6.

The Mandelbrot Set

The Mandelbrot Set
!

King of 1 fractals Most Im beautiful mathematical 0 monster

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The Mandelbrot Set

Christoph Traxler

6.1

6. The Mandelbrot Set

The Mandelbrot Set

Christoph Traxler

The Mandelbrot Set

Christoph Traxler

6.2

6. The Mandelbrot Set

The Mandelbrot Set

Christoph Traxler

Ordering the Julia Sets Jc

!

For each c of fc = z2+c there exists a particular Julia set Jc The set of all Julia sets is uncountable infinite How can Jc be classified with respect to c ?

! !

Christoph Traxler

6.3

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Ordering the Julia Sets Jc
!

Mandelbrots idea (1979): Create a map of the complex plane, which shows information about the Julia sets for each complex number c What is the classification criterion ?

Christoph Traxler

Ordering the Julia Sets Jc

!

Dichotomy of Julia sets: Julia sets can be seperated into two categories:

Jc is connected
Christoph Traxler

Jc is totally disconnected (Cantor dust)

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6.4

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Ordering the Julia Sets Jc
!

Visualize the area of points for which the corresponding Julia set is connected Def.: The set M = {c C | Jc is a connected set } is called Mandelbrot set Fact: Jc is connected if and only if the critical orbit 0 c c2+c ... is bounded

Christoph Traxler

Critical Point of Jc
! !

Def.: If fc(z) = 0, then z is called critical point fc(z) = 2z z = 0 is the critical point for any Jc The orbit of the critical point z=0 is called critical orbit If and only if the critical orbit escapes to then Jc is Cantor dust

Christoph Traxler

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6.5

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Calculating the Map
! ! !

Calculate the fate of the critical point z = 0 Iterate z z2+c, z0 = 0 The orbit is not bounded and escapes to if | z| > 2 Jc is totally disconnected c M Approximation of M with the pixel game, accuracy depends on the number of iterations Visualization of the equipotentials of A()

Christoph Traxler

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Calculating the Map

!

The pixel game algorithm for M:

for(i=0; i<HEIGHT; i++) for(j=0; j<WIDTH; j++) { c = point4pixel(i,j); for(n=0,z=0; n<=NMAX; n++) { if(rad(z)> 2) break; z = z*z + c; } if(n > NMAX) setPixel(i,j,black); else setPixel(i,j,getCol(n)); }

Christoph Traxler

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6.6

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Difference between Jc and M
!

Julia set
! fc(z) = z2 + c ! c is a constant ! z is variable ! examine the orbit

Mandelbrot set
! f(z) = z2 + c ! c is variable ! z0 = 0 is constant ! examine the orbit

zfc(z)fc2(z) ... for each point z

0f(0)f2 (0) ... for each c

Christoph Traxler

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First Mandelbrot Print

Christoph Traxler

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6.7

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Zoom Sequence

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Zoom Sequence

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6.8

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Zoom Sequence

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Zoom Sequence
Seahorse Valley

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6.9

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Zoom Sequence
!

YouTube videos:
! www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_GBwuYuOOs ! www.youtube.com/watch?

v=x6DD1k4BAUg&feature=related ! www.youtube.com/watch? v=0jGaio87u3A&feature=related

Christoph Traxler

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Encirclement of Jc
! !

Approximation of Jc with deformed discs Start with a disc Sr that surrounds Jc and calculate the sequence:
Sk = { z | fc(z) Sk-1} ,with S0 = Sr

This sequence of nested deformed discs converges to Jc The deformed discs correspond to equipotential curves of A()

Christoph Traxler

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6.10

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Encirclement of Jc
!

One of the following conditions is true:

A) The whole sequence Sn , n , consits of Jordan curves (disc like shapes) B) S0 ,...,Sk are Jordan curves but not the rest of the sequence Sk+1,...

Christoph Traxler

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Encirclement of Jc
!

If Sk is a Jordan curve, then there are 3 possible cases for Sk+1 :

1) Sk+1 is also a Jordan curve and the critical point 0 and point c are in the interior of Sk+1 , condition A is true
Sk+1 0

Christoph Traxler

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6.11

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Encirclement of Jc 2) Sk+1 is made up of two Jordan curves, which touch exactly at the critical point, condition B is true 3) Sk+1 is made up of two disjoint Jordan curves and does not contain the critical point, condition B is true
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Sk+1 0

Sk+1

Christoph Traxler

Encirclement of Jc
!

If condition A is true, then

! Kc contains the critical point and c (their orbits

dont escape to ) ! Jc is connected

!

If condition B is true, then

! Kc neither contains the critical point nor c

(their orbits escape to ) ! Jc is disconnected

Christoph Traxler

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6.12

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Encirclement of Jc

Condition A is true
Christoph Traxler 25

Condition B is true

Equivalent Definitions of M
!

The Mandelbrot set M can be defined in various ways:

! M = { c C | Jc is connected } = ! { c C | c Kc } = ! { c C | critical point 0 Kc } = ! { c C | critical point 0 A() } = ! { c C | |fn(c)| 2 n = 0,1,2,... }

Christoph Traxler

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6.13

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Level Sets
!

! !

The encirclement of Jc is a decomposition of A() into subsets of points which converge to with the same speed These subsets are called level sets Each area of attraction of a periodic point can be decomposed in this way Level sets visualize the behaviour of points under iteration in an area of attraction

Christoph Traxler

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Level Sets
!

Decomposition of an attraction area A(p) of an attractive periodic point p into a level set.
! Choose a target set T which contains p ! The level of each point z C is defined as:

lc(z) = k, if fci(z) T, i<k, and fck(z) T lc(z) = 0, else ! Level set Lk = { z | lc(z) = k }, k is the convergence speed of z

Christoph Traxler

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6.14

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Level Sets
!

Example: Julia set, Mandelbrot set, p = , T = { z | |z| 1/ }, very small

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Level Sets
! !

Target set T arbitrary, for example: {c,z2}, A(0) is the unit circle, decomposition of A(0) with T = Kc, c M

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6.15

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Level Sets
!

Level sets as height fields

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Level Sets
!

Level sets as height fields

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6.16

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Level Sets

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6.17

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Level Sets
!

Level sets as height fields

Christoph Traxler

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Binary Decomposition
! !

Extension of the level set method Subdivision of the target set into n parts induces a subdivision of the level Lk into nk+1 parts Iteration of fc(z), z = r(cos + isin) doubles the angle a loop of a closed curve in Lk corresponds to nk+1 loops in T The borders of the subdivided parts are good approximations of field lines
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Christoph Traxler

6.18

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Binary Decomposition
!

For each point z Lk :

! Draw a

black point if 0 angle(fck (z)) ! Draw a white point else

L1
Christoph Traxler 37

Binary Decomposition

Christoph Traxler

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6.19

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Binary Decomposition

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Properties of M
! ! !

! !

M is connected M contains infinite many copies of itself These copies are connected with the main body by strings The fractal dimension of M is 2 M is a table of content for all connected Julia sets Jc

Christoph Traxler

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6.20

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Properties of M

Christoph Traxler

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Components of M
! !

! !

Cardioid - heart shaped region Buds - circle like shapes connected to the cardioid or other buds Two components are connected by only one point, called seed point Copies of M Buds correspond to Julia sets that bound the area of attraction of a periodic point with a specific period
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Christoph Traxler

6.21

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Components of M Buds
3 5 4 2

Cardioid
1 5

Seed points Largest copy of M

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Classes of Jc with Respect to M

!

If c is a point of the cardioid then Jc is a Jordan curve with a fixpoint (period = 1)

Christoph Traxler

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6.22

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Classes of Jc with Respect to M
!

If c is a seed point then P is an indifferent periodic point

Christoph Traxler

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Classes of Jc with Respect to M

!

If c lies on the border of M and is no seed point then P is an indifferent periodic point in the Siegel disc Points of Kc rotate on the Siegel disc arround P P
Siegel disc

Christoph Traxler

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6.23

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Classes of Jc with Respect to M
!

If c lies on a connecting string then is the only fixpoint of Jc , Kc = This class of Julia sets is called dendrites

Christoph Traxler

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Classes of Jc with Respect to M

!

If c lies in a copy of M then Jc is a ombination of the Jc1 of the connecting string and the Jc2 of the main body where c2 has the same relative position in the main body

Christoph Traxler

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6.24

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Classes of Jc with Respect to M
!

If c lies outside of M then Jc is totally disconnected (Cantor dust) The density of the points decreases with increasing distance to M

Christoph Traxler

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Similarity Relation
!

M has a similar structure in the environment of c as the corresponding Jc when magnified at the same position

Christoph Traxler

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6.25

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Structural Stability of M
!

Example: {C, rc} rc = ((z2+c-1) / (2z+c-2 ))2

! rc describes magnetic phase transitions ! Attractive fixpoints: 1,
! Examine the orbit 0 rc(c) rc 2(c) ...

for all c and draw a map

What does M there ?

Christoph Traxler

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Structural Stability of M
!

Answer: rc has a local behaviour like fc =z2+c

! M is universal, - it can be discovered in

several dynamic systems ! Given {C, fp}, f arbitrary, p C the map of the parameter space contains a (maybe deformed) copy of M with high probability

Christoph Traxler

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6.26

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Structural Stability of M

Christoph Traxler

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On the Web
!

Applet for Mandelbrot exploration:

! users.erols.com/ziring/mandel_applet.html

Applet for Mandelbrot-Julia generator:

! math.bu.edu/DYSYS/applets/

JuliaIteration.html

Christoph Traxler

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6.27

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Quest for 3D Mandelbrot Set
!

Does not exist from a strict mathematical point of view

! There is no Gaussian volume ! Dichotomy of Quaternion Julia sets

determined by complex part alone

!

z = z0 + z1i + z2j + z3k

! There is no subset of the Hamilton space that

corresponds to connected Quaternion Julia sets

Christoph Traxler

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Quest for 3D Mandelbrot Set

!

Generating height fields or some kind of rotational sweeps does not count Search for a non linear fractal that expands into 3D space and is somehow related to the Mandelbrot set.
! Fractal details along all axes

Best approach: Mandelbulb (Daniel White)

! Using spherical coordinates (r, , ) ! Higher order function: z8+c ! {x,y,z}n = rn{cos()cos(),sin()cos(),-sin()}

Christoph Traxler

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6.28

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Mandelbulb

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Mandelbulb

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6.29

6. The Mandelbrot Set

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6.30

6. The Mandelbrot Set

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6.31

6. The Mandelbrot Set

Mandelbulb
!

Website:
! www.skytopia.com/project/fractal/mandelbulb.html

Christoph Traxler

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6.32