Chapters 1 and 2

Key Terms: 1. Megalith- a large stone that is usually used to construct a building or monument; can be alone or with other stones 2. Holocene- geological epoch that dates back from around 9000 b.c.e. to the present 3. Agricultural Revolution- A period in time where the main food source came from personal production of resources; hunting and gathering became obsolete in a way, but was still around and did not disappear 4. Forager- a hunter/gatherer of food and/or other provisions 5. Neolithic- later part of the stone age where stone instruments prevailed in the area of agriculture as opposed to hunting and gathering 6. Paleolithic- earlier era of the stone age, which was about 10000 years ago, when stone instruments were mainly used as weapons for hunting 7. Stone Age- period of time dating back around 2 million years ago where stone tools, along with bone/wood/etc., were beginning to be used by early humans 8. History- the study of human affairs from past events 9. Culture- manifestations of human intellect regarded collectively 10. Civilization- most advanced stage of human social development and organization 11. Babylon- ancient city in Mesopotamia; capital of babylonia in the 2nd millennium b.c.; located on the banks of the tigres and Euphrates river 12. Sumerians- ancient civilization that lived on the banks of the tigres and Euphrates 13. Semitic- relating/denoting languages such as Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic 14. City-State- a state consisting of a sovereign city 15. Hammurabi- 6th king of Babylonia (1st dynasty); reigned from 1792-50 bc 16. Scribe- a person who copies documents onto stone tablets 17. Ziggurat- rectangular stepped tower usually surmounted by a temple 18. Amulet- ornament/small piece of jewelry believed to prevent disease/evil/danger 19. Cuneiform- ancient writing form used by people in the Mesopotamia consisting of wedge based characters 20. Pharaoh- ruler in ancient Egypt that was revered as a god on earth 21. Maat- divinely authorized order of the universe 22. Pyramid- square or triangular based monument with sloping slides usually denoting a certain ruler of Egypts reign 23. Memphis- a capital of Egypt during the time period known as Old Kingdom; located on the Lower Nile near the apex 24. Thebes- Farther to the south of Memphis, another central positioned capital during the Middle and New kingdom periods 25. Hieroglyphics- picture symbols standing for words, it was one of the first forms of written language 26. Papyrus- a writing material made from the reed of the same name; it was made by lying down the reed and pounding it with a mallet

27. Mummy- preserved corpse that has been embalmed, has had the organs removed, and is wrapped in linen 28. Harappa- one of two great cities from the civilization of Indus Valley from 2600-1900 b.c.e. 29. Mohenjo-daro- another of the two cities from Indus Valley

30. Since the dawn of civilization, there has been what we call hunter-gatherers. Back then it was much easier and simpler to just eat stuff from the ground and hunt the big game. Not a whole lot has changed. About 10,000 years ago, going out to get these supplies was no longer the smartest idea. People had learned to cultivate these things domestically. The reason? Really huge climate changes. Nowadays, the farming business is huge. A company runs a whole specific food item from, cows/chickens/fish/etc. (meat or dairy), to corn/potatoes/beans/etc. (ground things). Huntergatherers still exist, but only in regions where domesticated cultivation is not an option. 31. Some civilizations were given some pretty big handicaps. Egypt and its desserts for example. It was so hot and dry, the only good place for people to live be oasis and on the river. These conditions could lead to people wanting to explain why it is. These would be anything from creation stories to explaining why the sun sets and rises. These stories can lead to religion, and religion is the basis for most moral reasoning. 32. They began to realize that domesticating plants and animals was much more efficient than going out to go get those resources. The only real disadvantage would be seasonally losing the fertility of the ground for a while. 33. Key ingredients to civilization include communication, a stable resource supply, a form of cultural expression, trade of culture/beliefs/etc., and a system of jobs/responsibilities. Being able to exchange ideas with others helps promote growth of society. This is why early civilization was slow starting off. Think about it, it took thousands of years to get to where we were in the 1700s, but just in the last 300 weve expanded much more so. Its all thanks to increased elements th at were aforementioned. Now we can virtually reach all the way around the world in a matter of moments. 34. Well agriculture had to be implemented in order to supply all of the new urban areas. The very existence of these farms created so many jobs. We got merchants, priests, the government, artisans, etc. These positions were the bases for the framework of the first civilizations. 35. Social divisions are divisions among the people that are created by money, social life, religion, and sometimes rights. These were definitely present in Mesopotamian societies in three main classes: rich/royal peoples, farmers, and unskilled workers. 36. Usually, in a hunter-gatherer society, women were responsible for acquiring food. More of the farming in the transition to agriculture was heavy work suited for men. More resources promoted larger

families. So this job fell on to the women. Ultimately, the roles of women were being suppressed by the growth of roles for men. 37. Because of a desert and an ocean, Egypt was pretty isolated. They were located in a little pocket of life that was perfect for starting a civilization. The Nile was the biggest plus. It was the main means of trade, communication, and irrigation. 38. Ultimately, the Nile River was the base for many if not all religious beliefs these people had. Another factor was the monarchy belief that the king was a god on Earth. Explaining every natural occurrence was a story of another god/goddess. The Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a journey of treacherous proportions that were prepared for in the tomb. 39. All of these civilizations were built around fertile valleys located near rivers. The agricultural surplus resulted in a framework of social systems present in all of these places. 40. I would analyze the cultural items they left behind, such as paintings and decoration pieces. 41. D) detailed genealogies 42. C) toolmaking 43. C) socializing, making tools, and creating art 44. C) Neolithic 45. B) they were primary gatherers of wild plant foods 46. A) in the Middle East 47. A) a practice of shifting cultivation to new fields 48. A) grain or rice 49. C) a global population increase 50. B) an earth mother or female deity 51. B) decoration or in ceremonies 52. A) artificial canals and irrigation 53. A) Sumerians

54. E) Elamite 55. C) an urban center and the agricultural hinterlands it controlled 56. B) housed the cult of the deity or deities 57. C) a lugal 58. D) attack Egypt 59. E) law code 60. C) the need for vital resources 61. D) the government 62. B) three classes 63. D) the shift of major role in food provision from men to women 64. E) they could be appointed to government positions 65. B) were human like in form and conduct 66. D) the belief in the value of magic 67. E) cuneiform 68. A) incising written symbols on clay 69. B) Egypts natural isolation and essential self-sufficiency 70. C) construction of canals and use of irrigation 71. E) salt 72. B) their environment was largely stable and predictable, unlike Mesopotamia 73. B) divinely authorized 74. B) Khufu

75. E) administrative matters 76. E) all of these 77. C) the vision of a cosmic order that the physical environment of the Nile Valley evoked 78. A) Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 79. E) has not been deciphered. 80. C) Massive flooding

Geography Questions 81. Pastoralism/hunting areas: most of china and lower central Asia, lower middle east, northern Africa, most of north western North America; Domesticated animals: llama, guinea pig, turkey, cattle, pig, goat, sheep, dog, water buffalo, chicken, zebu cattle 82. Because of the prime conditions of the land, farming was much easier in the lands of cereal and root farming. Thats obviously why it took place there. Due to extreme weather, those living the foraging lifestyle already acknowledged the fact that plants cannot be easily cultivated where they live, so they instead hunt and what not for their food. 83. There are the Indus Valley civilizations, the Mesopotamian civilizations, China, and Egypt. All of these places are located relatively near canals/rivers/other bodies of water. This promotes a thriving civilization due to the benefits of a fixed water source. 84. The most widely traded and available import/export was wheat and barley. We can infer that these communities influence each other due to fact that they trade a lot, this spreads culture. 85. Cities are vital to the building of civilization in the way that without them, people would not have interacted with each other nearly as much. Where they were located was a big plus, they were not only located near a fixed water source, but they were also located on primarily fertile land. 86. NA 87. Originally, the Egyptian Kingdom only went up to about a little less than 600 miles down the Nile, after the transition into the New Kingdom, it grew nearly ten times in size. This explosion of area was probably due to no opposition of external forces and the discovery of precious minerals. 88. I would think that it had to do with the need for resources as the population is growing. That and the fact that they have precious minerals that they can export. 89. NA 90. There doesnt seem to be any major rivers/other bodies of water, so unlike other civilizations, there would be major droughts.