Infinitive be become begin bring buy choose come do drink drive eat fall feel find fly forget

get give go have hear keep know leave lend

Past Simple was / were became began brought bought chose came did drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot got gave went had heard kept knew left lent

Past Participle been become begun brought bought chosen come done drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown forgotten got (gotten in USA) given gone had heard kept known left lent

let lose make meet pay put read run say see sell send sing sit sleep speak stand swim take teach tell think understand wear write

let lost made met paid put read (pronounced /red/) ran said saw sold sent sang sat slept spoke stood swam took taught told thought understood wore wrote

let lost made met paid put read (pronounced /red/) run said seen sold sent sung sat slept spoken stood swum taken taught told thought understood worn written

SIMPLE PRESENT WITH BE

Positive I am you are he is she is it is we are they are

Positive Short Form I'm you're he's she's it's we're they're

is she ? is it ? are we ? are they ?

Wh Questions

where what why who when how

am I ? are you ? is he ? is she ? are we ? are they ?

Negative I am not you are not he is not she is not it is not we are not they are not

Negative short form I'm not you arent he isn't she isnt it isn't we aren't they aren't

WITH OTHER VERB

The positive is really easy. It's just the verb with an extra s if the subject is he, she, or it. Positive (of 'play') I play you play he plays she plays it plays we play they play

Yes / No Questions am I ? are you ? is he ?

Verbs that end in 'y': Verbs that end in 'y' often change 'y' to 'ie' before 's':

study becomes studies try becomes tries marry becomes marries fly becomes flies cry becomes cries

Negative (of 'play') I do not play you do not play he does not play she does not play it does not play we do not play they do not play

I don't play you don't play he doesn't play she doesn't play it doesn't play we don't play they don't play

Be careful! 'y' doesn't change to 'ie' if the ending is 'ay', 'ey', 'oy', 'uy' So, play becomes plays, say becomes says, buy becomes buys, enjoy becomes enjoys, stay becomes stays)

We use do or does before the subject to make the 'yes / no' question: Yes / No questions do I play ? do you/we/they play ? does he/she/it play ? Wh Questions where what why who when how

Verbs that end in 's', 'sh', 'ch' or 'x' often add 'e' before 's':

pass becomes passes wash becomes washes teach becomes teaches

There are also few verbs which are irregular in the present simple: 1. 'have' becomes 'has' 2. 'do' becomes 'does' 3. 'go' becomes 'goes'

do I play ? do you play ? does he play ? does she play ? do we play ? do they play ?

SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS present simple of be + verb-ing:

Positive I am sleeping you are sleeping he is sleeping she is sleeping it is sleeping we are sleeping they are sleeping

Positive Short Form I'm sleeping you're sleeping he's sleeping she's sleeping it's sleeping we're sleeping they're sleeping

Yes / No Questions am I eating chocolate ? are you studying now ? is he working ? is she doing her homework ? is it raining ? are we meeting at six ? are they coming ?

Negative I am not sleeping you are not playing he is not reading she is not working it is not raining we are not cooking they are not listening

Negative Short Form I'm not sleeping you aren't playing he isn't reading she isn't working it isn't raining we aren't cooking they aren't listening

Wh Questions Why am I eating chocolate ? What are you studying now ? When is he working ? What is she doing ? Why is it raining ? Who are we meeting ? How are they travelling ?

Just like we made the question with be in the present simple, here we also put am, is, or are before the subject to make a 'yes / no' question:

PAST SIMPLE TENSE The Past Simple with 'be'

'Yes / No' Questions with 'Be'

Negative with 'be' I was not sleepy you were not on the bus he was not at school she was not beautiful it was not cold we were not at work they were not tired

Negative Short Form I wasn't sleepy you weren't on the bus he wasn't at school she wasn't beautiful it wasn't cold we weren't at work they weren't tired

Positive with 'be' I was cold you were tired he was in the garden she was late it was sunny we were on holiday they were hungry

THE PAST SIMPLE WITH OTHER VERB

Negative with 'be' I was not sleepy you were not on the bus he was not at school she was not beautiful it was not cold we were not at work they were not tired

Negative Short Form I wasn't sleepy you weren't on the bus he wasn't at school she wasn't beautiful it wasn't cold we weren't at work they weren't tired

Do / Does Changed becomes DID We usually make the positive by adding '-ed' to the infinitive. For example, 'play' becomes 'played'. However, there are some irregular verbs, for example 'go' becomes 'went' and 'ran' becomes 'run'.

Positive with Other Verbs I walked (regular) you played (regular) he cooked (regular)

it rained (regular) we ate (irregular) they drank (irregular) In the negative there aren't any irregular verbs. All verbs use 'did not (didn't) + infinitive': Negative I did not walk you did not play he did not cook she did not listen it did not rain we did not eat they did not drink 'Yes / No' Questions did I walk? did you play? did he cook? did she listen? did it rain? did we eat? Negative Short Form I didn't walk you didn't play he didn't cook she didn't listen it didn't rain we didn't eat they didn't drink

did they drink?

'Wh' Questions where did I go? what did you play? what did he cook? why did she listen? when did it rain? where did we eat? how did they travel?

you have not been to Asia

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE

you haven't been he hasn't seen she hasn't played it hasn't snowed we haven't slept they haven't tried

he has not seen the new film she has not played tennis it has not snowed this winter

To make the positive present perfect tense, use:

'have' / 'has' + the past participle Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play' becomes 'played') There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for example, 'study' becomes 'studied') We also have some completely irregular verbs Positive Short Form I've played you've worked he's written she's walked it's rained we've travelled they've studied

we have not slept all night they have not tried the food

To make a question, put 'have' or 'has' in front of the subject: 'Yes / No' Questions

Positive I have played you have worked he has written she has walked it has rained we have travelled they have studied

have I missed the bus? have you visited London? has he worked as a waiter before? has she met John? has it been cold this week? have we arrived too early? have they studied English grammar before?

'Wh' Questions Negative I have not eaten breakfast today Negative Short Form I haven't eaten where have I left my umbrella? what have you done today?

why has he gone already? where has she been in the UK? why has it rained so much this summer? what have we done? where have they learned English before?

Past Continuous past simple with 'be' (subject + was / were). Then just add verbing.

And, just like the past simple with 'be', to make a 'yes / no' question, put 'was / were' in front of the subject:

Was I listening? Were you working? Was she working? Was he living in Paris at the time? Was it snowing when you arrived? Were we eating? Were they studying?

Here's the positive form:

I was sleeping you were working he was coming she was reading 'War and Peace' it was raining we were shopping they were watching a film

To make a 'wh' question (of course) put the question word at the beginning:

Why was I working? Where were you living? How was she travelling? Where was he going? Why was it snowing in the summer? What were we eating? Why were they studying?

Next, here's the negative - it's very easy, just add 'not':

I was not (wasn't) sleeping you were not (weren't) working he was not (wasn't) coming she was not (wasn't) reading 'War and Peace' it was not (wasn't) raining we were not (weren't) shopping they were not (weren't) watching a film