstable when loaded.
3.2.2 Cumulative dc compound wound motor
The cumulative dc compound wound machine has the series winding reinforcing the shunt. This is
shown in Figure 3-3-1.

Figure 3-3-1: Equivalent Circuit of a dc Compound Wound Machine
When subjected to an increase in load, the resultant increase in armature current in the series field
causes an increase in flux. This increases the torque per ampere.
Therefore there is a greater drop in speed with increase in torque than in the shunt connected
motor.
The torque/speed characteristics of the cumulative compound motor can also be varied by the use
of a resistance in series with the shunt winding.
3.2.3 Efficiency
a a f f i
I V I V P + = Eq 1
60
NT 2
P
o

= Eq 2
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
I V I V
60
NT 2
a a f f
Eq 3
where V
f
and I
f

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-3-3
3.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a cumulative dc compound wound
motor.
System Frame 91-200
Either:


Software Pack CD
68-912-USB
Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)

or

panels
68-110

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-3-4 60-070-CS-S



NOTE:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-3-5
resistance switches are switched on. See Figure 3-3-3.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
damage.
the system.
3. Do NOT under any circumstances allow an open circuit in the
67-142 resistance box, when conducting motor tests requiring
a resistance in series with the field winding. This will collapse
the field to zero and lead to the motor running away at high
speed. Always ensure the link is inserted when the resistance
is not required, and that the resistance switches are never all
set to off.


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-3-6 60-070-CS-S
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Using the variable output voltage control on the 60-105, increase the
supply until the motor speed is about 3200 rpm not exceeding the voltage of
..

220 V dc

120 V dc
instrumentation, take the following readings for values of the applied torque
from the minimum to 1.2 Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a
copy of the appropriate Practical 3.1 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version). Record these values:

Armature Volts (V2)
Field Volts (V1)
Field Current (I1)
Torque Nm
Speed rpm
test.


3.8.1 Exercise 3.1


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-3-7
3.9 Practical 3.2 - Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque characteristics
Product Version
230 V 120 V
differences.

Remove the link across the resistor panel shown as a dotted line in
Figure 3-3-3.

Figure 3-3-3

Set all of the switches on the resistor panel 67-142 to the on position as
shown in Figure 3-3-3, and link the resistor arrays in parallel to give a
resistance in series with the field coil of ..

182

3.9.1 Practical
Using the variable output voltage control, increase the supply until the
motor speed is about 3200 rpm not exceeding the voltage of ...

220 V dc

120 V dc

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-3-8 60-070-CS-S

Product Version
230 V 120 V
A Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional
instrumentation, take the following readings for values of the applied
torque from the minimum to 1.2 Nm, in increments of 0.1 Nm and
enter them into the column Set 2 of a copy of the appropriate

Record in your table the following:

Field Current I2

Torque Nm

Speed rpm

B On the 60-105, turn the variable output voltage control to 0% and
then switch off the circuit breaker.

Now set the resistance panel 67-142 to give the resistance in series with
the field winding of
.
317
R1, R4,
R7 to
on.
All other
values
switched
to off

follow the same sequence of operations you previously carried out between:

A and B

entering your results into the column Set 3 of a copy of the appropriate

Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version) into the column Set 1 of
your copy of the appropriate Practical 3.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V
product version).

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-3-9

3.9.2 Exercise 3.2

current using axes suggested by that given in Practical 3.2 Results Table
(230 V or 120 V product version).

Compare your results with the theoretical predictions at the beginning of this
assignment.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-3-10 60-070-CS-S
Armature
Voltage
V2 (V)
Armature
Current
I2 (A)
Field
Voltage
V1 (V)
Field
Current
I1 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

Torque (Nm)
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
A
r
m
a
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-3-11
Armature
Voltage
V2 (V)
Armature
Current
I2 (A)
Field
Voltage
V1 (V)
Field
Current
I1 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

Torque (Nm)
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
A
r
m
a
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-3-12 60-070-CS-S
Field Current
I2 = amps

Field Current
I2 = amps

Field Current
I2 = amps
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Torque (Nm)
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-3-13
Field Current
I2 = amps

Field Current
I2 = amps

Field Current
I2 = amps
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Torque (Nm)
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-3-14 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL dc Separately Excited Motor

60-070-CS-S 3-4-1
4 dc Separately Excited Motor
4.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the difference between series dc motors and shunt motors, and the separately
excited motor.
know some of the applications for this type of motor.
4.1.3 Practicals
Efficiency
2. Torque / Speed and Field Current relationship

NOTES:
procedure.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-4-2 60-070-CS-S
4.2 Theory
The dc separately excited motor has the field circuit supplied from a different source to the
armature circuit. This is illustrated in Figure 3-4-1.

Figure 3-4-1: Equivalent Circuit for a dc Separately Excited Motor
Since the flux is proportional to field current, the flux in the following equation can be considered a
constant, along with the torque constant K
T
.

a T
I K = T Eq 1
Thus the armature current is directly proportional to the torque for any given value of flux. The
armature current depends on the difference between the armature supply voltage and the motors
back EMF, E.
N K E
E
= Eq 2
Hence for a constant supply voltage the motors back EMF is directly proportional to speed.
By varying the current, and hence the flux in the field circuit a range of torque/speed characteristics
can be obtained for the separately excited dc motor.
There are two ways the field current can be altered.
1. A variable resistor can be added in series with the field circuit.
2. Variation of the field circuit supply voltage.
4.2.1 Efficiency
a a f f i
I V I V P + = Eq 3
60
NT 2
P
o

= Eq 4
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
I V I V
60
NT 2
a a f f
Eq 5
where V
f
and I
f

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-4-3
4.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a dc separately excited motor.
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
panels
68-110

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-4-4 60-070-CS-S



NOTE:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-4-5
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
damage.
the system.
3. Do NOT under any circumstances allow an open circuit in the
67-142 resistance box, when conducting motor tests requiring
a resistance in series with the field winding. This will collapse
the field to zero and lead to the motor running away at high
speed. Always ensure the link is inserted when the resistance
is not required, and that the resistance switches are never all
set to off.


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-4-6 60-070-CS-S
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Increase the variable output voltage control on the 60-105, until the motor
speed is about 3200 rpm not exceeding the values .

220 V dc

120 V dc
table similar to that given in Practical 4.1 Results Table.
Record the values:

Armature Volts (V1)
Field Volts (V2)
Field Current (I2)
Torque Nm
Speed rpm
test.


4.8.1 Exercise 4.1
Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency from Eq 3, 4 and 5

Draw graphs of speed, armature current and efficiency vs torque,

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-4-7
4.9 Practical 4.2 - Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics
Product Version
230 V 120 V
4.9.1 Control Settings
differences. Remove the link across the resistor panel shown as a dotted
line in Figure 3-4-3.

Figure 3-4-3

Set all of the switches on the resistor panel 67-142 to the on position as
shown in Figure 3-4-3, and link the resistor arrays in parallel to give a
resistance in series with the field coil of .

182

4.9.2 Practical

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-4-8 60-070-CS-S

Product Version
230 V 120 V
Increase the variable output voltage control on the 60-105 to approximately
the listed value, so that the motor speed is about 3200 rpm not exceeding
the voltage

220 V dc

120 V dc
A Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional
instrumentation, take the following readings for values of the applied
torque from the minimum to 1.2 Nm, in increments of 0.1 Nm and
enter them into the Set 2 column of a copy of the appropriate
Record values of:

Field Current (I2)

Torque Nm

Speed rpm

test.

B Turn the variable output voltage control to 0% on the Universal
Power Supply 60-105 and then switch off the 3 phase circuit
breaker.

Now set the resistance panel to give the resistance values listed in series
with the field winding, by making the following switch selections
317
Switch
on R1,
R4 & R7
only.

which will have the effect of reducing the field current, follow the same
sequence of operations you previously carried out between:

A and B

entering your results into the Set 3 column of a copy of the appropriate

Results Table (230 V or 120 V) into the Set 1 column of your copy of the
appropriate Practical 4.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version).

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-4-9

4.9.3 Exercise 4.2

current using the axes suggested by that given in Practical 4.2 Results
Table (230 V or 120 V product version).

Compare your results with the theoretical predictions at the beginning of this
assignment.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-4-10 60-070-CS-S
Armature
Voltage
V1 (V)
Armature
Current
I1 (A)
Field
Voltage
V2 (V)
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

2700
2750
2800
2850
2900
2950
3000
3050
3100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
e
v
/
m
i
n
)

A
r
m
a
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

Torque (Nm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-4-11
Armature
Voltage
V1 (V)
Armature
Current
I1 (A)
Field
Voltage
V2 (V)
Field
Current
I2 (A)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-4-12 60-070-CS-S
Field Current
I2 = amps
Field Current
I2 = amps
Field Current
I2 = amps
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Set 1 Set 2 Set 3
2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

Torque (Nm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-4-13
Practical 4.2 - Results Tables and Graphs (120 V Product Version)
Field Current
I2 = amps
Field Current
I2 = amps
Field Current
I2 = amps
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)

Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

Torque (Nm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-4-14 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL dc Shunt Generator

60-070-CS-S 3-5-1
5 dc Shunt Generator
5.1.1 Objectives
understand the principles of dc generator operation.
be aware of the parameters used to measure dc motor generator performance.
know the connection and characteristic of a dc shunt generator.
5.1.3 Practicals
1. Effect of field current on the output of a shunt connected dc generator (open circuit
characteristic).
2. Effect of generator speed on the output of a shunt connected dc generator (open
circuit characteristic).
3. Load voltage/current characteristic of a shunt connected dc generator.

NOTES:
procedure.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-5-2 60-070-CS-S
5.2 Theory
A shunt connected generator has its armature and field windings connected in parallel across the
dc output terminals.
Figure 3-5-1 shows the equivalent circuit for a dc shunt machine connected as a generator.

Figure 3-5-1: Equivalent Circuit of a Shunt Connected dc Generator
E is the generated EMF
R
a
is the inherent resistance of the armature winding
V is the output voltage.
The initial excitation of a dc generator is dependent on the existence of a small residual flux. When
the armature is rotated the residual flux induces a small EMF producing a current which either
increases or decreases the flux in the magnetic circuit depending on its direction. If the residual
flux is not present or produces a current which causes a decrease in flux then it is necessary to
separately excite the winding for a few seconds using an external dc supply.
The generated EMF causes current to flow through the circuit. The current I
f
flowing through the
field winding increases the magnetic field which increases the induced EMF and current. This
process continues until the magnetic field reaches its maximum value.
The magnitude of the generated EMF, E, is proportional to the flux and speed.

a a
R I V E + = Eq. 1
For a given machine
N K E
E
= Eq. 2
where N is the speed and K
E
is a constant referring to the particular machine.
Hence for a constant speed the generated EMF is proportional to the flux.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-5-3
5.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a dc shunt generator.
dc Compound Wound Machine 63-120
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
panels
68-110

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:
virtual instrumentation voltmeters, ammeters etc, and the use of Set-up files.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-5-4 60-070-CS-S

Figure 3-5-2: Circuit Diagram for Practicals 5-1 and 5-2

Figure 3-5-3: Circuit Diagram for Practicals 5-3

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-5-5
For Practicals 5-1 and 5-2 make the connections according to the circuit in Figure 3-5-2. For
Practical 5-3 make the connections according to the circuit in Figure 3-5-3.

Connect the dynamometer to the speed mode socket.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
1. Do NOT apply power to the motor when in Speed Mode. This
will overheat the dynamometer motor and damage the
equipment.
the system.


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-5-6 60-070-CS-S
5.8 Practical 5.1 - Effect of Field Current on Output Voltage
Using either the 68-441 panel or the virtual instrumentation software, set the
motor speed to 3000 rpm. Ensure the speed is maintained at 3000 rpm
throughout the following procedure.

Starting with the link inserted in the 67-142 resistance box, enter the output
voltage and the field current into columns 3 and 4 of a copy of the
Then remove the link and repeat for the values of the resistance (in series
with the field winding) shown in column 1 of your results table. For
resistance settings, refer to your Results Table which gives the various
switch settings in column 2 for the resistance values listed.

Figure 3-5-4


5.8.1 Exercise 5.1
Draw a graph of output voltage against field current using the axes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-5-7
5.9 Practical 5.2 - Effect of Generator Speed on Output Voltage
Insert the link on the 67-142 resistance box to short it out.
motor speed to 3000 rpm.

Reduce the speed in intervals of approximately 150 rpm at a time from 3000
rpm to 100 rpm and enter the value of the output voltage and speed in a
copy of the appropriate Practical 5.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version). The precise value of the speed decrease is not important,
provided there are enough readings to plot on a graph.


5.9.1 Exercise 5.2
Draw a graph of output voltage against speed using the axes suggested by
those shown in Practical 5.2 Results Table.

5.10 Practical 5.3 - Effect of Resistive Load on Output Voltage and Power
Apply the resistive loads across the generator shown in column 1 of a copy
of the appropriate Practical 5.3 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version). For resistance settings, refer to your Results Table which gives the
various switch settings in column 2 for the resistance values listed

motor speed to 3000 rpm and maintain this speed throughout the test.

Measure the corresponding load voltage and current, and enter the values
in columns 3 and 4 of a copy of the appropriate Practical 5.3 Results Table


5.10.1 Exercise 5.3
Draw graphs of output power and output voltage against load current, using
the axes suggested by those shown in Practical 5.3 Results Table.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-5-8 60-070-CS-S
Resistance Value
()
67-142
Switch Positions
Field Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)
Zero (link fitted) All switches off
182 All switches on
213 Only 3770R off,
all others on

253 1950R off,
all others on

317 All 950R on,
all others off

640 Only 1950R on,
all others off

950 One 950R on,
all others off

1285 One 1950R & 3770R
on, all others off

1885 Two 3770R on,
all others off

0
50
100
150
200
250
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Field Current (A)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-5-9
Resistance Value
()
67-142
Switch Positions
Field Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)
Zero (link fitted) All switches off

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-5-10 60-070-CS-S
5.13 Practical 5.2- Results Tables and Graphs (230 V Product Version)
Speed
(rpm)
Output Voltage
(V)

0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rev/min)
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-5-11
Speed
(rpm)
Output Voltage
(V)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-5-12 60-070-CS-S
Resistance
Value ()
67-142
Switch Positions
Load Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)
Output Power
(W)

0
50
100
150
200
250
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Load Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

185
190
195
200
205
210
215
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Load Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-5-13
Resistance
Value ()
67-142
Switch Positions
Load Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)
Output Power
(W)

0
50
100
150
200
250
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Load Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-5-14 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL dc Compound Generator

60-070-CS-S 3-6-1
6 dc Compound Generator
6.1.1 Objectives
understand the principles of dc compound generator operation (short shunt).
be aware of the parameters used to measure dc generator performance.
know the difference between shunt and compound dc generator connection and
performance.
understand the terms over, under and level compounded.
6.1.3 Practicals
1. Effect of load current on output voltage.
2. Effect of generator speed on the output of a compound dc generator for different
load values.

NOTES:
procedure.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-6-2 60-070-CS-S
6.2 Theory
The magnetomotive force (MMF) of the series winding of the compound generator is usually
arranged to assist the MMF produced by the shunt winding (this is known as cumulative compound
operation). The way in which the output voltage varies with increasing load depends upon the
relative field strengths of these two windings.

Figure 3-6-1: Equivalent Circuit of a Cumulative dc Compound Generator, Short Shunt
Where E is the generated EMF
R
a
is the inherent armature resistance
V is the output voltage
R
s
is the inherent series field resistance.
For the short shunt connection of Figure 3-6-1, the generated EMF is given by:

s L a a
R I R I V E + + = Eq 1
If a relatively small series winding is used the larger the load applied to the generator, the greater
the flux and hence the generated EMF will be. Hence the generated EMF will remain fairly
constant. However the output voltage will still fall due to the inherent armature resistance. The
machine is hence said to be under compounded.
If the strength of the series winding is increased to give a flux which will provide an EMF which
exceeds the no load value by the amount of the armature resistance drop, then the output voltage
will remain constant. The machine is hence said to be level compounded.
If the strength of the series winding was increased further the output voltage will rise as the load
increases. The machine is hence said to be over compounded.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-6-3
6.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a dc compound generator.
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
panels
68-110

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-6-4 60-070-CS-S


NOTE:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-6-5

LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
1. Do NOT apply power to the machine under test when in
Speed Mode. This will overheat the dynamometer motor and
may lead to damage to the equipment.
the system.


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-6-6 60-070-CS-S
6.8 Practical 6.1 - Effect of Load Current on Output Voltage
Product Version
230 V 120 V
motor speed to 3000 rpm. This speed should be maintained at 3000 rpm
throughout the exercise.

Set the resistance on the 67-142 shown in Figure 3-6-3 to
Enter values of load voltage and load current into a copy of the appropriate
3770

Figure 3-6-3

Now proceed to increase the load current by reducing the resistance value
of 67-142 according to the appropriate results table for Practical 6.1 (230 V
or 120 V product version). For resistance settings, refer to your results table
which gives the various switch settings in column 2 for the resistance values
listed.


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-6-7
6.8.1 Exercise 6.1
Draw a graph of output voltage against load current using the axes

Calculate the power dissipated in the load and enter into the last column of
the table.

6.9 Practical 6.2 - Effect of Speed on Output Voltage for Different Load Values
Product Version
230 V 120 V

Set the resistance value on the 67-142 initially to 182
All
resistors
on. All
banks in
parallel.

Take readings of output voltage and load current for speeds starting at 3000
rpm and reducing by 200 rpm until 1800 rpm, and enter these into a copy of
the appropriate Practical 6.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version).

Repeat the sequence of operations above for a resistance value of
Enter your results into copies of the appropriate Practical 6.2 Results
Tables (230 V or 120 V product version).
317
All 950R
to on. All
others to
off.

Finally record the open circuit voltage, all resistance off, in the appropriate
table.


6.9.1 Exercise 6.2
Draw graphs of output voltage against load current using the axes
suggested by those shown in Practical 6.2 Results Table. Use the same
chart for the three graphs.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-6-8 60-070-CS-S

Speed = 3000 rpm
Resistance
Value
()
67-142
Switch
Positions
Load
Voltage
(V)
Load
Current
(A)
Shunt
Current
(A)
Load
Power
(W)
3770 One 3770R on,
all others off
1285 1950R & 3770R on,
all others off
640 950R &1950R on,
all others off
475 Two 950R on,
all others off
317 All 950R on,
all others off
213 Only 3770R off,
all others on
182 All switches on

180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Load Current (A)
L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-6-9

Speed = 3000 rpm
Resistance
Value
()
67-142
Switch
Positions
Load
Voltage
(V)
Load
Current
(A)
Shunt
Current
(A)
Load
Power
(W)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-6-10 60-070-CS-S

Load = 182 - Case 1
Output Voltage
(V)
Load Current
(A)
Shunt Current
(A)
Speed
(rpm)
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800

Load = 317 - Case 2
Output Voltage
(V)
Load Current
(A)
Shunt Current
(A)
Speed
(rpm)
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800

Open Circuit - Case 3
Output Voltage
(V)
Shunt Current
(A)
Speed
(rpm)
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-6-11

90
110
130
150
170
190
210
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

Speed (rpm)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-6-12 60-070-CS-S

Load = - Case 1
Output Voltage
(V)
Load Current
(A)
Shunt Current
(A)
Speed
(rpm)
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800

Load = - Case 2
Output Voltage
(V)
Load Current
(A)
Shunt Current
(A)
Speed
(rpm)
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800

Open Circuit - Case 3
Output Voltage
(V)
Shunt Current
(A)
Speed
(rpm)
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-6-13

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-6-14 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL dc Separately Excited Generator

60-070-CS-S 3-7-1
7 dc Separately Excited Generator
7.1.1 Objectives
understand the principles of a dc separately excited generator operation.
be aware of the parameters used to measure dc motor generator performance.
7.1.3 Practicals
1. Effect of field current on the output of a separately excited dc generator (open circuit
characteristic).
2. Load characteristics of a separately excited dc generator.
3. Effect of generator speed on the output of a separately excited dc generator (open
circuit characteristic).

NOTES:
procedure.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-2 60-070-CS-S
7.2 Theory
The dc separately excited generator has its field winding connected to an external supply. This is
illustrated in Figure 3-7-1.

Figure 3-7-1: Equivalent Circuit of a dc Separately Excited Generator
where V is the output voltage
E is the generated EMF
R
a
is the inherent armature resistance.
The strength of the field is directly proportional to the field current I
f
which is set by the external
voltage supply.
The magnitude of E is proportional to the flux and speed.
N K E
E
= Eq 1
Where N is the speed and K
E
is a constant referring to the field windings.
Hence for constant speed the generated EMF is directly proportional to the field strength or
current.
Now consider the effect when a load is connected to the generator output.
From Figure 3-7-1:

a a
R I E = V Eq 2
If the load resistance is large, I
a
is small and the voltage drop across the inherent armature
resistance is negligible. As I
a
increases V decreases linearly if the generated EMF is kept constant.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-7-3
7.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a dc separately excited generator.
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
panels
68-110

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-4 60-070-CS-S

Figure 3-7-2: Circuit Diagram with resistance shorting link fitted

NOTE:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-7-5

resistance switches are switched on.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
1. Do NOT apply power to the machine under test when in
Speed Mode. This will overheat the dynamometer motor and
may lead to damage the equipment.
the system.


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-6 60-070-CS-S
7.8 Practical 7.1 - Effect of Field Current on Output Voltage
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Ensure that the generator is open circuit by setting all the resistance box
(see Figure 3-7-3) switches to off and that the shorting link is removed.

Figure 3-7-3

motor speed to 2000 rpm. Maintain this value throughout the test.

Use the variable dc supply on the 60-105 power supply unit to adjust the
field current.

Set a field current of ..
and record the output voltage for this value of the field current in a copy of
the appropriate Practical 7.1 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version).
0.02 A
Increase the field current in steps of
Record for each step the output voltage value in the appropriate table
0.02 A to
0.2 A

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-7-7


7.8.1 Exercise 7.1
Draw a graph of output voltage against field current using the axes

7.9 Practical 7.2 - Effect of Load Current on Output Power and Output Voltage
Product Version
230 V 120 V
motor speed to 3000 rpm. Maintain this speed value throughout the test.

Using the variable dc supply on the 60-105 power supply set the field
current to ..

0.2 A

Take measurements of load current and output voltage for the values of the
load resistance shown in column 1 of Practical 7.2 Results Table (230 V or
120 V product version). Enter your results in columns 2 and 3 of a copy of
the appropriate table.


7.9.1 Exercise 7.2
Calculate the output power to complete the last column of your table.
Draw graphs of output power and output voltage against load current using
the axes suggested by those shown in Practical 7.2 Results Table.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-8 60-070-CS-S
7.10 Practical 7.3 - Effect of Generator Speed on Output Voltage
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Ensure that the generator is open circuit by setting all the resistance box
switches to off and that the shorting link is removed.


Using the variable dc supply on the 60-105 power supply, set the field
current to.

0.2 A

Take readings of output voltage and speed from 3000 rpm down to 600
rpm, at intervals of approximately 300 rpm, and enter the values in a copy
of the appropriate Practical 7.3 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version).


7.10.1 Exercise 7.3
Draw graphs of output voltage against speed, using the axes suggested by
those shown in Practical 7.3 Results Table.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-7-9

Speed = 2000 rpm
Field Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Field Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

-

O
p
e
n

C
i
r
c
u
i
t

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-10 60-070-CS-S

Speed = 2000 rpm
Field Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-7-11

Speed = 3000 rpm
Load Resistance
()
Load Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)
Output Power
(W)
950
634
317
253
213
182

0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Load Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-12 60-070-CS-S

200
205
210
215
220
225
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Load Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-7-13

Speed = 3000 rpm
Load Resistance
()
Load Current
(A)
Output Voltage
(V)
Output Power
(W)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-14 60-070-CS-S

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-7-15

Speed
(rpm)
Output Voltage
(V)
3000

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-7-16 60-070-CS-S

Speed
(rpm)
Output Voltage
(V)
3000

ELECTRICAL MACHINES Single Phase Induction
STUDENTS MANUAL Motor - Capacitor Start

60-070-CS-S 3-8-1
8 Single Phase Induction Motor - Capacitor Start
8.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the difference between ac motors and dc motors.
be aware of the parameters used to measure ac motor performance.
you should understand starting requirements.
you should know starting torque, full load torque and pull out torque conditions.
you should know how to reverse shaft rotation.
you should have a clear understanding of voltage and current in ac circuits.
8.1.3 Practical
1. Speed relationship / supply current and torque relationship
Efficiency / output power and torque relationship

NOTES:
procedure.


3-8-2 60-070-CS-S
8.2 Theory
8.2.1 Introduction
Single phase induction motors are simple, robust and reliable, and are used in large numbers
especially in domestic and commercial applications where very high power ratings are not required
that would otherwise be available through the use of three motors.
Although output ratings up to a few kW are available, the majority are below 0.5 kW and are used
in such applications as refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, pumps, fans, small machine tools
etc.
The connection of the Single Phase induction motor is relatively straight forward, with the windings
consisting of one that is called the Main and a second that is termed Auxiliary; used only when
starting the motor from rest.
Two windings are necessary since a single winding simply produces a pulsating flux in the air gap
and the motor is effectively a single phase transformer with an air gap in its magnetic circuit and
shorted secondary winding. Under these conditions no effective shaft toque is produced due to the
lack of a quadrature current necessary to produce a torque between the main winding and the
rotor. Hence there is no preferred rotational shaft direction and the motor will produce a loud hum
under these conditions and take a high current from the supply.
To produce a starting torque an auxiliary circuit is required that must produce a current that is
displaced from the main winding current in time and be of sufficient magnitude to allow enough
torque to be produced to start the rotor moving. Once shaft rotation takes place the rotating
magnetic field will accelerate the rotor up to near synchronous speed and no further operation of
the auxiliary circuit is required and it can be disconnected from the main circuit. If the motor stalls it
will come to rest and not start again, until the auxiliary winding is reconnected.
To achieve the necessary starting conditions the auxiliary circuit normally consists of a winding and
capacitor that is designed to produce a phase shift between the two windings of as close as
possible to 90 degrees. (See figure 3-8-1) The combination of the spatial and time difference
between the fields due to the main and auxiliary windings produces a rotating magnetic field, which
causes the rotor to move in the direction of the rotating field. The motor then essentially becomes a
two phase machine.
A mechanism must therefore be provided to ensure that the single phase motor automatically
starts when power is applied and, when running at sufficient speed, the auxiliary winding
automatically disconnects. This is usually done by a relay contact placed in the auxiliary winding,
which is switched from the current flowing in the relay coil placed in the motors main winding as
shown in figure 3-8-2.


60-070-CS-S 3-8-3

Line
Voltage
Approx 90
o
Main Phase
Current
Line
Current
Auxiliary
Current

Figure 3-8-1

I
start capacitor
current relay
main
winding
main ac
supply
auxiliary
winding

Figure 3-8-2

This configuration is used for the motor you will be using in this assignment, but in many other
types of motor the secondary winding is not switched out and is present during normal motor
operation. The type of motor that does not switch the capacitor after stating is called a Capacitor
Start/ Run or in the case where a capacitor is used to start the motor and another used when
running, this type is called a two capacitor motor.


3-8-4 60-070-CS-S
8.2.2 Formulae
Input Power cos VI P
i
= Eq 1
where V is the supply voltage, I is the current, cos is the power factor, and is the phase angle
between the voltage and the current (cos is shown directly by the instrumentation, and so it is not
necessary to know the phase angle, only its cosine).
Output Power
60
NT 2
P
O

= Eq 2
where N is the speed in rpm and T is the torque in Nm
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
cos VI
60
NT 2
Eq 3


60-070-CS-S 3-8-5
8.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a single phase capacitor start
induction motor.
Single Phase Capacitor Start Induction Motor 64-110
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
Three & Single Phase
Measurements
68-100

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:


3-8-6 60-070-CS-S



NOTE:


60-070-CS-S 3-8-7
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
dynamometer motor to overheat which may lead to
permanent damage.
2. In circumstances when the dynamometer is not being
used for a period longer than 5 minutes, press the
dynamometer power off button. When ready to continue
with the assignment, press the dynamometer power on
button bringing power back on to the system.


3-8-8 60-070-CS-S

8.8 Practical 8.1 Speed / Torque and Efficiency Characteristics
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Rapidly increase the variable output voltage control on the 60-105 until the
line voltage is approximately ..

240 V

120 V
SAFETY NOTE:
Do NOT pause as you increase the voltage as primary winding U1U2, is of
low resistance and will initially take a very high current from the supply; this
may cause the supply winding to overheat which could result in permanent
damage to the motor.
A click may be heard as the current relay inside the motor switches to
connect the start winding in circuit and accelerate the motor to full speed.
Once the correct voltage has been established, the motor supply may be
switched on and off using the circuit breaker.

Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or the 68-100 ac single
and three phase measurements conventional instrumentation, take the
following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 0.7
Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a table similar to that given
in Practical 8.1 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version).

Supply Voltage
Supply Current (any one of the three)
Input Power from single phase ac wattmeter (or calculate from Eq 1)
Power Factor
Torque Nm
Speed rpm


60-070-CS-S 3-8-9

Supply 60-105 and then switch off all power by setting the 3 phase circuit
breaker to the off position.

8.8.1 Exercise 8.1

Draw graphs of speed, supply current, input power and efficiency vs torque,
using the axes suggested by those shown in Practical 8.1 Results Table.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-8-10 60-070-CS-S

Supply
Volts
(V)
Supply
Current
(A)
Power
Factor
(cos )
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Torque (Nm)
S
u
p
p
l
y

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
2600
2650
2700
2750
2800
2850
2900
2950
3000
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
e
v
/
m
i
n
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-8-11
Practical 8.1 - Results Tables and Graphs (230 V Product Version) Continued

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Torque (Nm)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
P
o
w
e
r

I
n

(
W
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-8-12 60-070-CS-S

Supply
Volts
(V)
Supply
Current
(A)
Power
Factor
(cos )
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-8-13

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-8-14 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 3-Phase Squirrel
STUDENTS MANUAL Cage Induction Motor

60-070-CS-S 3-9-1
9 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
9.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the difference between ac motors and dc motors.
be aware of the parameters used to measure ac motor performance.
understand the principles of the three phase induction motor and its torque/speed
characteristics.
know how to connect Star and Delta connections.
know how to reverse shaft direction.
you should have a clear understanding of voltage and current in ac 3 phase circuits.
9.1.3 Practicals
1. Star connection
Speed / supply current and torque relationship
2. Delta connection
Speed / supply current and torque relationship

NOTES:
procedure.


3-9-2 60-070-CS-S
9.2 Theory
9.2.1 Introduction
To understand the principles of operation of a 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor, we need to
understand two factors:
The phase relationships between the phases in a three phase power source, and how
these can be used to produce an axially rotating magnetic field in the motor stator.
The operation of Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.
From these two factors we can work out the basic design of a self-starting motor.
9.2.2 Rotating Magnetic Field

Figure 3-9-1
Consider the field windings in the stator shown in Figure 3-9-1.
The field coils are connected in 3 pairs, diametrically opposite each other and each pair is supplied
with one of the phases of a three phase power source, shown as L1 (red), L2 (yellow) and L3
(blue). The current enters each coil at the points indicated by i
a
, i
b
and i
c
and leaves at the opposite
coil respectively. These currents produce a magnetic field in line with the coil axis. The direction
may be found by applying the Right-Hand Grip Rule.
L1
L1
L3
L2
L3
L2


60-070-CS-S 3-9-3
If the three supply currents were all dc the magnetic fields from the currents would be as shown in
Figure 3-9-2, and the resultant field would be zero.
Figure 3-9-2
However, the supply currents are three phase ac and, when phase L1 is at its maximum positive
value, phase L2 and L3 are negative. Hence the magnetic fields produced are as shown in Figure
3-9-3, with the vector sum H in the vertical direction.
Figure 3-9-3
When phase L2 is at its maximum positive value, the fields are as shown in Figure 3-9-3.
Figure 3-9-4
Similar considerations apply to the resultant magnetic field direction when phase L3 is at it
maximum positive value.
The positions of each of the 6 coils in the stator are called salient poles, and the magnetic field
inside the stator is parallel to the pole pair which is carrying the maximum positive current.
The overall effect is to have a magnetic field inside the stator which is rotating at the same
frequency as the 3 phase supply frequency.
A somewhat more generalised mathematical description is given in Appendix A to this assignment.
The mathematical description will show how the field rotates with time, its magnitude and what
happens to the direction of rotation when any two of the supply phases are interchanged.
H1
H2 H3
H1
H2 H3
Resultant Field H
H1
H2
H3
Resultant Field H


3-9-4 60-070-CS-S
Force F
Current I
Field H
9.2.3 Motion

Figure 3-9-5

Consider the conducting ladder in Figure 3-9-5 with a permanent magnet moving with speed v from
left to right above it. By Flemings Right-Hand Rule, a voltage will be generated across the arms of
the ladder leading to a current I, which will circulate around the ladder elements in the direction
shown. There will be a resultant force F tending to move the ladder from left to right, and this force
is proportional to the speed of the magnet. As the ladder
moves in the direction of the magnet the force will lessen,
becoming zero when the ladder is moving at the same
speed as the magnet.
Now imagine the ladder bent round so that the left and right
hand ends meet, as illustrated in Figure 3-9-6.
It now resembles a squirrel cage. If this is now constrained
to rotate about an axis in the centre of the cage, and placed
in a rotating magnetic field as previously described it will
rotate. If there are no frictional forces its rotational speed will be the same as that of the field. In
practice, however, losses from all causes will ensure that it rotates at a speed less than that of the
rotating magnetic field.
This is the principle of operation of the squirrel cage induction motor.

9.2.4 Formulae
Input Power cos VI 3 P
i
= Eq 1
where cos is the three phase power factor, V is the line voltage and I is the line current. Note that
the term VIcos is available directly from both the virtual and conventional instrumentation
systems.
Output Power
60
NT 2
P
O

= Eq 2
Figure 3-9-6


60-070-CS-S 3-9-5
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
cos VI 3
60
NT 2
Eq 3

9.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the operation of a 3-phase squirrel cage motor and
also provide an introduction to ac motors and generators.
Three Phase Dual Voltage Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 64-501
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
Three & Single Phase
Measurements
68-100

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTE:


3-9-6 60-070-CS-S



60-070-CS-S 3-9-7



3-9-8 60-070-CS-S

Figure 3-9-9: Star and Delta Wiring



60-070-CS-S 3-9-9
Make the connections shown in Figure 3-9-7 and Figure 3-9-9 (star connection) for Virtual
Instrumentation and Figure 3-9-8 and Figure 3-9-9 (star connection) for Conventional
Instrumentation, according to the circuit diagram in Figure 3-9-10.

60-105 Power Supply Turn the variable output voltage control to 0% and then set the
3 phase circuit breaker to the on position. Power is now available as
indicated by the power on green indicator being illuminated.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
damage.
the system.



3-9-10 60-070-CS-S
9.8 Practical 9.1 - Speed / Torque Characteristics - Star connection
Product Version
230 V 120 V
On the 60-105 power supply, ensure the 3 phase circuit breaker is set to
on as indicated by the green power on indicator being lit.

Turn the variable output voltage control on the 60-105 until the line-to-line
voltage is approximately .

400 V

210 V
Check on the instrumentation that all the ac voltmeters read approximately
the same value; ie, the supply is balanced.

Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a copy of the appropriate
Practical 9.1 Results Table (400 V or 210 V).

Record the values:
Line Current (any one of the three).
Input Power (from 3 phase wattmeter).
Power Factor
Output Power (calculated).
Torque Nm.
Speed rpm.

Turn the variable output voltage control to 0%, and switch off the 3 phase
circuit breaker on the 60-105 unit.

9.8.1 Exercise 9.1
Calculate the output power and efficiency from Eq 1, 2, and 3 and enter the
results in a copy of the appropriate Practical 9.1 Results Table (400 V or
210 V).



60-070-CS-S 3-9-11
9.9 Practical 9.2 - Speed / Torque Characteristics - Delta Connection
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Ensure power is switched off at the 60-105 unit (the 3 phase circuit breaker
set to the off position.

Connect the ac motor into the delta configuration as shown in Figure 3-9-9.
On the 60-105 unit, turn the variable output voltage control to 0% and then
set the 3 phase circuit breaker to the on position. Power is now available
as indicated by the power on green indicator being illuminated.

Increase the variable output voltage control until the line-to-line voltage is .
All three voltmeters should read approximately the same.
230 V 120 V
Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them in to a copy of the appropriate
Practical 9.2 Results Table (400 V or 210 V).

Record the values:
Line Current (any one of the three).
Input Power (from 3 phase wattmeter).
Power Factor.
Output Power (calculated).
Torque Nm.
Speed rpm.

Turn the variable output voltage control to 0%, and switch off the 3-phase
supply circuit breaker on the 60-105 unit.

9.9.1 Exercise 9.2

Calculate the output power and efficiency from Eq 1, 2, and 3 and enter the
results in a copy of the appropriate Practical 9.2 Results Table (400 V or
210 V).


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-9-12 60-070-CS-S
Star Connection
Line-to-Line Voltage =400 volts

Line
Current
(A)
3 Phase
Wattmeter
(kW)
Power
Factor
(cos )
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-9-13

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-9-14 60-070-CS-S
Star Connection
Line-to-Line Voltage = 210 volts

Line
Current
(A)
3 Phase
Wattmeter
(kW)
Power
Factor
(cos )
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-9-15

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-9-16 60-070-CS-S
Delta Connection
Line-to-line Voltage = 230 Volts

Line
Current
(A)
3 Phase
Wattmeter
(kW)
Power
Factor
(cos )
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-9-17

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-9-18 60-070-CS-S
Delta Connection
Line-to-line Voltage = 120 Volts

Line
Current
(A)
3 Phase
Wattmeter
(kW)
Power
Factor
(cos )
Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-9-19

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-9-20 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
STUDENTS MANUAL Series Universal Motor

60-070-CS-S 3-10-1
10 Series Universal Motor (60-070-SUM Option)
10.1.1 Objectives
be familiar with the Series Universal Motor connections.
understand the motors operation on ac and dc supplies and the need for a different field
winding.
have measured the torque/speed characteristics.
know how to reverse the motors shaft direction of rotation.
10.1.3 Practicals
1. Motor characteristics with dc supply
Speed versus torque
Power versus torque
Efficiency versus torque
2. Motor characteristics with ac supply
Speed versus torque
Power versus torque
Efficiency versus torque

NOTES:
procedure.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-2 60-070-CS-S
10.2 Theory
10.2.1 Introduction
A universal motor is one which will operate with either a dc or an ac supply. If the current through a
dc series motor is reversed then both the field and the armature current will reverse direction. By
Flemings Left-Hand Rule this will result in the force on the armature remaining in the same
direction.
Figure 3-10-1 (a) shows the direction of motion of a conductor with the field and currents in the
direction shown. Figure 3-10-1 (b) shows the direction of motion with the field and current
reversed. It is still the same left hand configuration, so the direction of motion is unchanged.
Motion
Field
Current
Field
Motion
Current
(a) (b)

Figure 3-10-1
Hence the motor will function equally well with an ac supply as well as with a dc supply, since the
currents through the field winding and the armature are reversed simultaneously. To reverse the
direction of motion it is necessary to reverse either the armature current direction or the current
direction in the field winding, but not both.
Figure 3-10-2 (a) shows the configuration for the dc test and Figure 3-10-2 (b) shows the
configuration for the ac test.
You will notice that, for the ac test, only a part of the field winding is used by use of a tap point D3.
This is required because, although in the dc configuration the only impedance is the resistance of
the field winding, in the ac case the impedance is a combination of resistance and the inductive
reactance, and therefore to maintain the same field current, it is necessary to decrease the
impedance. Hence a shorter section of field winding is used.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-10-3

Figure 3-10-2

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-4 60-070-CS-S
10.2.2 dc Power and Efficiency
s s i
I V P = Eq 1
60
NT 2
P
o

= Eq 2
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
I V
60
NT 2
s s

Eq 3
where V
s
is the applied voltage and I
s
the current through the motor.
10.2.3 ac Power and Efficiency
Input power to the motor cos I V P
s s i
= Eq 4
60
NT 2
P
o

= Eq 5
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
cos I V
60
NT 2
s s
Eq 6
where V
s
is the applied voltage, I
s
the current through the motor and cos is the power factor with
the phase angle between the voltage and the current.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-10-5
10.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the characteristics of the ac/dc Series Universal
Motor.
Series Universal Motor 63-100
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)

or
Single & Three Phase
Measurements
68-100

Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-6 60-070-CS-S
Switch off the 3 phase circuit breaker on the Universal Power Supply 60-105.
Make the connections shown in the circuit diagram in Figure 3-10-2 (a).

60-105 Power Supply On the 60-105 unit, turn the variable output voltage control to 0%
and then set the 3 phase circuit breaker to the on position. Power is
now available as indicated by the power on green indicator being
illuminated.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
damage.
the system.


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-10-7
10.7 Practical 10.1 - Motor Characteristics with dc Supply
Protect Version
230 V 120 V
On the 60-105, increase the variable output voltage control until the
applied voltage is
The motor speed should be about 45005000 rpm.

220 V

110 V
copy of the appropriate Practical 10.1 Results Table (230 V or 120 V
product version).

test.

Record the values:
Applied Voltage (V1)
Motor Current (I1)
Torque Nm
Speed rpm

Supply 60-105. Switch off all power by setting the 3 phase circuit breaker

10.7.1 Exercise 10.1
and enter them in the appropriate Practical 10.1 Results Table.

Draw graphs of speed and efficiency vs torque, using the axes suggested
by those shown in Practical 10.1 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version).

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-8 60-070-CS-S
10.8 Practical 10.2 - Motor Characteristics with ac Supply
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Connect up the motor and measuring instruments for the ac test according
to the circuit diagram of Figure 3-10-2(b).

On the 60-105, increase the variable output voltage control until the supply
voltage is ..
The motor speed should be about 45005000 rpm.

220 V ac

110 V ac
copy of the appropriate Practical 10.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V
product version).

test.

Record the values:
Applied Volts (V3)
Motor Current (I3)
Torque Nm
Speed rpm

Supply 60-105. Switch off the 3 phase circuit breaker on the 60-105.

Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency from Eq. 4, 5 and 6
and enter them in the appropriate Practical 10.2 Results Table.

Draw graphs of speed and efficiency vs torque, using the axes suggested
version).

Plot, on the same graph, the efficiency of the motor versus the torque for
both the dc and ac cases, using the axes suggested in Practical 10.2
Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version).

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-10-9
10.8.2 Questions
Question 1 Why is the current much higher in the ac case for a given torque than
in the dc case?

Question 2 Why is the efficiency lower in the ac case than in the dc case for a
given torque.?

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-10 60-070-CS-S
Machine
Voltage
(V)
Machine
Current
(A)
Torque
(Nm)

Speed
(rpm)

Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Torque (Nm)
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
e
v
/
m
i
n
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-10-11
Machine
Voltage
(V)
Machine
Current
(A)
Torque
(Nm)

Speed
(rpm)

Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Torque (Nm)
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
e
v
/
m
i
n
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-12 60-070-CS-S
Machine
Voltage
(V)
Machine
Current
(A)
Torque
(Nm)

Speed
(rpm)

Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Torque (Nm)
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
e
v
/
m
i
n
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-10-13
Practical 10.2- Results Tables and Graphs (230 V Product Version) Continued
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Torque (Nm)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-14 60-070-CS-S
Machine
Voltage
(V)
Machine
Current
(A)
Torque
(Nm)

Speed
(rpm)

Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Torque (Nm)
S
p
e
e
d

(
r
e
v
/
m
i
n
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-10-15
Practical 10.2- Results Tables and Graphs (120 V Product Version) Continued
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Torque (Nm)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-10-16 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 3-Phase Synchronous Generator
STUDENTS MANUAL Open & Short Circuit Characteristics

60-070-CS-S 3-11-1
11 3-Phase Synchronous Generator Open & Short Circuit
Characteristics (60-070-SMC Option)
11.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the difference between ac and dc generators.
be aware of some of the parameters used to measure ac generator performance.
know how to set up and measure the open circuit and short circuit characteristics for a
synchronous generator.
understand the term synchronous reactance.
you should have completed Assignments 1 to 10.
you should have a clear understanding of voltage and current in ac 3 phase circuits.
connections to the Torque/Speed Control panel 68-441. (Refer to the 60-070-VIP manual
for details on the equipment interconnection and software operation.)
11.1.3 Practicals
1. Open circuit test.
2. Short circuit test.
3. Effect of speed variation on output voltage and frequency.

NOTES:
procedure.


3-11-2 60-070-CS-S
11.2 Theory
Synchronous machines are constructed with stationary armature windings and rotating poles. The
rotor or field winding is usually energised by an external dc source.
The generated EMF waveform in a synchronous generator undergoes one complete cycle when
the conductor moves past a pair of poles. Hence for a machine with p poles the frequency of the
generated supply is directly proportional to the speed of the machine.
The frequency of the generated voltage is given by:
f =
pN
60
Eq 1
where p is the number of pole pairs (the 64-510 is a two pole machine, hence p = 1)
N is the shaft speed in rpm

The flux due to the rotor MMF is regarded as generating an EMF due to the rotation of the poles.
The flux due to the stator MMF is regarded as generating an EMF which lags the stator current.
Balanced three phase currents in a three phase winding produce a resultant magnetic force of
constant magnitude rotating at a constant speed. The total resultant flux is a combination of the
stator flux and the rotor flux. When the generator is loaded the current in the stator winding
produces a magnetic effect known as armature reaction which affects the value and distribution of
the magnetic flux in the air gap between the poles and the stator core.
The change in terminal voltage which occurs between no load and full load conditions for a
constant speed and field current is called voltage regulation. Figure 3-11-1 shows the equivalent
circuit of a synchronous machine.
V
dc
GS
3
E
r
X
a
V
Z sync
generated
EMF

Figure 3-11-1
where r is the inherent resistance of the winding, and X
a
is the reactance equivalent to the
armature reaction, known as the synchronous reactance.
In order to calculate effectively the output voltage of the generator it is necessary to measure the
value of the armature reaction reactance. This is achieved by examining the open and closed
circuit characteristics of the generator.
The open circuit characteristic relates the terminal voltage to the amount of field excitation. The
value of the open circuit voltage is the value of the induced EMF.


60-070-CS-S 3-11-3
The closed circuit characteristic relates the armature reaction to the field excitation. It is assumed
that the value of the induced EMF is the same as that measured by the open circuit characteristic
for the same speed and field current. Therefore the short circuit current can be measured.
Hence the value of the Synchronous Impedance Z r x
sync a
= +
2 2
can be calculated.
Z
Open Circuit Phase EMF
Short Circuit Phase Current
sync
= Eq 2

11.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the characteristics of a three phase synchronous
wound rotor motor / generator.
Three Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator - Wound Rotor 64-510
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
Measurements
68-100
Voltmeter and Ammeter Panel 68-110
Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)


3-11-4 60-070-CS-S

NOTES:


60-070-CS-S 3-11-5

GS
3
L1
L2
L3
V1
W1
U1
U2
V2
W2
I2
+
+
60-105
Variable dc
suppy
F1
F2
I1
+
V1
+
V2
+
I3
+
V3
+
L1
L2
L3
V1
W1
U1
U2
V2
W2
GS
3
+
+
60-105
Variable dc
suppy
V
+
I
68-110 dc
ammeter
68-110 dc
voltmeter
Alternative Meter connections for
Conventional Instrumentation
Three Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator Wound Rotor
Supply
100V dc
Supply
220V D 380V Y
U2
U1
V2
V1
W2
W1 F1
F2
V
+
V
-
60-105 variable
dc supply
(a)
(b)
(c)
F2
F1
V+
V-
(L1)
(L2)
(L3)
Link for
Practical
11.2
V+
V-
(L1)
(L2)
(L3)
Link for
Practical
11.2
(L2) (L1) (L3)

Figure 3-11-2


3-11-6 60-070-CS-S
Make up connections shown in Figure 3-11-2 (b) for virtual instrumentation or
Figure 3-11-2 (a) for conventional instrumentation. Note that the 64-510 generator is connected in
delta configuration.
Figure 3-11-2 (c) shows the wiring for the 64-510 generator.
Ensure that the shaft covers are in place.

NOTE:
The Virtual Instruments I1, I2 I3 and V1, V2, V3 must be connected exactly as shown,
otherwise the 3 phase wattmeter which uses V1, V3 and I1, I3 will not work correctly.
V1, V3, I1, I3 are set for ac and V2, I2 are set for dc.
60-105 Power Supply Turn the variable supply control to 0% and then close the 3 phase
power circuit breaker to the on position.
Connect the dynamometer to the Speed mode socket.
Press the main power pushbutton which illuminates green.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
1 Always turn the 60-105 variable dc supply control to zero BEFORE stopping rotation
of the generator.
2 In circumstances when the dynamometer is not being used for a period longer than
5 minutes, press the dynamometer power off button. When ready to continue with
the assignment, press the dynamometer power on button bringing power back on to
the system.


60-070-CS-S 3-11-7
11.8 Practical 11.1 - Open Circuit Characteristic
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Using the 68-441 constant speed control for Conventional Instrument or the
software screen for Virtual Instrumentation, set the generator to rotate at

3000
rpm

3600
rpm
(60 Hz
supplies)
Turn the variable output voltage control on the Universal Power Supply
60-105 to provide a field voltage of..

10 V dc

Record the open circuit line to line voltage and field current on a copy of the

Increase the field voltage in steps of .
Record the corresponding values of open circuit line voltage and field
current in Practical 11.1 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version).
10 V up
to 50 V

When all measurements have been made switch off the 60-105 Universal
Power Supply at the circuit breaker and turn the variable input to 0%.

software screen for Virtual Instrumentation, set the machine speed to zero.


Plot a graph of the results on linear graph paper using the axes suggested

If the Virtual Instrumentation is being used then the plotting of graphs can
be achieved using propriety software.


3-11-8 60-070-CS-S
11.9 Practical 11.2 - Short Circuit Characteristic
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Ensure that the variable output voltage control on the 60-105 is set to %
and that the 3 phase circuit breaker is in the off position.

Connect the links as shown in Figure 3-11-2, Practical 11.2, to short circuit
the generator output.

Power is now available as indicated by the power on green indicator being
illuminated

software screen for Virtual Instrumentation, set the generator to rotate
at.

3000
rpm

3600
rpm
(60 Hz
supplies)
Using the 60-105 variable dc supply, set the field current to 0.02 A
Record into a copy of the appropriate Practical 11.2 Results Table (230 V or
120 V product version), the approximate short circuit line to line current (for
short circuit conditions the line to line current is the same as the line to
neutral current). All phase currents should be approximately equal, take
phase current reading for L1.

Increase the field current in steps of
Record the corresponding values of short circuit phase voltage in Practical
11.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product version).
0.02 A
up to
0.18 A

Switch off the 60-105 Universal Power Supply at the circuit breaker.
Reset the generator speed to zero rpm and remove the short circuit links
from the output of the synchronous generator.




60-070-CS-S 3-11-9

Product Version
230 V 120 V
From the graph you have drawn for Practical 11.1 Results Table (230 V or
120 V product version), find the field current when the open circuit voltage is
at the normal operating level of
From the graph you have drawn in Practical 11.2 Results Table (230 V or
120 V product version), find the short circuit line current at this value of the
field current.

230 V ac

120 V ac

From Eq 2 calculate the synchronous impedance at the generator operating
voltage of.

230 V ac

120 V ac

11.10 Practical 11.3 Effect of Speed Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency
Product Version
230 V 120 V
On the 60-105 unit, turn the variable output voltage control to 0% and then
set the 3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release to the on position.
illuminated.

software screen for Virtual Instrumentation, set the generator to rotate at

3000
rpm.

3600
rpm
(60 Hz
supplies)
Adjust the field voltage to give an output voltage of .. 230 V 120 V
Record the line voltage and frequency into a copy of the appropriate

Reduce the speed in steps of 500 rpm recording the line voltage and
frequency into your copy of Practical 11.3 Results Table (230 V or 120 V
product version).

Switch off the 60-105 Universal Power Supply at the circuit breaker.and
reduce the generator speed to zero rpm.


3-11-10 60-070-CS-S

11.10.1 Exercise 11.3

in Practical 11.3 Results Table (230 V or 120 V Supply).

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-11-11

Line Output Voltage
(V)
Field Current
(A)

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Field Current (A)

L
i
n
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-11-12 60-070-CS-S

Line Output Voltage
(V)
Field Current
(A)

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Field Current (A)

L
i
n
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-11-13

Line Output Current
(A)
Field Current
(A)

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Field Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

L
i
n
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-11-14 60-070-CS-S

Line Output Current
(A)
Field Current
(A)

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Field Current (A)
O
u
t
p
u
t

L
i
n
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-11-15

Speed
(rpm)
Line Output Voltage
(V)
Frequency
(Hz)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000

0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rev/min)
L
i
n
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-11-16 60-070-CS-S

Speed
(rpm)
Line Output Voltage
(V)
Frequency
(Hz)
3600
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000

0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rev/min)
L
i
n
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES Voltage Regulation
STUDENTS MANUAL of a 3-Phase Generator

60-070-CS-S 3-12-1
12 Voltage Regulation of a 3-Phase Generator (60-070-SMC Option)
12.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the difference between ac and dc generators.
be aware of some of the parameters used to measure ac generator performance.
understand the factors that affect the voltage regulation of a 3-phase generator.
you should have completed Assignments 1 and 11.
you should have a clear understanding of voltage and current in ac 3-phase circuits.
12.1.3 Practicals
1. Voltage regulation with resistive loading.
2. Voltage regulation with inductive loading (only available with option 60-070-ECT).
3. Voltage regulation with capacitive loading (only available with option 60-070-ECT).

12.2 Theory
Voltage regulation in a generator is defined as the voltage rise at the terminals when a given load
is removed. The rise is the difference between generated EMF and output terminal voltage.

NOTES:
procedure.


3-12-2 60-070-CS-S

Voltage Terminal
Voltage Terminal - EMF Generated
= Regulation Voltage Per Unit
Voltage regulation depends upon the load and the power factor. Figure 3-12-1 shows the
equivalent circuit for one phase of the generator on load.

V
dc
GS
3
E
X
s
V
Z sync
I

Figure 3-12-1
Where: E is the generated EMF
V is the output voltage per phase
I is the load current
Z
synch
is the synchronous impedance, which represents the inherent armature
resistance and reactance (for further details of this see Assignment 11).
Now consider the voltage and current phasor diagrams of the circuit when subjected to a load,
assuming negligible armature resistance as shown in Figure 3-12-2.

Figure 3-12-2
jIX
s
is the voltage drop due to the armature reactance with indicating the phase lag resulting from
the armature reactance.
These diagrams assume a constant power supplied to the load at constant terminal voltage. Note
that the required value of the EMF is greater for an inductive load and less for a capacitive load.
Hence if the EMF remains constant (constant speed and excitation current), as load increases
output voltage will increase for a capacitive load and decrease for an inductive load.


60-070-CS-S 3-12-3
12.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the voltage regulation of a 3-phase synchronous
generator.
NOTE:
Practicals 12.2 and 12.3 can only be carried out if option 60-070-ECT is available providing:
Switched Three Phase Inductive Load 67-312
Switched Three Phase Capacitive Load 67-212
System Frame 91-200
Either:
Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
Measurements
68-100
Voltmeter and Ammeter Panel 68-110
Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

NOTES:


3-12-4 60-070-CS-S
L3
Supply
100V dc
Supply
220V D 380V Y
U2
U1
V2
V1
W2
W1 F1
F2
L1
V
+
V
-
60-105 variable
dc supply
L2
L1
L2
L3
V1
W1
U1
U2
V2
W2
GS
3
+
+
60-105
Variable dc
suppy
V
+
I
68-110 dc
ammeter
68-110 dc
voltmeter
68-110 dc
voltmeter
Alternative Meter connections for
Conventional Instrumentation
(L1)
(L2)
(L3)
L1
L2 L3
Practical 3
67-212
L1
L2
L3
67-312
Practical 2
Practical 1
L1
L2
L3
67-142
950 R
1950 R
3770 R
off
250V max
546R to 3770R
!
fuse 500mA(T)
off
off
resistors ar e switched in parallel
Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142
250V max
546R to 3770R
fuse 500mA(T)
546R to 3770R
250V max
fuse 500mA(T)
! !
off
3770 R
off
off
1950 R
950 R
off
3770 R
off
off
1950 R
950 R
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
L1
L2
L3
to
generator
output
64-510
Typical resistive, inductive or capacitive loading
Delta connected
GS
3
L1
L2
L3
V1
W1
U1
U2
V2
W2
I2
+
+
60-105
Variable dc
suppy
F1
F2
I1
+
V1
+
V2
+
I3
+
V3
+
(L1)
(L2)
(L3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)



60-070-CS-S 3-12-5
Ensure that the dynamometer motor is coupled to the generator by the flexible coupling and
retaining catches.
Make up connections shown in Figure 3-12-3 (b) for virtual instrumentation or Figure 3-12-3 (a) for
conventional instrumentation. Note that the 64-510 generator is connected in delta configuration.
Switch on the power supply 60-105 and note that the green power indicator is illuminated.
Switch on the Torque/Speed panel 68-441 and press the machine power on button so that the
adjacent red LED is lit.
60-105 Power Supply Turn the variable output voltage control to 0% and then set the
3 phase circuit breaker to the off position.
SAFETY NOTES:
1. Always turn the 60-105 variable dc supply control to zero
BEFORE stopping rotation of the generator.
the system.
If you have access to an Excel

in the 68-912-USB software to save and store sets of results, import
them directly into Excel, automatically calculate results and draw
graphs. (See the manual - Virtual Instrumentation Pack 60-070-VIP,
Appendix A).


3-12-6 60-070-CS-S
12.8 Practical 12.1 - Voltage Regulation with Resistive Load
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Connect the 67-142 resistive load to the generator under test as shown in
Figure 3-12-3 (c). Set all the switches to off so that the generator is on open
circuit.

A Set the generator to rotate at.
1500
rpm

Using the 60-105 variable dc supply, set the field current to give an output
line to line voltage of .
as read on voltmeter V1 or V3 or on conventional instrumentation 68-100.

100 V

Apply the range of loads given in the appropriate version column to the
three phases of the generator using the 67-142 Switched Resistance Panel:
O/C
546
640
759
950
1285
O/C
140
163
196
245
327
Observe the corresponding values of line to line voltage and current and
record the results on a copy of the appropriate Practical 12.1 Results Table

Repeat the sequence from A for a generator speed of
entering your data on a copy of the appropriate Practical 12.1 Results Table
1000
rpm

Switch the 3 phase circuit breaker on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
to the off position and set the generator speed to zero rpm.


version).


60-070-CS-S 3-12-7
12.9 Practical 12.2 - Voltage Regulation with Inductive Load (Using Option 60-070-ECT)
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Connect the 67-312 inductive load to the generator under test as shown in
Figure 3-12-3 (c). Set all the switches to off so that the generator is on open
circuit.

and then set the 3 phase circuit breaker to the on position. Power is now

1500
rpm

Using the 60-105 variable dc supply, set the field current to give the output
line to line voltage of

100 V

three phases of the generator using the 67-312 Switched Inductance Load.
O/C
1.7 h
3 h
4 h
6 h
12 h
O/C
0.39 h
0.7 h
h
1.4 h
2.8 h
Observe the corresponding values of line to line voltage and current and
record the results on a copy of the appropriate Practical 12.2 Results Table
(230 V or 120 V product version)

Repeat the sequence from A for a generator speed of
1000
rpm

Set the generator speed to zero rpm and switch off all power by switching
the 3 phase circuit breaker on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 to the
off position.


version).


3-12-8 60-070-CS-S
12.10 Practical 12.3 - Voltage Regulation with Capacitive load (Using Option 60-070-ECT)
Product Version
230 V 230 V
Connect the 67-212 capacitive load to the generator under test as shown in
Figure 3-12-3 (c). Set all the switches to off so that the generator is open
circuit.

and then set the 3 phase circuit breaker to the on position. Power is now

1500
rpm

Using the 60-105 variable dc supply, set the field current to give the output
line to line voltage of ..

100 V

three phases of the generator using the 67-212 Switched Capacitive Load.
O/C
1 F
2 F
3 F
4 F
5 F
6 F
7 F
O/C
2 F
5 F
7 F
10 F
12 F
15 F
17 F
Observe the corresponding values of line to line voltage and record the
results on a copy of the appropriate Practical 12.3 Results Table (230 V or
120 V product version).

Repeat the sequence from A for a generator speed of ..
1000
rpm

Switch of the 3 phase circuit breaker on the Universal Power Supply
60-105 and set the generator speed to zero rpm.


60-070-CS-S 3-12-9

12.10.1 Exercise 12.2

version).

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-12-10 60-070-CS-S

Speed = 1500 rpm
Load Resistance
()
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
546
640
759
950
1285

37.5

Speed = 1000 rpm
Load Resistance
()
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
546
640
759
950
1285

58.0

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Load Resistance (ohms)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
O
u
t
p
u
t

L
i
n
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
v
o
l
t
s
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-12-11

Speed = 1500 rpm
Load Resistance
()
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
140
163
196
245
327

37.5

Speed = 1000 rpm
Load Resistance
()
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
140
163
196
245
327

58.0

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Load Resistance (ohms)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
O
u
t
p
u
t

L
i
n
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
v
o
l
t
s
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-12-12 60-070-CS-S
Speed = 1500 rpm
Load Inductance
(h)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
1.7
3
4
6
12

37.5

Speed = 1000 rpm
Load Inductance
(h)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
1.7
3
4
6
12

58.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Load Inductance (h)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
O
u
t
p
u
t

L
i
n
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-12-13
Speed = 1500 rpm
Load Inductance
(h)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
0.39
0.7

1.4
2.8

37.5

Speed = 1000 rpm
Load Inductance
(h)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
0.39
0.7

1.4
2.8

58.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Load Inductance (h)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
O
u
t
p
u
t

L
i
n
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-12-14 60-070-CS-S
Speed = 1500 rpm
Load Capacitance
(F)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

37.5

Speed = 1000 rpm
Load Capacitance
(F)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

58.0

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-12-15
Speed = 1500 rpm
Load Capacitance
(F)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
2
5
7
10
12
15
17

37.5

Speed = 1000 rpm
Load Capacitance
(F)
Output Line
Voltage (V)
Load Line Current
(A)
Field voltage
(V)
open circuit
2
5
7
10
12
15
17

58.0

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-12-16 60-070-CS-S
Notes

ELECTRICAL MACHINES Synchronisation Procedure and Motor
STUDENTS MANUAL Operation of a 3-Phase Synchronous Machine

60-070-CS-S 3-13-1
13 Synchronisation Procedure and Motor Operation of a 3-Phase
Synchronous Machine (60-070-SMC Option)
13.1.1 Objectives
appreciate the operation of synchronous machines and the procedures necessary to bring
a motor into synchronisation with the supply frequency.
understand how the synchronous machine operates as a synchronous reactor.
you should have completed Assignments 1, 11 and 12.
you should have a clear understanding of voltage and current in ac 3-phase circuits.
13.1.3 Practicals
1. Synchronising a three phase synchronous generator.
2. Power factor control of a three phase synchronous motor.

NOTES:
procedure.


3-13-2 60-070-CS-S
13.2 Theory
13.2.1 Synchronising Procedure
When a synchronous ac generator is connected in parallel with a supply it may be used to
demonstrate the characteristics of a large generator connected to the bus bars of a power system.
In order to run a generator in parallel with a supply it is necessary to synchronise the generator to
the supply. Hence the following conditions must be fulfilled.
The generated EMF must be the same as that of the supply.
The frequency of the generated EMF must be the same as that of the supply.
The generated EMF must be in phase with the supply.
13.2.2 The Synchronous Machine as a Generator and Motor
If the speed of a synchronous generator is increased or decreased, at constant excitation current,
the ac output voltage and frequency will increase or decrease accordingly.
To run the machine as a synchronous motor, it is first necessary to run it as a generator. The
speed must first be adjusted to be the same as the supply frequency ("synchronisation") using an
instrument such as the synchronising lamps 68-120. Next the dc excitation current must be
increased to its rated value, so that when run as a motor there is sufficient field strength for the
motor to be able to develop adequate torque. When the above operations have been carried out,
the supply to the machine is switched in, whilst at the same time the supply to the motor driving the
machine is reduced to zero. The machine is now running as a motor, synchronised to the supply.
13.2.3 Power Factor Control and Effect of Load on a Synchronous Machine Operating as a
Motor
When the motor is loaded the rotor slips back behind the rotating field by an angle known as the
load angle. This is shown in Figure 3-13-1 (a) where E, the generated EMF, lags the supply
voltage by the angle .

(a) normal excitation (b) under-excitation (c) over-excitation
Figure 3-13-1
Figure 3-13-1 shows the phasor diagrams of a synchronous motor run at constant load for varying
values of excitation current. is the angle line current lags or leads supply voltage in the stator,
Figure 3-13-1 (a) shows line current in phase with the supply voltage.


60-070-CS-S 3-13-3

For a given load the input power to the motor must be the same for different values of excitation.
Input power cos VI P
i
= Eq 1
Cos is known as the stator power factor.
If the EMF is increased considerably (by increasing the excitation current) then becomes large
and leading. The line current increases as illustrated in Figure 3-13-1 (b).
Conversely if the EMF is decreased considerably (by decreasing the excitation current) then
becomes large and lagging. The line current would again increase as illustrated in Figure
3-13-1 (c).
Output power
60
NT 2
P
o

= Eq 2
Efficiency % 100
In Power
Out Power

= % 100
cos VI
60
NT 2
Eq 3
13.2.4 Load Variation
As stated previously EMF lags supply voltage by the load angle , as load increases increases.
Hence the amount of excitation required to bring line current in phase with supply voltage would
also increase.


3-13-4 60-070-CS-S
13.3 Content
The practicals in this assignment investigate the synchronising procedure and operation of a
synchronous machine.
System Frame 91-200
Either:

Virtual
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-VIP)
or
Measurements
68-100
dc Voltmeter and Ammeter Panel 68-110
Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI1)

Rectifier Voltmeter and Ammeter
Panel (*See note below)
Conventional
Instrumentation
(Option
60-070-CI2)

68-117
Ancillary
Equipment
*Digital Multimeter. (Not supplied )
(Not required for Conventional
instruments if 68-117 is available)

NOTES:


60-070-CS-S 3-13-5
V1
W1
U1
U2
V2
W2
+
+
60-105
Variable dc
suppy
V
+
I
68-110 dc
ammeter
68-110
voltmeter
L1 L2 L3
68-120
GS
3
RHS LHS
L1
L2
L3
L1
L2
L3
LP1 LP2
LP3
F1
F2
V
Dmm or 68-117
if available
com 500V
from 60-105
Conventional
Instrumentation
(a)
(c)
64-510
(L3) (L1)
V
+
V
-
60-105 variable
dc supply
(L2)
F1 F1 U1 W1 V1
W2 V2 U2 F2
to 68-500
Virtual
Instrumentation
(b)
I2
+
60-105
Variable dc
suppy
F1
F2
V2
+
GS
3
V1
W1
U1
U2
V2
W2
I1
+
V1
+
I3
+
V3
+
L1 L2 L3
68-120
LP1
LP2
LP3
L1
L2
L3
V
com 500V ac
Dmm
from 60-105



3-13-6 60-070-CS-S
L3 L3
L2 L2
L1 L1
2 1
1 2
3 3
LP1 LP2
rating 200-250V ac
LP3
OF
O
Synchronising Lamps 68-120

Electrical Power and Machines
64-510
Three Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator Wound
F1 F1 U1 W1 V1
W2 V2 U2 F2
To 60-105
earth terminal
power
(1A range)
200mA
(500V range)
50V 500V/250V
10A/1A
o/p
com
1
on
com
1A
10A
o/p
on
V1
500V
250V
o/p
on
2
1A
10A
o/p
on
250V
500V
V2
o/p
3
on
1A
10A
o/p
V3
on
500V
250V
500V/250V com
(500V range)
50V
(1A range)
200mA com 10A/1A
500V/250V com
(500V range)
50V
10A/1A com 200mA
(1A range)
monitor monitor monitor
monitor monitor monitor
Multichannel I/O 68-500
control connection to 68-441
dynamometer
system connected
68-500
ready

Figure 3-13-3


60-070-CS-S 3-13-7



3-13-8 60-070-CS-S
dc Voltmeter
and Ammeter
68-110
dc Voltmeter & Ammeter 68-110
dc ammeter
dc voltmeter
range fuse
10A
1A
5A
10A
Electrical Power &Machines
dc volts
dc
amperes
com
250V
50V
500V
com
1A
shaft covers
shaft cover
Dynamometer
67-530
Dynamometer
67-530
connect to 68- 441
speed mode or
torque mode
field armature tachogenerator
dynamometer configuration
64-510
Supply
100V dc
Supply
220V D 380V Y
U2
U1
V2
V1
W2
W1 F1
F2
64-510
Three Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator Wound
F1 F1 U1 W1 V1
W2 V2 U2 F2
Synchronising Lamps 68-
Electrical Power &
L3 L3
L2 L2
L1 L1
2 1
1 2
3 3
LP1 LP2
rating 200-250V ac
LP3
OF
O
emergency
power off
power on
O:OFF O:OFF O:OFF O:OFF
(dial can be restrict ed to 60%, see ut il ity manual)
prot ective earth
terminal
3 phase circuit breaker
with no volt release
variable 3 phase output 4Aper line
L1 L2 L3 N
vari abl e dc output
270 dc 5A max + -
variable output voltage
0-100%
400V line to l ine, 230V line to neutral @ 4A
N L3 L2 L1
+ - fi xed dc output
220V 5A max
WARNING high voltage at output
output not isolated
Universal Power Supply 60-105
!
!
50
60
70
80
90
1 00
0
10
20
3 0
40
L1 4A (T)
L2 4A(T)
L3 4A(T)
fuses for 3 phase
variable output
dynamometer configuration
fi eld armature tachogenerator
ATTENTION!
swi tch main power off before di sconnecting
dynamometer
dynamometer
power
dynamometer power
interlock
speed mode
connection
torque mode
connection
tachogenerator
connection
dynamometer
demand
voltage
constant
speed or torque
torque proportional
to speed
switched off
posi tion
control connect ion
f rom 68- 500
Three Phase Synchronous
Motor/Generator 64-510
Electronic Single &Three Phase Measurements 68-100
N
L3
L2
L1
N
L3
L2
L1
voltage
and
current
sensor
voltage
and
current
sensor
system main fuse
50mA (F)
4 wire 3 wire
power
voltage
and
current
sensor
Single &
Three Phase
Measurements
68-100
Rectifier Voltmeter & Ammeter 68-117
ac ammeter
ac voltmeter
range fuse
10A
5A
5A
10A
ac volts
ac
amperes
com
250V
50V
500V
com
1A
1A
(T)
(T)
(T)
Connect to Dmm
set to 500V ac
or 68-117 if available
System
Frame
91-200
Universal
Power Supply
60-105
Torque & Speed
Control Panel 68-441
Synchronising
Lamps 68-120
To Tachogenerator
ac voltmeter &
ammeter 68-117



60-070-CS-S 3-13-9
On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, switch off the 3 phase circuit breaker.
On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, turn the variable output voltage control to 0%
Ensure that the dynamometer motor is coupled to the generator by the flexible coupling and
retaining clips.
Make up the circuit shown in Figure 3-13-2 by establishing the connections in Figure 3-13-3 and
Figure 3-13-4. Firstly, complete the panel wiring in Figure 3-13-3 with the 64-510 star connected
and secondly complete the inter-panel wiring in Figure 3-13-4 (virtual instrumentation) or Figure
3-13-5 (conventional instrumentation).

13.6.1 68-912-USB Software
For Virtual Instrumentation, switch on the PC and start the Virtual Instrumentation Software
68-912-USB (see manual 60-070-VIP).
NOTE:
The Virtual Instruments I1, I2, I3 and V1, V2, V3 must be connected exactly as shown,
otherwise the 3-phase wattmeter which uses V1, V3 and I1, I3 will not work correctly.
V1, V3, I1, I3 are set for ac
V2, I2 are set for dc.
Set the meter connected to F1 and F2 to 250 Volts dc range.


3-13-10 60-070-CS-S
60-105 Power Supply On the 60-105 unit, ensure the variable output voltage control is set
to 0% and then set the 3 phase circuit breaker to the on position.
Power is now available as indicated by the power on green indicator
being illuminated.
LED is lit.
SAFETY NOTES:
1. Do NOT drive the dynamometer when in Speed Mode. This
will overheat the dynamometer motor and damage the
equipment.
2. Always turn the 60-105 variable dc supply control to zero
BEFORE stopping rotation of the generator.
the system.


60-070-CS-S 3-13-11
13.8 Practical 13.1 - Synchronising a Three Phase Synchronous Generator
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Set the speed of the generator using the 68-441 constant speed control to
approximately..

3000
rpm

3600
rpm
illuminated.

Set the dc field voltage by rotating the variable output voltage control on
the 60-105 such that the output voltage from the generator is the same
value as that of the three phase supply that it will be connected to when the
synchronising switch is closed. This voltage is measured on an external
Digital Multimeter DMM for virtual, or on conventional instrumentation
68-117 voltmeter.

You will notice that the synchronising lamp pattern on the 68-120 appears
to rotate.

Decrease the speed by a small amount. If the lamps appear to rotate faster,
then increase the speed by a small amount. Adjust the speed until the
lamps appear to rotate at their slowest possible speed. At this point the
generator output voltage is at the same frequency as the supply.

On the 68-120 synchronising lamps panel when only the lamps LP1 and
LP2 are of equal brightness and lamp LP3 is out, turn on the 68-120 switch.

Increase the dc field current using the variable output voltage control to.
on the 60-105.
150 mA
Slowly reduce the constant speed control on the 68-441 to zero. The
machine is now operating as a motor, and will be rotating at a speed
synchronised to the supply frequency.

Switch off the 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel by pressing the green
power button, and then connect the dynamometer to the torque mode
connection socket.

Switch on the 68-441 by pressing the green power button again and press
the dynamometer power on button so that the red led is illuminated.


3-13-12 60-070-CS-S

Product Version
230 V 120 V
Using of the variable output voltage control on the 60-105, set the dc
voltage applied to the field winding until the field current is approximately
Maintain this value throughout the test.

340 mA

NOTE:
Should the synchronous motor pull out of synchronism at any time, switch
the Synchronising Lamps off and reduce the dc rotor current (60-105) to
zero. Repeat the previous procedure to bring the motor back into
synchronisation.

13.8.1 Torque/Speed Test

instrumentation, start from the minimum value and then apply values of
torque from the minimum to 0.5 Nm in 0.1 Nm steps. For each value of the
applied torque record the speed, line current (I1), power factor and input
power enter them into a copy of the appropriate Practical 13.1 Results
Table (230 V or 120 V product version).

When the measurements are completed over the torque range, reset the
torque control to the power interlock position.

Turn the switch on the Synchronising Lamps 68-120 to the off position.
Turn the variable output control on the 60-105 to 0%.
Switch off the 60-105 power supply 3 phase circuit breaker.

From Eq 1, 2 and 3, calculate and record values of output power and
efficiency in a copy of the appropriate Practical 13.1 Results Table (230 V
or 120 V product version).

Using the axes suggested by those shown in Practical 13.1 Results Table
(230 V or 120 V product version), plot graphs of output power and efficiency
against torque.


60-070-CS-S 3-13-13
13.9 Practical 13.2 - Power Factor Control of a Three Phase Synchronous Motor
Product Version
230 V 120 V
Set the speed of the generator using the 68-441 speed control to
approximately

3000
rpm

3600
rpm
(60 Hz
supply)
illuminated.

Set the dc field voltage by rotating the variable output voltage control on
the 60-105 such that the voltage from the generator output is the same
value as that of the three phase supply that it will be connected to when the
synchronising switch is closed. This voltage is measured on an external
voltmeter set to the 500 V ac range.

You will notice that the synchronising lamps appear to rotate.
Decrease the speed by a small amount. If the lamps appear to rotate faster,
then increase the speed by a small amount. Adjust the speed until the
lamps appear to rotate at their slowest possible speed. At this point the
generator output voltage is at the same frequency as the supply.

On the 68-120 synchronising lamps panel when only the lamps LP1 and
LP2 are of equal brightness and lamp LP3 is out, turn on the 68-120 switch.

Increase the dc field current using the variable output voltage control to.
on the 60-105.
150 mA
Slowly reduce the speed control on the 68-441 to zero power interlock
position. The machine is now operating as a motor, and will be rotating at a
speed synchronised to the supply frequency.

Switch off the 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel by pressing the green
power button, and then connect the dynamometer to the torque mode
connection socket.

Switch on the 68-441 by pressing the green power button and press the
dynamometer power on button so that the red LED is illuminated.


3-13-14 60-070-CS-S

Product Version
230 V 120 V
For the synchronous motor, set the dc field current initially to
Use the variable output voltage control on the 60-105 to do this
340 mA

Record the line current and power factor for values of the dc field current on
a copy of the appropriate Practical 13.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V
product version). Label your table minimum load.

Upon completion of the table adjust the field current slowly back to ..
by use of the variable output voltage control on the 60-105.
340 mA

NOTE:
Care should be taken when making settings of field current that small
adjustments are made to the variable dc control. Large adjustments will
cause the motor to pull out of synchronism at lower current levels requiring
the synchronising procedure to be repeated.

Now slowly increase the torque from the torque/speed controller and set a
value of.
Take readings as before and enter them into a copy of the appropriate

0.2 Nm

Set the synchronous motor field current to .
by use of the variable output voltage control on the 60-105, when your
table is complete.

340 mA

To obtain a set of results for a torque load of .
care should be taken not to over reduce the field current setting at the lower
values. It may not be possible to take all the readings before the machines
pull out of synchronisation. In the event of this happening, switch the
synchronising lamps off and reduce the dc field current to zero.
0.3 Nm

Repeat the synchronising procedure if you wish to continue recording
results.


60-070-CS-S 3-13-15

The appropriate Practical 13.2 Results Table (230 V or 120 V product
version) should be completed for the increased torque load.

1. On the 68-441, reset the applied torque to the switched off position
by turning the constant speed or torque control.

2. On the 68-120, turn the switch on the Synchronising Lamps to the
off position.

3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, turn the variable output
voltage control to 0% and then switch off all power by setting the
3 phase circuit breaker to the off position.


Using the axes suggested by those shown in Practical 13.2 Results Table
(230 V or 120 V product version), plot graphs of field current (rotor) against
line (stator) current.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-13-16 60-070-CS-S
With Rotor Current set to 340 mA.

Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Line
Current I
1
(A)

Power
Factor
(cos )
3 Phase
Input Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-13-17
With Rotor Current set to 340 mA.

Torque
(Nm)
Speed
(rpm)
Line
Current I
1
(A)

Power
Factor
(cos )
3 Phase
Input Power
(W)
Output
Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-13-18 60-070-CS-S

dc Rotor Current
(mA)
ac Line Current
(mA)
Power Factor
(cos )
340
315
280
266
248
233
205
200
157
149
146
142
138
131
122
116
Power Factor Control for Minimum Load

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-13-19
dc Rotor Current
(mA)
ac Line Current
(mA)
Power Factor
(cos )
300
282
261
231
210
202
188
180
174
154
153
147
146
134
Results for 0.2 Nm Load

dc Rotor Current
(mA)
ac Line Current
(mA)
Power Factor
(cos )
300
270
243
225
215
204
191
177
173

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-13-20 60-070-CS-S

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-13-21

dc Rotor Current
(mA)
ac Line Current
(mA)
Power Factor
(cos )

Power Factor Control for Minimum Load

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-13-22 60-070-CS-S

dc Rotor Current
(mA)
ac Line Current
(mA)
Power Factor
(cos )


dc Rotor Current
(mA)
ac Line Current
(mA)
Power Factor
(cos )


ELECTRICAL MACHINES

60-070-CS-S 3-13-23

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-13-24 60-070-CS-S
Notes

Gre Paper 0f 2013

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Technology Training for tomorrows world

Interactive Discovery Software

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

Synchronising Lamps 68-120

Spreadsheet you can use the facility

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