Structural Fire PDF

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training workshop

18-20 February 2008

Brussels

Structural fire design

Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, J oint Research Centre

with the support of
CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States

Wednesday, February 20 Palais des Acadmies

Roi Baudoin room
9:00-9:30 General presentation of Eurocode Fire
Parts
J. Kruppa
CTICM
9:30-10:15 Eurocode 1 - 1.2 Action in case of fire T. Lennon
BRE
10:15-10:30 Coffee
10:30-11:45 Eurocode 2 - 1.2 concrete structures T. Hietanen
RT Betonikeskus
11:45-13.00 Eurocode 3 - 1.2 steel structures L. Twilt
TNO
13:00-14:30 Lunch
14:30-15:45 Eurocode 4 - 1.2 composite structures J. B. Schleich
University of Liege
15:45-16:00 Coffee
16:00-17:00 Eurocode 5 - 1.2 timber structures H. Hartl
University Innsbruck

J. Fornather
Austrian Standards Institute
17:00-17:45 Eurocode 9 - aluminium alloys
structures
N. Forsn
Multiconsult
17:45-18:00 Discussion and close

All workshop material will be available at
http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu

GENERAL PRESENTATION OF EUROCODE
FIRE PARTS

J. Kruppa
CTICM

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1
EUROCODES
Structural Fire Design
according to Eurocodes
Jol KRUPPA
CTICM
Coordinator CEN TC 250 / Horizontal Group "FIRE"
EUROCODES
Background and Applications ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
SAFETY in CASE of FIRE
concerning the construction work :
Load bearing capacity of the construction can be
assumed for a specific period of time
The generation and spread of fire and smoke
within the works are limited
The spread of fire to neighbouring construction
works is limited
The occupants can leave the works or be
rescued by other means
The safety of rescue teams is taken into
consideration
EUROCODES
Background and Applications HARMONISATION of ASSESSMENT METHODS
To prove compliance with Essential
Requirements :
Tests + extended applications of results
calculation and/or design methods
combination of tests and calculations
EUROCODES
EUROCODES for
STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
Fire parts within :
EC 1 : ACTIONS on STRUCTURES
EC 2 : CONCRETE STRUCTURES
EC 3 : STEEL STRUCTURES
EC 4 : COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
EC 5 : TIMBER STRUCTURES
EC 6 : MASONRY
EC 9 : ALUMINIUM ALLOYS STRUCTURES
EUROCODES
CEN TC 250 Sub-Committees
involved in Fire Safety
part 1.2
actions in
case of fire
EC1- part 1.1
General actions
SC 1
ACTIONS
part 1.2
structural
fire design
EC2 - part 1.1
general rules
SC2
CONCRETE
part 1.2
structural
fire design
EC3 - part 1.1
general rules
SC 3
STEEL
part 1.2
structural
fire design
EC4 - part 1.1
general rules
SC4
COMPOSITE
part 1.2
structural
fire design
EC5 - part 1.1
general rules
SC5
TIMBER
part 1.2
structural
fire design
EC6 - part 1.1
general rules
SC6
MASONRY
part 1.2
structural
fire design
EC9 - part 1.1
general rules
SC9
ALUMINIUM
TC 250
Structural Eurocodes
HORIZONTAL GROUP "FIRE"
EUROCODES
Background and Applications NDP for Structural Fire Design
Selection thermal actions
nominal fires
parametric fire (simple fire models)
advanced fire models
Some coefficients for load combination
Default value for reduction factor for the
design load level in fire situation
Use of advanced calculation models
Some material properties
Use of informative annex on simple
calculation method
EUROCODES
EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire
2.1 General
(1) A structural fire design analysis should take
into account the following steps as relevant :
selection of the relevant design fire scenarios,
determination of the corresponding design fires,
calculation of temperature evolution within the
structural members,
calculation of the mechanical behaviour of the
structure exposed to fire.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Various Steps for Assessments
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
(C
)
Mechanical behaviour
at elevated temperatures
Heat Transfer to
structural elements
Fire Development and
propagation
Structural
schematisation
or
or

-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (min)
V
e
r
t
.

D
i
s
p
.

V

(
m
m
)
V
EUROCODES
Background and Applications EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire
2.2 Design fire scenario
(1) To identify the accidental design situation, the
relevant design fire scenarios and the associated
design fires should be determined on the basis
of a fire risk assessment.
(2) For structures where particular risks of fire
arise as a consequence of other accidental
actions, this risk should be considered when
determining the overall safety concept.
(3) Time- and load-dependent structural
behaviour prior to the accidental situation needs
not be considered, unless (2) applies.
EUROCODES
Real scale fires
EUROCODES
2.3 Design fire
(1) For each design fire scenario, a design fire, in
a fire compartment, should be estimated
according to section 3 of this Part.
(2) The design fire should be applied only to one
fire compartment of the building at a time, unless
otherwise specified in the design fire scenario.
(3) For structures, where the national authorities
specify structural fire resistance requirements, it
may be assumed that the relevant design fire is
given by the standard fire, unless specified
otherwise .
EUROCODES
Background and Applications ISO fire versus "natural" fires

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1200
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Time [min]
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e
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[
C
]
ISO NAT - 1
NAT - 2 NAT - 3
EUROCODES
2.4 Temperature Analysis
(1)P When performing temperature analysis of a
member, the position of the design fire in relation
to the member shall be taken into account.
(2) For external members, fire exposure through
openings in facades and roofs should be
considered.
(3) For separating external walls fire exposure
from inside (from the respective fire
compartment) and alternatively from outside
(from other fire compartments) should be
considered when required.
EUROCODES
EC1 1.2 : Actions in case of fire
2.4 Temperature Analysis (cont'd)
(4) Depending on the design fire chosen in section 3, the
following procedures should be used :
with a nominal temperature-time curve, the temperature
analysis of the structural members is made for a specified
period of time, without any cooling phase;
NOTE 1 The specified period of time may be given in the National
Regulations or obtained from Annex F following the specifications of the
National Annex.
with a fire model, the temperature analysis of the structural
members is made for the full duration of the fire, including
the cooling phase.
NOTE 2 Limited periods of fire resistance may be set in the National
Annex.
EUROCODES
2.5 Mechanical Analysis
(1)P The mechanical analysis shall be performed for the same
duration as used in the temperature analysis.
(2) Verification of fire resistance should be in the time domain:
t
fi,d
t
fi,requ
or in the strength domain:
R
fi,d,t
E
fi,d,t
or in the temperature domain:

d

cr,d
where
t
fi,d
design value of the fire resistance
t
fi,requ
required fire resistance time
R
fi,d,t
design value of the resistance of the member in the fire situation at
time t
E
fi,d,t
design value of the relevant effects of actions in the fire situation at
time t

d
design value of material temperature

cr,d
design value of the critical material temperature
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
2 to 6 and 9
parts 1. 2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications PARTS on STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
The parts dealing with structural fire resistance in EC2 to
EC6 & EC9 have the following layout:
General (scope, definitions, symbols and units)
Basic principles (performances requirements, design values
of material properties and assessment methods)
Material properties (strength and deformation and thermal
properties)
Assessment methods
Constructional details (if any)
Annexes (additional information)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Requirements
2.1.1 General
(1)P Where mechanical resistance in the case of fire is
required, concrete structures shall be designed and
constructed in such a way that they maintain their load
bearing function during the relevant fire exposure.
(2)P Where compartmentation is required, the elements
forming the boundaries of the fire compartment, including
joints, shall be designed and constructed in such a way
that they maintain their separating function during the
relevant fire exposure. This shall ensure, where relevant,
that:
integrity failure does not occur, see EN 1991-1-2
insulation failure does not occur, see EN 1991-1-2
thermal radiation from the unexposed side is limited.
Exemple from EC2-1.2
EUROCODES
2.1.1 General (cont'd)
(3)P Deformation criteria shall be applied where
the means of protection, or the design criteria for
separating elements, require consideration of the
deformation of the load bearing structure.
(4) Consideration of the deformation of the load
bearing structure is not necessary in the
following cases, as relevant:
the efficiency of the means of protection has been evaluated
according to [],
the separating elements have to fulfil requirements
according to nominal fire exposure.
EUROCODES
2.1.3 Parametric fire exposure
(2) For the verification of the separating function the following
applies, assuming that the normal temperature is 20C:
the average temperature rise of the unexposed side of the construction
should be limited to 140 K and the maximum temperature rise of the
unexposed side should not exceed 180 K during the heating phase until
the maximum gas temperature in the fire compartment is reached;
the average temperature rise of the unexposed side of the construction
should be limited to
1
and the maximum temperature rise of the
unexposed side should not exceed
2
during the decay phase.
Note: The values of
1
and
2
for use in a Country may be found in
its National Annex. The recommended values are
1
= 200 K and
2
= 240 K.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background for
1
= 200 K

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900
1000
1100
1200
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Time [min]
T
e
m
p
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a
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[
C
]
Seperating
element for I 30 :
+210 K at 49 min.
Separating
element for I 120:
+187 K at 181 min
Standard fire
Unexposed side of the separating element
+ 140 K
Experimentations carried out in the 80s ("Investigating the unexposed surface
temperature criteria of standard ASTM E 119", by K. J. Schwartz and T.T. Lie, Fire
technology, vol 21, N0 3, August 1985):
- concluded the self-ignition temperatures of ordinary combustibles, in contact with
unexposed surface of separating element are in excess of 520 F (271C),
- suggested to use 400F (222 K) for average temperature rise and 450F (250 K) for
maximum temperature rise at any point
1
2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Material Properties
2.3 Design values of material properties
(1)P Design values of mechanical (strength and deformation) material properties Xd,fi are
defined as follows:
X
d,fi
= k
X
k
/
M,fi
X
k
characteristic value of a strength or deformation property
k
reduction factor for a strength or deformation property dependent on

temperature
M
,fi
partial safety factor for the relevant material property, for the fire situation
(2)P Design values of thermal material properties Xd,fi are defined as follows:
X
d,fi
= X
k,
/
M,fi
or X
d,fi
=
M,fi
X
k,
X
k,
value of a material property in fire design

M,fi
partial safety factor for the relevant material property, for the fire situation.
Note 1: The value of
M,fi
for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is:
M,fi
= 1,0
Note 2: If the recommended values are modified, the tabulated data may require modification
EUROCODES
Verification method :
BASIC PRINCIPLE
Load-bearing function of a structure
shall be assumed for the relevant
duration of fire exposure t if :
Ed,t, fi Rd,t, fi
where :
Ed,t, fi : design effect of actions (Eurocode 1
part 1.2)
Rd,t, fi : design resistance of the structure at
time t
EUROCODES
Various possibilities for
analysis of a structure
member analysis (mainly
when verifying
standard fire
resistance requirements)
analysis of parts of
the structure
global structural
analysis
Schematisation of the structure
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Member Analysis
(1) The effect of actions should be determined for time t = 0
using combination factors
1,1
or
1,2
according to EN 1991-1-
2 Section 4.
(2) As a simplification to (1) the effects of actions may be
obtained from a structural analysis for normal temperature
design as:
E
d,fi
=
fi
E
d
Where
E
d
is the design value of the corresponding force or moment for
normal temperature design, for a fundamental combination of
actions (see EN 1990);
fi
is the reduction factor for the design load level for the fire
situation.
EUROCODES
fi
assumptions:
GA
= 1,0,
G
= 1,35 and
Q
= 1,5.
Note 2: As a simplification a recommended value of
fi
=
0,7 may be used.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Member Analysis (cont'd)
(4)Only the effects of thermal deformations
resulting fromthermal gradients across the
cross-section need be considered. The
effects of axial or in-plane thermal
expansions may be neglected.
(5) The boundary conditions at supports and
ends of member, applicable at time t = 0,
are assumed to remain unchanged
throughout the fire exposure.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Global structural analysis
(1)P When global structural analysis for the
fire situation is carried out, the relevant
failure mode in fire exposure, the
temperature-dependent material properties
and member stiffnesses, effects of thermal
expansions and deformations (indirect fire
actions) shall be taken into account.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assessment methods
covering both thermal model and mechanical
model
HD

a , t =
p p
p a a
g , t a , t
A / V
d c
( - )
( 1 + / 3 )
t - ( e

/ 1 0
- 1 )
g , t
tabulated data
simple calculation models
advanced calculation
models
standard
fire
resistance

dimensi
on

Minimum dimensions [mm]
[min] axis
distanc
e
Possible combinations of a (average
axis distance) and bmin (width of
beam)
Web
thickness
R 30 bmin 80 120 160 200 80
a 25 15 10 10
R 60 bmin 120 160 200 300 100
a 40 35 30 25
R 90 bmin 150 200 250 400 100
a 55 45 40 35
R 120 bmin 200 240 300 500 120
a 65 55 50 45
R 180 bmin 240 300 400 600 140
a 80 70 65 60
R 240 bmin 280 250 500 500 160
a 90 80 75 70

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Data on fire protection systems
Membrane protection
TS 13381-1 : horizontal membranes
ENV 13381 -2 : vertical membranes
Fire protection to :
ENV 13381 -3 : concrete members
ENV 13381 -4 (& -8 ?) : steel members
ENV 13381 -5 : concrete/profiled steel sheet
ENV 13381 -6 : concrete filled hollow steel columns
ENV 13381 -7 : timber members
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Possible Design Procedures
Project Design
Performance-Based Code
(Physically Based
Thermal Actions)
Prescriptive Regulation
(Thermal Actions given
by a Nominal Fire)
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600
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800
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1000
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Time [min]
G
a
s
te
m
p
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[C
]625
356
310
189
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800
900
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time [min]
G
a
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m
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[C
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356
310
189
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300
600
900
1200
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Time [min]
T
e
m
p
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tu
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[C
]
Standard time-temperature
curve
Hydrocarbon fire
External fire
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Possible Design Procedures (contd)
Prescriptive Regulation
(Thermal Actions given
by a Nominal Fire)
Member analysis
Analysis of part
of the structure
Analysis of the
entire structure
Tabulated data
Simple calculation
models
Mechanical
actions at boundaries
Selection of
mechanical actions
Mechanical
Advanced calculation
models
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300
600
900
1200
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Time [min]
Tem
perature [C
]
Standard time-temperature
curve
Hydrocarbon fire
External fire
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Possible Design Procedures (contd)
Simple calculation
models
Advanced calculation
models
Member analysis
Analysis of part
of the structure
Analysis of the
entire structure
Mechanical
Selection of
mechanical actions
Mechanical
Fire development Model
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time [min]
Gas tem
perature [C]625
356
310
189
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time [min]
Gas tem
perature [C]625
356
310
189
EUROCODES
Background and Applications ISO Concept vs FSE* Approach
ultimate and
"deformation" limit states
mainly ultimate load
bearing capacity
mechanical
model
thermal gradient in 2 , 3
directions
uniform temperature
over the whole surface
heat transfert
model
part of structure with
interaction between
elements
isolated
elements
structural
model
all design fires
300C @120min
1300C @ 20min
And cooling phase
ISO-fire
1100C @ 120min
fire model
FSE* Approach ISO concept
(current approach)
Model
* : Fire Safety Engineering
EUROCODES

EUROCODE 1 - 1.2 ACTION IN CASE OF FIRE

T. Lennon
BRE

1
EUROCODES
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-
2: General actions Actions on structures
exposed to fire
Tom Lennon
Principal Consultant, BRE, UK
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Scope of presentation
Introduction to structural fire engineering design
Section 3 Thermal actions for temperature analysis
3.2 Nominal temperature-time curves
3.3 Natural fire models
Section 4 Mechanical actions for structural analysis
4.2 Simultaneity of actions
4.3 Combination rules for actions
Annex A Parametric time-temperature curves
Annex B Thermal actions for external members
Annex C Localised fires
Annex D Advanced fire models
Annex E Fire load densities
Annex F Equivalent time of fire exposure
Annex G Configuration factor
Worked example Equivalent time of fire exposure
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to structural fire engineering design
Why structural fire engineering?
What is structural fire engineering design?
How do we do it?
EUROCODES
Structural fire engineering design Do we need it?
Existing body of data
Tried and tested solutions
Accepted levels of safety and reliability
Tabulated data generally conservative
EUROCODES
Structural fire engineering design Do we need it?
YES!
Levels of safety unknown
Degree of conservatism unknown
No account of interaction between structural
elements
No account of alternative load carrying
mechanisms
No account of alternative modes of failure
EUROCODES
Structural fire engineering design Do we need it? YES!
Complex structures not covered by existing
regulatory requirement fire engineering
may be the only suitable approach
Provides for a more rational approach to the
design of buildings for fire if undertaken as
part of an overall fire safety strategy
Change of use or renovation of existing
structure possible increased fire
resistance requirement, removal of existing
means of ensuring fire resistance
Uncertainties in existing prescriptive approach
2
EUROCODES
Structural fire engineering design what is it?

Time
FLASHOVER
Natural
fire curve
T
e
m
p
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a
t
u
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Ignition - Smouldering Heating Cooling
Standard
fire curve
Life safety
Structural damage risk of collapse structural fire
engineering only concerned with this phase of the fire
EUROCODES

(Physically based Thermal Actions)
Selection of Simple or Advanced
Fire Development Models
Prescriptive Rules
(Thermal Actions by Nominal Fire
Calculation of
Mechanical
Actions at
Boundaries
Member
Analysis
Project Design
Analysis of
Part of the
Structure
Analysis of
Entire
Structure
Calculation of
Mechanical
Actions at
Boundaries
Selection of
Mechanical
Actions
Advanced
Calculation
Models
Simple
Calculation
Models
If available
Calculation of
Mechanical
Actions at
Boundaries
Member
Analysis
Analysis of
Part of the
Structure
Analysis of
Entire
Structure
Calculation of
Mechanical
Actions at
Boundaries
Selection of
Mechanical
Actions
Advanced
Calculation
Models
Simple
Calculation
Models If available
Tabulated
Data
General - Design Procedures
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design procedure
Structural fire design procedure takes into
account:
Selection of relevant design fire scenarios
Determination of corresponding design fires
Calculation of temperature within the
structural members
Calculation of mechanical behaviour of the
structure exposed to fire
EN1991-1-2 is principally concerned with the
first two above. Fire parts of the material
codes cover the remaining two.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Consider relevant design fire scenario
Building fire / tunnel fire / petrochemical fire
Localised fire / fully developed fire
Identification of suitable compartment
size/occupancy/ventilation condition for
subsequent analysis representative of
reasonable worst case scenario
The choice of the design fire scenario will dictate the
choice of the design fire to be used in subsequent
analysis.
The choice of a particular fire design scenario should
be based on a risk assessment taking into account
the likely ignition sources and any fire
detection/suppression systems available.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Choose appropriate design fire
For fully developed post-flashover building
(compartment) fires the usual choice is
between nominal and natural fire exposures
Nominal fires are representative fires for the
purposes of classification and comparison
but bear no relationship to the specific
characteristics (fire load, thermal properties
of compartment linings, ventilation
condition) of the building considered
Natural fires are calculation techniques based
on a consideration of the physical
parameters specific to a particular building.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Modelling compartment fires
In compartment fires it is often assumed that the whole
compartment is fully involved in the fire at the same
time and the same temperature applies throughout.
Such a scenario is the basis of a one zone model.
Two zone models exist in which the height of the
compartment is separated into two gaseous layers
each with their own thermal environment
Three zone models exist in which there is a mixed gas
layer separating the upper and lower gas levels
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) may be used to
analyse fires in which there are no definite boundaries
to the gaseous state. This type of analysis would be
suitable for very large compartments such as airport
terminals, atria and sports stadia. It is often used to
model smoke movement.
3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Post-Flashover Fire Models
In a compartment flashover occurs when
sustained flaming from combustibles reach
the ceiling and the temperature of the hot gas
layer is between 550C and 600C.
After flashover the rate of heat release will
increase rapidly until it reaches a maximum
value for the enclosure. To simplify design,
the growth period between the onset of
flashover and the maximum heat release rate
is usually ignored and it may be assumed that
when flashover occurs the rate of heat release
instantaneously increases to the maximum
value set by the available air.
EUROCODES
Section 3 Thermal actions for temperature analysis
Thermal actions are
given by the net heat
flux:
r net c net net
h h h
, ,
& & &
+ =
Convective
heat flux
Radiative heat
flux
EUROCODES
Background and Applications 2.2 Nominal temperature-time curves
Standard temperature-
time curve
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
945C
g
= 20+log
10
345(8t+1)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Nominal fire curves
Other nominal curves include:
Smouldering fire curve
Semi-Natural fire curve
External fire exposure curve*
Hydrocarbon curve*
Modified hydrocarbon curve
Tunnel lining curves RWS/RABT
* Included in the Eurocode
EUROCODES
Background and Applications External fire temperature-time curve
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
g
= 660(1 0.687e
-0.32t
0.313e
-3.8t
) + 20
Temperature constant after 22 mins at 660C
EUROCODES
Hydrocarbon temperature-time curve
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications 2.3 Natural fire models
Natural fire models are based on specific
physical parameters with a limited field of
application
For compartment fires a uniform temperature
distribution as a function of time is generally
assumed
For localised fires a non-uniform temperature
distribution as a function of time is assumed
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Natural fire models
Simplified fire models compartment fires
Any appropriate fire model may be used
considering at least the fire load density and
the ventilation conditions
The parametric approach in Annex A of the
code is one example of a simplified natural
fire model
EUROCODES
Simplified fire models external members
For external members the radiative heat flux
should be calculated from the sum of the
radiation from the compartment and from
the flames emerging from the opening
An example of a simplified calculation method
for external members is given in Annex B of
the Code
EUROCODES
Simplified fire models localised fires
In many cases flashover is unlikely to occur.
In such cases a localised fire should be
considered.
Annex C presents an example of a procedure
for calculating temperatures in the event of
a localised fire
EUROCODES
If they are likely to occur during a fire the
same actions assumed for normal design
should be considered.
Indirect actions can occur due to constrained
expansion and deformation caused by
temperature changes within the structure
caused by the fire.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Section 4 Mechanical actions for structural analysis
INDIRECT thermal actions should be
considered. EXCEPT where the resulting
actions are:
recognized a priori to be negligible or
favourable.
accounted for by conservatively chosen
models and boundary conditions or
implicitly considered by conservatively
specified fire safety requirements.
5
EUROCODES
The indirect actions should be determined
using the thermal and mechanical properties
given in the fire parts of EN1992 to EN1996
and EN1999.
For member design subjected to the standard
fire only indirect actions arising from the
thermal distribution through the cross-
section needs to be considered.
EUROCODES
Actions considered for normal design should
also be considered for fire design if they are
likely to act at the time of a possible fire.
Variable actions should be defined for the
accidental design situation, with associated
partial load factors, as given in EN1990.
EUROCODES
Simultaneous action with other independent
accidental actions does not need to be
considered
Additional actions (i.e partial collapse) may
need to be considered during the fire
exposure
Fire walls may be required to resist horizontal
impact loading according to EN1363-2
EUROCODES
When indirect actions do
not need to be
considered, and there is
no prestressing force,
the total design action
(load) considering
permanent and the
leading variable action is
given by;
( )
+
1
1 1 2 1 1
j
, k , , j , k
Q or " " G
The use of 1,1 or 2,1 is defined in the National Annex
EUROCODES
The values of 1,1 and 2,1 are given in Annex A of
EN1990:2002
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Mechanical actions for structural analysis
As a simplification, the effect of actions in the fire condition
can be determined from those used in normal temperature
design
d fi d , fi t , d , fi
E E E = =
d
t , d , fi
fi
R
E
=
Where
6
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex A Parametric Temperature-Time Curves
EN 1991-1-2 Annex A- Parametric Equation
g
= 1325(1-0.324e
-0.2t*
-0.204e
-1.7t*
-0.472e
-19t*
)
where t* = t.
and = (O/b)/(0.04/1160)
O is the opening factor
and b relates to the thermal inertia (c)
Where = density (kg/m)
c = specific heat (J/kgK)
= thermal conductivity (W/mK)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Parametric equation (contd)
O = opening factor A
v
h/A
t
(m
)
A
v
= area of vertical openings (m)
h = height of vertical openings (m)
A
t
= total area of enclosure walls, ceiling and
floor including openings (m)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Parametric Equation
Scope of Equation
- 0.02 O 0.2 (m
) (lower limit of 0.01 in UK

NA)
- 100 b 2000 (J/m s
K)
- A
f
500m (No restriction in UK NA)
- mainly cellulosic fire loads
- maximum compartment height = 4m (No
restriction in UK NA)
- concept of limiting duration (20 minutes for
offices)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications EC1 Parametric exposure
Cooling phase
g
=
max
625(t*-t*
max
.x) for t*
max
0.5
g
=
max
250(3-t*
max
)(t*-t*
max
.x) for t*
max
< 2
g
=
max
250(t*-t*
max
.x) for t*
max
2
Where t*
max
= (0.2x10
-3
. q
t,d
/O).
And t
max
= maximum of (0.2x10
-3
. q
t,d
/O) and t
lim
With t
lim
= 25 minutes for slow fire growth rate,
20 minutes for medium fire growth rate and
15 minutes for fast fire growth rate
EUROCODES
comparison between EC1 parametric calculation and measured values
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (mins)
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
(d
e
g
C
)
test 1 prediction test 2
EUROCODES
Time temperature curves
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
Time [mins]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
[d
e
g
C
]Average temperature TEST 1
Average temperature TEST 2
Parametric time temperature
ISO curve
7
EUROCODES
Annex B Thermal actions for external members Simplified
calculation method
Allows for the determination of:
Maximum temperatures of a compartment fire
The size and temperatures of the flames
emerging from the openings
Radiation and convection parameters
Takes into account effect of wind through
inclusion of forced draught and no forced
draught calculations
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex C Localised fires
Where a fully developed fire is not possible
the thermal input from a localised fire
source to the structural member should be
considered.
Annex C provides one possible method The
UK NA specifies an alternative methodology
based on existing National information
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex D Advanced Fire Models
Annex D sets out general principles
associated with advanced fire models (One
zone, two zone or CFD)
There is no detailed guidance and such
methods should only be used by experts
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex E Fire load densities
Annex E presents a method for calculating
design fire load densities based on
characteristic values from survey data for
different occupancies
The characteristic values are modified
according to the risk of fire initiation and the
consequence of failure related to occupancy
and compartment floor area
Active fire safety measures are taken into
account through a reduction in the design
fire load density
This approach is not accepted in the UK NA
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex F Equivalent time of fire exposure
Provides a quick and easy method of relating
a real fire exposure to an equivalent period
in a standard fire resistance furnace
Mainly based on work on protected steel
specimens
Recent analysis extended the use of the
concept to unprotected steel for low fire
resistance periods
EUROCODES
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Time [mins]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
o
C
]
Max. Steel
Temp
Te
Atmosphere
(fire)
Atmosphere
(furnace)
Steel
(fire)
Steel
(Furnace)
8
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Time equivalent calculation methods
CIB W14: t
e
= q
f
c w
Law: t
e
= kL/(A
v
A
t
)
Pettersson: t
e
= 0.067q
f
(A
v
h/A
t
)
-
EC1: t
e,d
= q
f,d
k
b
w
f
Where q
f,d
= design fire load density
k
b
= factor to take into account the
thermal properties of the enclosure
w
f
= ventilation factor to take into
account vertical and horizontal openings
EUROCODES
Time equivalent what is it? How does it work? How do
you do it?
Worked example fire
compartment within
an office building
Geometric data
0 Area of
horizontal
opening (roof
light) A
h
3.6 Height of
compartment
H (m)
2 Height of
ventilation
opening h (m)
7.2 (3.6m wide
by 2m high)
Ventilation
area A
v
(m)
36 (6m x 6m) Floor area (m)
EUROCODES
Time equivalent thermal properties
76.8 520 Plasterboard Walls
36 520 Plasterboard Floor
36 2280 Concrete Roof
Area (m) Thermal
inertia (b
value
J/ms
K)
Material Element
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Time equivalent worked example
te,d = (q
f,d
.k
b
.w
f
)k
c
Where q
f,d
= design fire load density (MJ/m)
k
b
is a factor dependent on thermal properties of the lining materials
And w
f
is a ventilation factor given by:
w
f
= (6/H)
0.3
[0.62 + 90(0.4-
v
)
4
] in the absence of vertical openings
Where H is the height of the compartment (m) and
v
= A
v
/A
f
k
c
= factor dependent on material = 1.0 for protected steel
EUROCODES
Time equivalent worked example
0.07 (0.09) b<720
0.055 (0.07) 720b2500
0.04 (0.055) b > 2500
k
b
(min.m/MJ) b = (c)
(J/ms
K)
EUROCODES
347 (360) School classroom
511 (570) Office
377 (400) Hotel
280 (350) Hospital
948 (400) Dwelling
Characteristic fire load
density (MJ/m) 80%
fractile
Occupancy
9
EUROCODES
q
f,d
= 570 MJ/m
w
f
= 0.863 (
v
= 0.2)
k
b
= 0.07 (b = 945 ((b
j
A
j
/A
j
))
k
c
= 1.0 (protected steel beam)
t
e,d
= 570 x 0.863 x 0.07 = 34 minutes therefore 60
minutes fire protection would be appropriate
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Time equivalent important questions to ask
Have sensitivity studies been carried out
on % glazing removed during the fire.
Breaking of glass during a fire is very
difficult to predict. In reality the
ventilation area will vary with time
during the fire process.
What value has been used for the fire load
density
What confidence is there in the final
configuration of the compartment
linings? In the absence of definite data
then a figure of k
b
= 0.09 should be used
(UK National Annex)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex G Configuration Factor
Text book information on general principles
for radiative heat transfer
Specific guidance for external members
EUROCODES
Thank you for your attention!

EUROCODE 2 - 1.2 CONCRETE STRUCTURES

T. Hietanen
RT Betonikeskus

1
EUROCODES
EN 1992-1-2
Fire design of concrete structures
Tauno Hietanen
Finnish Concrete Industry Association
convenor of Project Teams
- ENV 1992-1-2
- EN 1992-1-2
EUROCODES
EN 1992-1-2
Sections 1 and 2 General, Basis of design
Section 3 Material properties
Section 4 Design procedures
Simplified calculation method 4.2, Annex A, B and E
Shear, torsion and anchorage 4.4 and Annex D
Spalling 4.5
Section 5 Tabulated data
Annex C
Section 6 High strength concrete
EUROCODES
Project Team
Dr. Yngve Anderberg Fire Safety Design AB Sweden
- fire design consultant
Dr.Ing. Nils Erik Forsn Multiconsult AS Norway
- structural design consultant
Mr. Tauno Hietanen Concrete Industry Association Finland
- concrete industry and standardization Convenor
Mr. Jos Maria Izquierdo INTEMAC Spain
- research institute, especially fire damages
Mr. Alain Le Duff CSTB France
- fire research institute
Dr.-Ing. Ekkehard Richter TU Braunschweig Germany
- fire research institute
Mr. Robin T. Whittle Ove Arup & Partners United Kingdom
- structural design consultant, Technical secretary
and National Technical Contacts
EUROCODES
Technical background
CEB Bulletins Fire design of concrete structure,
latest N
o
208 July 1991
EC 2:Part 10, 1990, prepared for the Commission by
experts J.C, Dotreppe (B), L. Krampf (D), J. Mathez
(F)
including material properties harmonized between
EC 2, 3 and 4
ENV 1992-1-2 November 1995
and national comments on ENV
Project Team started the revision 1999 and prEN
was approved for Formal Vote 2002
EUROCODES
Scope of EN 1992-1-2
(5)P This Part 1-2 of EN 1992 applies to structures, or parts of
structures, that are within the scope of EN 1992-1-1 and are
designed accordingly. However, it does not cover:
- structures with prestressing by external tendons
- shell structures
(6)P The methods given in this Part 1-2 of EN 1992 are applicable
to normal weight concrete up to strength class C90/105 and
for lightweight concrete up to strength class LC55/60.
Additional and alternative rules for strength classes above
C50/60 are given in section 6.
EUROCODES
Summary of alternative verification methods given in EN 1992-1-2
NO NO
Global
structural
analysis
Only the
principles are
given
Temperature
profiles given
for Standard
fire only
NO
Analysis of part
of the structure
YES
YES
Standard fire
and parametric
fire
YES
Data given for
Standard fire
only
Member
analysis
Advanced
calculation
methods
Simplified
calculation
methods
Tabulated data
2
EUROCODES
Resistance to Fire CE-marking
National fire regulations:
- Required class - or fire resistance time
Parametric fire:
- Fire resistance
time
Nominal fire:
- European REI (M)
classification
Fire parts of Eurocodes:
- Tabulated data
- Simplified calculation
- Advanced calculation
EN 13501-2
Classification standard
EN 1363, EN 1365
Fire tests
CE marking
REI (M)
EUROCODES
EN 1992-1-2
Spalling 4.5
Annex C
EUROCODES
Strength and deformation properties in Section 3 are given for
simplified and advanced calculation methods
Strength reduction curves for Tabulated data (in Section 5) and
Simplified calculation methods (in Section 4) are derived from
material properties in section 3
Thermal properties are given in Section 3 for calculation of
temperature distribution inside the structure
Material properties for lightweight concrete are not given due to
wide range of lightweight aggregates
this does not exclude use of lightweight aggregate concrete, see e.g.
Scope and Tabulated data
Strength and deformation properties are applicable to heating
rates similar to standard fire curve (between 2 and 50 K/min)
Residual strength properties are not given
EUROCODES
Concrete compressive strength
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025
strain c [-]
r
a
tio
o
f s
tr
e
n
g
th
f c
,
/f c
k
[-
]
100 C
300 C
500 C
700 C
20 C
EUROCODES
Concrete: Stress-strain relationship
Mathematical model and parameters f
c,
,
c1,
and
cu1,
CC
= 1,0 in fire design
c1, cu1,

fc,
f
c,
c1,

cu1,
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
, 1 c
, 1 c
, c
2
3
+
f

EUROCODES
Strength reduction of concrete
The same strength reduction values are given for simplified
calculation methods in Section 4
1. Siliceous concrete
2. Calcareous concrete
0, 8
1
0
1
0,6
0,2
0, 4
1000 200 800 400 1200 0 600
kc( )
[C]
2
3
EUROCODES
Reinforcing and prestressing steel:
Stress-strain relationship
Mathematical model and parameters f
sp,
, f
sy,
and E
s,
sp, sy, st, su,

fsy,
fsp,
Es,
EUROCODES
Reinforcing steel strength
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,01 0,012 0,014 0,016 0,018 0,02
strain s [-]
ra
tio
o
f s
tre
n
g
th
f s,
/ f yk [-]
500C
600C
700C
800C
20C - 400C
hot rolled reinforcing steel
fyk = 500 N/mm
2
1000C
strength at 0.2% proof strain
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of reinforcing steel
Strength reduction for simplified calculation methods in Section 4
Class N (normal)
Curve 1 : Tension reinforcement (hot rolled) for strains s,fi
2%
Curve 2 : Tension reinforcement (cold worked) for strains
s,fi 2%
Curve 3 : Compression reinforcement and tension reinfor-
cement for strains s,fi < 2%

0,8
1
0
1
2
3
0,6
0,2
0,4
1000 200 800 400 1200 0 600
ks( )
[C]
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of steel
Class X: recommended only when there is experimental evidence
EUROCODES
Reinforcing steel Class X
Class X was proposed by Finland because initial testing of
steel strength at elevated temperatures is required in Finnish
standard
FINNISH NA:
Class X may be used with following additional conditions:
Strength properties at elevated temperatures are determined by applying
standard SFS-EN 10002-5.
Strength properties of reinforcing steel at elevated temperatures are subject to
initial type testing at temperatures 300 C, 400 C, 450 C, 500 C and 550 C.
Requirements for 0,2 % proof strength Rp0,2 are given in table 3.2-FI, where
fyk is nominal yield strength or 0,2 % proof stress of the reinforcing steel at
room temperature.
Table 3.2-FI: 1 Strength requirements of reinforcing steel at elevated
temperatures
EUROCODES
Reference curve for Tabulated data in Section 5
1. Reinforcing steel
cr
= 500C
0,6 stress level
2. Prestressing bars
cr = 400C
0,55 stress level
3. Prestressing wires
and strands
cr = 350C
0,55 stress level
4
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of prestressing steel
Strength reduction is given by f
py,
/ (f
pk
) and f
pp,
/ (f
pk
), where is
NDP
Class A:
Class B: = 0,9
EUROCODES
Background for Class A
Common new proposal from the University of Liege and CERIB for the general and simplified models
for the mechanical properties of prestressing steel (wires and strands) at elevated temperatures,
September 12th 2003
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of prestressing steel
EUROCODES
Thermal properties
Specific heat of concrete, u is moisture % by weight
EUROCODES
Thermal properties
Thermal conductivity of concrete, NDP between upper and
lower limit
EUROCODES
Background for thermal conductivity
Project Team EN 1992-1-2 made a lot of calibrations to
temperatures measured in fire tests of typical concrete
structures, and the lower limit fits very well
Design rules for steel-concrete composite structures (mainly
including heavy steel sections) seem to be calibrated to the
upper limit
A compromise was made on TC 250 level: NDP between upper
and lower limit
EN 1992-1-2, 3.3.3:
Note 2: Annex A is compatible with the lower limit. The
remaining clauses of this part 1-2 are independent of the
choice of thermal conductivity. For high strength concrete,
see 6.3.
5
EUROCODES
EN 1992-1-2
Spalling 4.5
Annex C
EUROCODES
Design methods
advanced calculation methods for simulating the behaviour of
structural members, parts of the structure or the entire structure,
see 4.3
only principles are given, no detailed design rules
simplified calculation methods for specific types of members, see
4.2
Annex B.1 500C isotherm method
developed by Dr Yngve Anderberg, earlier published in Sweden and in
CEB Bulletins
Annex B.2 Zone method
developed by Dr Kristian Hertz, earlier published in Denmark and in
ENV 1992-1-2
detailing according to recognised design solutions (tabulated data
or testing), see Section 5
Shear, torsion and anchorage; spalling; joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Simplified calculation method
500C isotherm method
Zone method

Concrete with temperature below
500C retains full strength and the
rest is disregarded
Cross section is divided in zones.
Mean temperature and
corresponding strength of each
zone is used
This method is more accurate for
small cross sections than 500C
isotherm method
500C
k
c
(
1
)
k
c
(
2
)
k
c
(
3
)
M k
c
(
M
)
EUROCODES
500C isotherm method
Determine the 500C isotherm and the reduced width b
fi
and effective
depth d
fi
Determine the temperature of reinforcing bars and the reduced
strength
Use conventional calculation methods
EUROCODES
Temperature profiles
x (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
300
200
0
400
600
800
1000
1200
( C)
1100
900
700
500
100
R30 R60 R90
R120
R180
R240
Temperature distribution in
the cross section can be
calculated from the thermal
properties
Annex A of EN 1992-1-2
gives temperature profiles
for slabs, beams and
columns
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Simplified calculation method for beams and slabs
Annex E
Simplified method to calculate bending capacity for predominantly
uniformly distributed loads
This is some kind of extension of Tabulated data
6
EUROCODES
Shear, torsion and anchorage
Annex D (informative)
Shear failures due to fire are very uncommon. However, the
calculation methods given in this Annex are not fully verified.
For elements in which the shear capacity is dependent on the
tensile strength, special consideration should be given where tensile
stresses are caused by non-linear temperature distributions
EUROCODES
Calculation for shear
The reference temperature
p
should be evaluated at points P along the
line a -a for the calculation of the shear resistance. The effective tension
area A may be obtained from EN 1992-1 (SLS of cracking).
a
a a
a a
a
P
P
P
A
EUROCODES
Spalling of normal strength concrete
CALCULATION METHODS TABULATED DATA
Define exposure class
Explosive spalling is covered
X0 or XC1 (dry) other by minimum requirements
No further check needed
Moisture content 3
%
Yes
3 %
Is moisture content
known
No, or yes but > 3 %
OK Yes
Avoid spalling by
more accurate as-
sessment
Moisture content, type of aggre-
gates, permeability of concrete,
heating rate
No
OK
Yes
Has the correct be-

haviour been checked
by tests
No
Assume loss of cover and

calculate R
Solid slabs OK,
some beams OK
EUROCODES
Falling off of normal strength concrete
Shall be minimised or taken into account
c 70 mm No OK
Yes
Tests to show
that falling of
does not occur
Yes
OK
No
Provide sur-
face rein-
forcement
EUROCODES
EN 1992-1-2
Spalling 4.5
Annex C
EUROCODES
Scope of Tabulated data
(1) This section gives recognised design solutions for the standard fire
exposure up to 240 minutes. The rules refer to member analysis.
Note: The tables have been developed on an empirical basis confirmed by
experience and theoretical evaluation of tests. The data is derived from
approximate conservative assumptions for the more common structural
elements and is valid for the whole range of thermal conductivity in 3.3. More
specific tabulated data can be found in the product standards for some
particular types of concrete products or developed, on the basis of the
calculation method in accordance with 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.
(2) The values given in the tables apply to normal weight concrete (2000 to 2600
kg/m3, made with siliceous aggregates.
If calcareous aggregates or lightweight aggregates are used in beams or slabs
the minimum dimension of the cross-section may be reduced by 10%.
(3) When using tabulated data no further checks are required concerning shear
and torsion capacity and anchorage details.
(4) When using tabulated data no further checks are required concerning spalling,
except for surface reinforcement.
7
EUROCODES
Tabulated data - General
Tabulated data are based on a reference load level
fi
= 0,7,
unless otherwise stated in the relevant clauses.
Note: Where the partial safety factors specified in the National Annexes of EN
1990 deviate from those indicated in 2.4.2, the above value
fi
= 0,7 may not be
valid. In such circumstances the value of
fi
for use in a Country may be found
in its National Annex.
For walls and columns load level
fi
or degree of utilisation
fi
is included in the tables
Linear interpolation between the values in the tables may be
carried out
EUROCODES
Load level and degree of utilisation

ACTIONS RESISTANCES

Ed
with
F

Ed,fi
with
F,fi
and
fi

Rd
with
M

time
Ed fi = Ed,fi Rd Rd,fi
fi = load level
fi = Ed,fi / Rd = degree of utilisation
takes into account if the structure is not fully
loaded
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Tabulated data main principle
b
min
a
Check minimum dimensions of concrete
cross section and axis distance to steel
Axis distance is nominal value, no need
to add tolerance
Axis distance is given for reinforcing
steel (
cr
= 500C), to be increased for
prestressing steel (bars 10 mm, strands
and wires 15 mm)
cr
= 500C is derived from load level 0,7
divided by partial factor for reinforcement
s
= 1,15
s,fi
/f
yk
= 0,60
For prestressing strands and wires
cr
=
350C and
s,fi
/f
p0,1k
= 0,55
(E
d,fi
= 0,7 E
d
, f
p0,1k
/f
pk
= 0,9,
s
= 1,15)
EUROCODES
Tabulated data in EN 1992-1-2
For beams and slabs degree
of utilisation may be taken
into account by following
simple rule:
a) Calculate the actual steel
stress
b) Evaluate the critical
temperature using reference
curve for steel strength
c) Adjust the minimum axis
distance by 1 mm for every
10C difference in
temperature
f A E
E A
yk s,req d,fi
s,fi
d s,prov s
(20 C)
= x x
s,fi
/f
yk
= 0,4
T
cr
= 580C, a = - 8 mm
EUROCODES
Tabulated data for columns
Completely revised
Two optional methods are given
Method A is derived from test results, but field of application is
limited to buckling length 3 m and first order eccentricity
0,15h to 0,4h (depending on the National Annex)
Method B is based on calculations, it is more conservative and
many interpolations are needed. Limitations for normative table:
eccentricity 0,25h and
fi
30
9 pages of tables in Annex C
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Parameters for columns
In Method A degree
of utilisation:
fi
= N
Ed.fi
/N
Rd
In Method B load level is
defined as:
n = N
0Ed,fi
/(0,7(A
c
f
cd
+ A
s
f
yd
))
Slenderness, l
o,fi
- upper floor 0,7 l
- intermediate floor 0,5 l
l
0,7 l
0,5 l
Eccentricity
8
EUROCODES
Method A for columns
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Column width bmin/axis distance a of the main bars
Column exposed on more than one side Exposed on
one side
Standard
fire
resistance
fi = 0.2 fi = 0.5 fi = 0.7 fi = 0.7
1 2 3 4 5
R 30

R 60

R 90

R 120

R 180

R 240
200/25

200/25

200/31
300/25

250/40
350/35

350/45**

350/61**
200/25

200/36
300/31

300/45
400/38

350/45**
450/40**

350/63**

450/75**
200/32
300/27

250/46
350/40

350/53
450/40**

350/57**
450/51**

450/70**

-
155/25

155/25

155/25

175/35

230/55

295/70
** Minimum 8 bars
For prestressed columns the increase of axis distance according to 5.2.
(5) should be noted.

EUROCODES
Method B for columns

Standard
fire
Mechanical
reinforcement
Minimum dimensions (mm). Column width bmin/axis distance a
resistance ratio n = 0,15 n = 0,3 n = 0,5 n = 0,7
1 2 3 4 5 6

R 30

R 60

R 90

R 120

R 180

R 240

0,100
0,500
1,000

0,100
0,500
1,000

0,100
0,500
1,000

0,100
0,500
1,000

0,100
0,500
1,000

0,100
0,500
1,000

150/25*
150/25*
150/25*

150/30:200/25*
150/25*
150/25*

200/40:250/25*
150/35:200/25*
200/25*

250/50:350/25*
200/45:300/25*
200/40:250/25*

400/50:500/25*
300/45:450/25*
300/35:400/25*

500/60:550/25*
450/45:500/25*
400/45:500/25*

150/25*
150/25*
150/25*

200/40:300/25*
150/35:200/25*
150/30:200/25*

300/40:400/25*
200/45:300/25*
200/40:300/25*

400/50:550/25*
300/45:550/25*
250/50:400/25*

500/60:550/25*
450/50:600/25*
450/50:550/25*

550/40:600/25*
550/55:600/25*
500/40:600/30

200/30:250/25*
150/25*
150/25

300/40:500/25*
250/35:350/25*
250/40:400/25

500/50:550/25*
300/45:550/25*
250/40:550/25*

550/25*
450/50:600/25
450/45:600/30

550/60:600/30
500/60:600/50
500/60:600/45

600/75
600/70
600/60

300/30:350/25*
200/30:250/25*
200/30:300/25

500/25*
350/40:550/25*
300/50:600/30

550/40:600/25*
550/50:600/40
500/50:600/45

550/60:600/45
500/60:600/50
600/60

(1)
600/75
(1)

(1)
(1)
(1)
* Normally the cover required by EN 1992-1-1 will control.
(1) Requires width greater than 600 mm. Particular assessment for buckling is required.
EUROCODES
Simple calculation for method A
R = 120 ((Rfi + Ra + Rl + Rb + Rn )/120)
1,8
( )
(
+
+
=

cc
fi fi
/ 85 , 0
) 1 (
00 , 1 83 R
Ra = 1,60 (a 30)
Rl = 9,60 (5 lo,fi)
Rb = 0.09 b
Rn = 0 for n = 4 (corner bars only)
= 12 for n > 4
a = axis distance to the longitudinal steel bars (mm); 25 mm a
80 mm
l0,fi = effective length of the column under fire conditions; 2 m l0,fi
6 m;
b = 2Ac/ (b+h) for rectangular cross-sections
= col for circular cross-sections (mm) ;
200 mm b 450 mm; h 1,5 b.
= mechanical reinforcement ratio at normal temperature condi-
tions
cd c
yd s
f A
f A
=
cc = coefficient for compressive strength (see EN 1992-1-1)
EUROCODES
300 x 300 a = 35
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Buckling length (m)
R

(
m
i
n
)
eta,fi = 0,5 > 4 bars eta,fi = 0,5 "4 bars" eta,fi = 0,3 > 4 bars eta,fi = 0,3 4 bars
EUROCODES
Walls
Tabulated data as in ENV
Fire walls have been added
Classification M, to be used only if there are national
requirements
Data taken from DIN standard
EUROCODES
Beams, slabs, tensile members
In principle the same as in ENV
Some numerical values have been checked, e.g.
Rule for increase of axis distance in I-beam web (validity of
expression 5.10)
Three classes for I-beam web thickness (NDP)
Minimum width of continuous beams
Flat slab thicknesses have been checked (to more conservative
direction)
9
EUROCODES
EN 1992-1-2
Spalling 4.5
Annex C
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of high strength concrete
Large scatter in strength, composition of concrete has big
influence
EUROCODES
HSC strength reduction is NDP
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
EUROCODES
HSC Tabulated data
Increase of minimum cross section
by factor
Class 1 Class 2
- Walls and slabs exposed on one
side
1,1 1,3
- Other structural members 1,2 1,6
Increase of axis distance by factor 1,1 1,3
Note: Factors are recommended values, and may be modified in
National Annex
Factor for axis distance in Class 2 seems to be too high, and it
should not depend on the strength reduction
EUROCODES
HSC simplified calculation

km
Moment capacity reduction factors for
beams and slabs Class 1 Class 2
Beams 0,98 0,95
Slabs exposed to fire in the compres-
sion zone
0,98 0,95
Slabs exposed to fire in the tension
side, hs 120 mm
0,98 0,95
Slabs exposed to fire in the tension
side, hs = 50 mm
0,95 0,85

EUROCODES
Spalling of HSC
Up to C80/95 and silica fume content less than 6 %
rules for normal strength concrete apply
In other cases at least one of the following methods:
A: A reinforcement mesh with a nominal cover of 15 mm. This
mesh should have wires with a diameter 2 mm with a pitch
50 x 50 mm. The nominal cover to the main reinforcement
should be 40 mm.
B: A type of concrete for which it has been demonstrated (by
local experience or by testing) that no spalling of concrete
occurs under fire exposure.
C: Protective layers for which it is demonstrated that no
spalling of concrete occurs under fire exposure
D: Include in the concrete mix more than 2 kg/m
3
of
monofilament propylene fibres.
10
EUROCODES
Background documentation
Project Team has written Main background
document describing main changes to ENV
It refers to other numbered documents called BDA
(Background Document Annex)
These documents have been delivered to CEN/TC
250/SC 2.
End of presentation

EUROCODE 3 - 1.2 STEEL STRUCTURES

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EUROCODE 5 - 1.2 TIMBER STRUCTURES

H. Hartl
University Innsbruck

J. Fornather

EUROCODES
Eurocode 5-1.2
Timber structures
Hans Hartl
University Innsbruck / Austria
Hans.Hartl@uibk.ac.at
Your
logo
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design timber - sections
7 Chapters :
1. General
2. Basis of design
3. Material properties
4. Design procedure for mechanical properties
5. Design procedure for wall and floor assemblies
6. Connections
7. Detailing
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design timber - annexes
6 Annexes :
A : (informative) Parametric fire exposure
B : (informative) Advanced calculation models
C : (informative) Load-bearing floor joists and wall
studs in assemblies whose cavities are completely
filled with insulation
D : (informative) Charring of members in wall and floor
assemblies with void cavities
E : (informative) Analysis of the separating function of
wall and floor assemblies
F : (informative) Guidance for users of this Eurocoe
Part
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design timber - verification
2.4 Verification methods
2.4.1 General
Ed,fi Rd,t,fi
2.4.2 Member analysis
Ed,fi =fiEd

fi
= f(G
k
, Q
k
, , )
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design timber R&D
Some research work has been carried out:
Such as in the fields of
Material properties and resistances
Some Design procedures for mechanical resistance
and others which will be subject to the following paper
Still more R&D has to be done
This will partially be covered by the following
project:
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design - FireInTimber
FireInTimber Partners and countries:
SP Trtek Sweden VTT Finnland
TUM, DGfH Germany BPU, CSTB France
TreSenteret Norway BRE UK
HFA, UIBK, TUW Austria ETH Zuerich Switzerland
Resand Estonia
European industry: CEI-Bois / BWW
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design timber - FireInTimber
Expected results:
Analytical design concepts for load-bearing timber
structures under fire conditions
New models for load-bearing solid wood cross
laminated panel and light weight structures during
fire exposure
Performance principles of connections at fire
exposure
Guidance on joints between wall and ceiling
elements and on fire stops within structures
EUROCODES
Expected results:
Critically reviewed novel innovative products and
summary of new knowledge for product
development
The first European wide guideline on the fire safe
use of wood in buildings.
EUROCODES
FireInTimber :
a new project within the European WoodWisdom-
Net framework
with 14 participants from 9 countries
the project has started in November 2007 and will
be finalised by the end of 2009
It is supported by industry through the European
initiative BWW and public funding organisations.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design timber EN 1995 1.2
Eurocode 5, part 1 . 2 :
In the following paper todays status as well as up to
date findings will be presented by Jochen
Fornather.
Thank you very much for your
attention!
Brussels, 18-20 February2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons
Eurocode 5-1.2
Timber structures
Jochen Fornather
jochen.fornather@on-norm.at
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Scope of EN 1995-1-2
EN 1995-1-2
shows the design of timber structures for
the accidental situation of fire exposure
to be used in conjunction with EN 1995-1-1
and EN 1991-1-2.
only identifies differences from, or
supplements normal temperature design.
deals only with passive methods of fire
protection
applies to building structures with load-
bearing function and/or separating function
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Design procedure (1)
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Design procedure (2)
Annex A:
Charring
rates and
charring
depths
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Basis of design (1)
Basic requirements
mechanical resistance
fire compartmentation
deformation criteria
Requirements (R, E, I) concerning
nominal fire exposure
parametric fire exposure
same as EN 1991-1-2
Actions
see EN 1991-1-2
emissi vity coefficient of wood surfaces: e = 0,8
EUROCODES
Design values of material properties and resistances
EUROCODES
Design values of material properties and resistances
EUROCODES
Verification methods
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Material properties
Mechanical properties
simplified methods for cross section and timber frame
members in wall and floor assemblies completely filled
with insulation
advanced calculation methods.
Thermal properties
Charring (depth)
for all surfaces of wood and wood-based panels directly
exposed to fire,
for surfaces initially protected from exposure and
charring occurs during the relevant time of fire
exposure.
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Material properties: Charring (1)
Surfaces unprotected throughout the time of fire
exposure
one-dimensional charring
notional charring
d
char,0
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Charring for panels with other densities than
= 450 kg/m
3
and smaller thickness h
p
= 20 mm
Example:
OSB panel:
k
= 700 kg/m
h
p
= 20 mm
o,,t
= 0,72 mm/min
h
p
= 12 mm
o,,t
= 0,93 mm/min
EUROCODES
Surfaces of beams and columns initially protected
from fire exposure
the start of charring is delayed until time t
ch
;
charring may commence prior to failure of the fire
protection, but at a lower rate than the described charring
rates until failure time t
f
of the fire protection;
after failure time t
f
of the fire protection, the charring rate
is increased above the shown values until the time t
a
described below;
at the time t
a
when the charring depth equals either the
charring depth of the same member without fire protection
or 25 mm whichever is the lesser, the charring rate reverts
to the described value.
EUROCODES
from fire exposure
EUROCODES
from fire exposure
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Design procedures for mechanical resistance
Simplified rules for determining cross-sectional
properties - Reduced cross-section method
k
mod,fi
= 1,0
k
0
: unprotected surface
k
0
: intial protected surface
EUROCODES
Simplified rules for determining cross-sectional
properties - Reduced properties method
k
mod,fi
= f (/A
r
and strength, stiffness)
apply onlyto rectangular cross-sections
of softwood exposed to fire on
three or four sides and
round cross-sections exposed
along their whole perimeter.
k
mod,fi
(t equal or greater 20 min):
EUROCODES
Simplified rules for analysis of structural
members and components
General
Compression perpendicular to the grain may be disregarded.
Shear may be disregarded in rectangular and circular cross-
sections.
Beams, columns
bracing fails should be considered
Mechanically jointed members
reduction in slip moduli in the fire situation shall be taken into
account
Bracings
EUROCODES
Advanced calculation methods
for determination of the mechanical resistance
and the separating function shall provide a
realistic analysis of structures exposed to fire,
based on fundamental physical behaviour to
lead to a reliable approximation of the expected
behaviour of the relevant structural component
under fire conditions.
EUROCODES
Design procedures for wall and floor assemblies
Analysis of load-bearing function
shall be designed for fire exposure on both
sides at the same time.
Analysis of separating function
take into account the contributions of different
material components and their position in the
assembly.
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Connections (1)
applies to connections between members under standard
fire exposure, for fire resistances not exceeding 60 min.
Connections with side members of wood
Simplified rules - unprotected connections
EUROCODES
Simplified rules - unprotected connections
greater t
dfi
is possible (not more than 30 min) by
increasing the following dimensions by a
fi
:
the thickness of side members,
the width of the side members,
the end and edge distance to fasteners.
k
flux
= 1,5
EUROCODES
Simplified rules - protected connections
EUROCODES
Additional rules for connections with internal steel
plates
EUROCODES
Reduced load method
Unprotected wood
Protected wood
EUROCODES
Connections with external steel plates
unprotected
protected
Simplified rules for axially loaded screws
design resistance of the screws
conversion factor
EUROCODES
Background and Appli cati ons Detailing
Walls and floors
Dimensions and
spacings
Detailing of panel
connections
Insulation
Other elements
EUROCODES
Thank you very much for your attention!
Contact:
jochen.fornather@on-norm.at

EUROCODE 9 - ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
STRUCTURES

N. Forsn
Multiconsult

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Background and Applications

reduction factor for a strength or deformation property dependent on

) (lower limit of 0.01 in UK

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12

sp, sy, st, su,

Has the correct be-

Assume loss of cover and

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