The MIMO System

As the communication system included transmitter and receiver with different antenna allocation, there are a simple category of multi-antenna types:

Multi-antenna types
SISO SIMO MISO MIMO Single-input-single-output means that the transmitter and receiver of the radio
system have only one antenna. Single-input-multiple-output means that the receiver has multiple antennas while the transmitter has one antenna. Multiple-input-single-output means that the transmitter has multiple antennas while the receiver has one antenna. Multiple-input-multiple-output means that the both the transmitter and receiver have multiple antennas.

MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. The simple overview of MIMO:

Multiple data streams transmitted in a single channel at the same time Multiple radios collect multipath signals Delivers simultaneous speed, coverage, and reliability improvements

MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve wireless systems capacity, range and reliability. It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power.

As the number of antenna element increasing, the channel capacity is increased too. Instead of logarithmic-increasing of channel capacity in SIMO and MISO system, the MIMO system owned linear-increasing of channel capacity as antenna increased. The improving of MIMO from SIMO and MISO is shown below:

1. Types of MIMO System

(1) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO) (2) Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

3.1 Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO):
When the data rate is to be increased for a single UE, this is called Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO).

Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO):

When the individual streams are assigned to various users, this is called Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO). This mode is particularly useful in the uplink because the complexity on the UE side can be kept at a minimum by using only one transmit antenna. This is also called 'collaborative MIMO'.

3.2 Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

Open Loop MIMO techniques- the commonly used MIMO terminology Closed Loop MIMO techniques- also known as Transmitter Adaptive Antenna (TX-AA) techniques, referred to by the industry as "beamforming".

Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO Space-time block coding based transmit diversity (STTD)-a method of transmit diversity used in UMTSS third-generation cellular systems.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO Spatial multiplexing- transmission techniques in MIMO wireless communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas.

n Uplink Collaborative MIMO Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing (Collaborative MIMO)-comparable to regular spatial multiplexing, where multiple data streams are transmitted from multiple antennas on the same device. an additional open-loop MIMO technique consider by WiMAX vendors to increase the spectral efficiency and capacity of the uplink

communications path. Spatial Multiplexing MIMO: Uplink Collaborative MIMO:

Close loop MIMO:

Antenna technologies are the key in increasing network capacity. It started with sectorized antennas. These antennas illuminate 60 or 120 degrees and operate as one cell. In GSM, the capacity can be tripled, by 120 degree antennas. Adaptive antenna arrays intensify spatial multiplexing using narrow beams. Smart antennas belong to adaptive antenna arrays but differ in their smart direction of arrival (DoA) estimation. Smart antennas can form a user-specific beam. Optional feedback can reduce complexity of the array system. Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of an antenna array. It can be applied in all antenna array systems as well as MIMO systems. Smart antennas are divided into two groups:
Phased array systems (switched beamforming) with a finite number of fixed predefined patterns Adaptive array systems (AAS) (adaptive beamforming) with an infinite number of patterns adjusted to the scenario in real time

Switched Beamformer

Adaptive Beamformer

Switched beamformers-electrically calculate the DoA and switch on the fixed beam. Adaptive beamformer-deals with that problem and adjusts the beam in realtime to the moving UE.

2. Function of MIMO System

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories: (1) Precoding (2) Spatial multiplexing (3) Diversity coding

Precoding:
Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. The Precoding can be separated by two classifications: Precoding for Single User MIMO Precoding for Multi User MIMO

Precoding for Single User MIMO In single user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, a transmitter equipped with multiple antennas communicates with a receiver that has multiple antennas. Most classic precoding results assume narrowband, slowly fading channels, meaning that the channel for a certain period of time can be described by a single channel matrix which does not change faster. The precoding strategy that maximizes the throughput, called channel capacity, depends on the channel state information available in the system. Precoding for Multi User MIMO In multi-user MIMO, a multi-antenna transmitter communicates simultaneously

with multiple receivers (each having one or multiple antennas). This is known as space-division multiple access (SDMA). From an implementation perspective, precoding algorithms for SDMA systems can be sub-divided into linear and nonlinear precoding types. The capacity achieving algorithms are nonlinear, but linear precoding approaches usually achieve reasonable performance with much lower complexity. Nonlinear precoding is designed based on the concept of dirty paper coding (DPC), which shows that any known interference at the transmitter can be subtracted without the penalty of radio resources if the optimal precoding scheme can be applied on the transmit signal.

Spatial multiplexing:
Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel.

Diversity coding:
Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding.

MIMO Channel Model

Diagram of a MIMO wireless transmission system is shown below:

Here is a MIMO system model:

There are detail explains for denoted symbols: r is the Mx1 received signal vector as there are M antennas in receiver. H represented channel matrix s is the Nx1 transmitted signal vector as there are N antennas in transmitter n is an Mx1 vector of additive noise term

Let Q denote the covariance matrix of x, then the capacity of the system described by information theory as below:

This is optimal when is unknown at the transmitter and the input distribution maximizing the mutual information is the Gaussian distribution. It is important to note that can be rewritten as:

Where 1 , 2 , , m are the nonzero eigenvalues of W, m=min(M,N), and

This formulation can be easily obtained from the direct use of eigenvalue properties. Alternatively, we can decompose the MIMO channel into m equivalent parallel SISO channels by performing singular value decomposition (SVD) of H. Let the SVD be given by

Then U and V are unitary and D=diag( , , , , 0 , , 0). Hence the MIMO signal model can be rewritten as:

When the channel is known at the transmitter (and at the receiver), then H is known in above equation and we optimize the capacity over Q subject to the power constraint tr(Q). Fortunately, the optimal Q in this case is well known and is called a water filling solution. There is a simple algorithm to find the solution and the resulting capacity is given by

Where is chosen to satisfy

If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information, then the ergodic channel capacity will decrease as the signal covariance Q can only be optimized in terms of the average mutual information as

The spatial correlation of the channel has a strong impact on the ergodic channel capacity with statistical information. If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select the signal covariance Q to maximize channel capacity under worst-case statistics, which means Q=(1/Nt )*I and accordingly

Additional information: Fundamental Capacity theorem

For a SISO system the capacity is given by

Where h is the normalized complex gain of a fixed wireless channel or that of a particular realization of a random channel. is the SNR at any RX antenna. As we deploy more RX antennas the statistics of capacity improve and with M RX antennas, we have a SIMO system with capacity given by

Similarly, if we opt for transmit diversity, in the common case, where the transmitter does not have channel knowledge, we have a MIMO system with N TX antennas and the capacity is given by

For N TX and M RX antennas, we have the now famous capacity equation:

where (*) means transpose-conjugate and is the channel matrix.

3. Application of MIMO System

The 3GPP mobile radio standard (UMTS) has undergone numerous phases of development. Starting with WCDMA, various data acceleration methods have been introduced, including HSDPA and HSUPA. The newest releases cover HSPA+ and Long Term Evolution (LTE).

HSPA+ (3GPP Release 7/8):

A transmit diversity mode had already been introduced in Release 99 (WCDMA). Release 7 of the 3GPP specification (HSPA+) expanded this approach to MIMO and again increased the data rate with respect to Release 6 (HSDPA).

LTE (3GPP Release 8):

UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) was introduced in 3GPP Release 8. The objective is a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology. LTE is also referred to as E-UTRA (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) or E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network).

Downlink

In LTE, one or two code words are mapped to one to four layers ("layer mapper" block). To achieve multiplexing, a precoding is carried out ("precoding" block). Table 1 shows the code book for spatial multiplexing with two antennas as an example. Code books for four antennas are also defined. LTE precoding matrix for a maximum of two layers:

Uplink
In order to keep the complexity low at the UE end, MU-MIMO is used in the uplink. To do this, multiple UEs, each with only one Tx antenna, use the same channel.

WiMAXTM (802.16e-2005):
WiMAXTM promises a peak data rate of 74 Mbps at a bandwidth of up to 20 MHz. Modulation types are QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM. Downlink The WiMAXTM 802.16e-2005 standard specifies MIMO in WirelessMAN-OFDMA

mode. This standard defines a large number of different matrices for coding and distributing to antennas.

Uplink In Uplink-MIMO only different pilot patterns are used. Coding and mapping is the same like in non-MIMO case.

WLAN (802.11n):
WLAN as defined by the 802.11n standard promises a peak data rate of up to 600 Mbps at a bandwidth of 40 MHz. Modulation types are BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM.

WLAN differentiates between spatial streams (SS) and space-time streams (STS). If NSS < NSTS, then a space-time block encoder ("STBC") distributes the SS to the STS and adds transmit diversity by means of coding.

Conclusion
The presentation introduces the major feature of MIMO links for use in wireless network. MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve wireless systems capacity, range and reliability. It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power. After introduced why MIMO system, we classified MIMO system into two major categories: (1) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO) (2)Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO. Under open loop MIMO, three MIMO system is provided: (1) Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO (2) Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO (3) Uplink Collaborative MIMO.

Followed, we introduce the functions of MIMO system included (1) Precoding (2) Spatial multiplexing (3)Diversity coding. Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. Then a strict mathematics model of MIMO system is provided. While the MIMO system is regarded as narrow flat fading channel, we modeled the MIMO system by referring to information theory. Then we derived the channel capacity in mathematical description. In section 6, current applications of MIMO technique is written. Under 3GPP mobile radio standard, there are several application included: (1) HSPA+ (2)LTE (3) WiMAXTM (4) WLAN. At last, Future standards with using of MIMO technology is provided include LTE Advanced, 1xEV-DO Rev. C and WiMAXTM 802.16m.

4. Reference
[1] Wikipedia: MIMO, Precoding, Spatial multiplexing, Diversity Coding, WiMAX MIMO, information theory, channel capacity. *2+ ROHDE&SCHWARZ, Introduction to MIMO: Application Note *3+ D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. S. Shiu, P. Smith, and A. Naguib, From theory to practice: An overview of MIMO space-tim coded wireless systems, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. Special Issue on MIMO Systems, pt. I, vol. 21, pp. 281302, Apr. 2003. [4] A. J. Paulraj et al., An Overview of MIMO Communications a Key to Gigabit Wireless, Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, no. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 198218. [5] Q. Li, G. Li, W. Lee, M. il Lee, D. Mazzarese, B. Clerckx, and Z. Li, MIMO techniques in WiMAX and LTE: a feature overview, IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 8692, May. 2010. [6] G. Bauch, MIMO Technologies for the Wireless Future, Proc. International

symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Cannes France, Sept., 2008 [7] PPT slide: Dr. Jacob Sharony, Introduction to Wireless MIMO Theory and Applications, IEEE LI, November 15, 2006