Part 1 You are going to read a magazine article about learning while you sleep.

Choose lrom the list A-I the sentence which best summarises each part (1-7) 01the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O). Mark your answers on Ihe separate answer sheet.

A '. The benelits 01 learning a task can be lost il we don't go lo sleep soon enough. ' B It is only when we sleep that thebran-can help us with tasks that require us to think imaQitively. It has taken so me time tor researchers to conclude that sleeping helps us to learn . The brain is very active while we sleep and tries to connsct events frorn the recent and more distant pasto It appears that we need a variety 01different kinds 01 sleep, or learning ability is affected. Although some people don't appear to need as rnuch sleep as others, it is important that we all get a certain amount every night.

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1I sleep is interrupted, our ability to learn can be reduced.

It seems that certain skills have more chance 01 being improved by a night's sleep than others. It is olten hard to explain how, alter a night's sleep, we know how to do something which previously proved difficult.

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Learning while you sleep

Heather Holt finds out how sleep can help us to learn.

Have you ever gone to bed frustrated that you couldn't solve a' pr'blem, and then seen the answer straiqht away the next morning? Perhaps it was the final clue of a crossword puzzle, or a face you couldn't put a name to during the day. You might notice something similar with a more physical challenge - a tough piece of music you were trying to learn, say - which magically seemed much easier the next day. Did you assume you were just too ti red to get things right the night before, or did you leel that you'd worked things out in your dreams? Scientists have been suggesting links between drearns and memories lar two centurias, and many are now convinced that memories Irom the day become lixed as we dream. But by. revisiting these '. memories while we sleep, can we .actualty work out a problem or carry on learning something? So me researchers think so.

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rnitti-seconds faster. However, if the trainees were woken up every time they began to dream during the night, there was no improvement. Stephens did some more work on this and discovered that the trainees had to sleep within 24 hours 01 the initial test or they wouldh:i show any improvement. Even a good night's sleep 48 hours later was no good.

Sleep is probably not necessary for all torrns of learning, but it is especially important lor learning 'how' rather than 'what'. Stephens says that some things are learnt straight away. For example, if you don't remember a phone number 50 seconds alter being told it, sleep won't help. However, if you're trying to learn a piano piece and you just cannot get it, you might find that if you put it aside and come back to it the next morning you'lI be able to do it.

One psychiatrist, Peter Stephens, suggests that the alternating periods of deep sleep and lighter, dreaming sleep we experience each night are all vital. While we may think that only practice makes perfect, he believes sleep may also play an important role. What's more, learning'\;nd understanding what we've learnt takes all night. In fact, he believes that so me learning cannot happen without sleep.

Our brains are doing more than just translerring mernories : while we dream. According to Stephens and his colleagues, we're also busy exploring the links between old and new memories, which may help to explain how we can sometimes solve problems in our sleep. This may also explain the strange dreams that we olten experience.

Evidence that people might learn skills during the time they are dreaming is beginning toernerqe. Researchers trained a group 01 people to report whether they'd seen a certain pattern appearing on a computer screen while they looked at a letter in the centre. The task took about 100 rnilli-seconds, but il the trainees did the test alter a night's sleep Ihey were about 15

Stephens says that they are just beginning to understand the way sleep works and the links with learning. He says that the brain has been designed to help us to find creative solutions to problems. For this, it needs us to sleep.

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Part 2
You are going lo read a newspaper questions 8-15, choose Ihe answer Mark you r answers article about attending a new attraction for film fans in the USo For (A, B, or O) which you think fits besl according to the text.

on the separate answer sheet.

Star for a Night

For 45 dollars, visitors to Tinseltown Studios are treated like their Hollywood idols on Osear night. Laurellves joins the woutd-be stars.
It is a warm evening in Los Angeles, and I am standing in a long queue outside a fabulouslooking place called Tinseltown Studios. Nervous chatler and the noise of a distant sixlane Ireeway hum in the airo Women busily.reapply their lipstick and smooth their dresses. Like me, they are hoping that they are about to get ataste 01 what it feels like to be a star. We are spendinq an evening at one 01 the newest and strangest ideas dreamt up by the American entertainment industry. Tinseltown's owners, Ogden Entertainment, claim that, for one night only, they will 'turn ordinary individuals into screen legends' - and I can hardly wait. Our evening begins al 7.30 p.m. Handing over my ticket, I walk down the long red carpet ahead. 'Fans' approach and ask for my autograph. I graciously agree. 'Reporters' ask where I got my outfit and who will star with me in my new film. On my right, a 'television crew' is interviewing two girls. A 'journalist' approaches. 'Congratulations,' she says, 'you are nominated as Best Actress tonight.' She turns out to be one 01 the orqanisers of the event and she tells me that, al6ng' with three other nominees, I will be edited into a scene from a lamous movie so that it will seem as il I am the star. The eight scenes (showing tour men and tour women) will then be broadcast over dinner 'and the Best Actress and Best Actor chosen. Nominees are chosen by staft at the beginning 01 the evening, 'on the basis 01 who they think looks as il they have the most guts. So why did they choose me? Suddenly, the nerves that the stall did not detect come to the surface. Coping with people who are pretending to be lans, journalists and TV crews is one thing, but being broadcast acting badly in Iront 01 200 people? I didn't know il I could handle that. Then I and the other three nominees are shown into a lift and taken upstairs to the studio. I am to replace Genevieve Bujold as the Queen 01 England in the lilm Anne of a Thousand Days. They show me the scene, hand me a costume and push me in Iront 01 a camera. My live lines are written onto a large white board and held in Iront of me. Suddenly, it is all overo Once all lour nominees have been filmed, we join the rest 01 the 'stars' in the vast banquet room. Over the lirst course, videos are shown on a screen aboye uso The show begins with the red carpet 'interviews' Iilmed as we, the guests, arrived. First up is aman called John Richardson. Is he pleased to be nominated lor an award tonight, asks the 'reporter'? 'Yo u know, being a stunt man isn't as glamorous as being an actor,' he replies. 'Most 01 the time, people watching the picture think that it is the actors doing the stunts, so it's good to linally get so me recognition.' John's Iriends, who are sitting at the table next to mine, are loving his interview, applauding every time he speaks. 'Who'd have thought that, in real lile, he is just a dull computer programmer?' says one 01 them. He is righl: as more 'stars-Ior-a-night' are interviewed, I am struck by how competently these people express themselves. A waiter approaches with a warning: I am about to be 'spotlighted'. I am introduced to the audience, my blushing lace appears on the big screen and then, as I squirm with embarrassment in my chair, the lilm 01 me, edited (rather badly) into Anne of a Thousand Days, is shown. I am also handed a prescripted speech - with blanks so I can say a thank-you to whomever I choose - just in case I am chosen as Best Actress. However, my performance was so wooden that I don't win. Yet now that I know I won't have to make a speech, I leel a moment 01 real disappointment.

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When the writer is waiting 10 go into Tinseltown Studios, she thinks she has little in common wants to lind that the claim the lears that the event may go on is surprised by the appearance with the other people. company makes is true .. lar too long. 01 the building.

As she goes into the building, the writer

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gels conlused as to who some 01 the people are. acts as il she really is a star. is unable to respond 10 certain questions. is impressed by some 01 the other visitors.

What is meant by 'quts' in line 35?

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experience ambition energy courage

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01 the writer on the white board 01 all lour norninees last line ,

12 .John Richardson answers the question he. is asked by

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denying an accusation. explaining a change in attitude. expressing satisfaction. admitting to being confused.

The wriler notices that the other people who are interviewed A

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respond in the same way that John Richardson did. appear more interesting than they really are ". similar jobs to John Hichardson's in real lile. little difficulty in giving qood answers 10 questions.

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When the wriler is 'spotlighted', she A

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linds that she is unable to speak. quickly looks away from the screen. clearly leels uncomfortable. becomes convinced that she will win.

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When.she discovers that she has not won,the writer A

understands why she was not chosen as the winner. is glad that she will not have to make a speech. wishes she had not agreed to be lilmed. regrels not having a better parto
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Part 3 You are going 10 read a newspaper article about a woman who works as a personal assistant, or PA, to the director of a museum. Seven paragraphs have been removed Irom the article. Choose Irom the paragraphs A-H Ihe one which lits each gap (16-21). There is one exlra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O). Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
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Anna Cuss is a FA in one oi the most irnportant museums in London. ~ She tc.lksto Wendy Smith about her job.
Since she took up her post ayear ago as PA ro the director of the Natural Historv Museum, Dr Neil Chalmers, Anna Cuss has beco me a source of knowledge on a11 manner of museum issues - fram botany and zoology ro fund-raising, re-roofing and heating systems.

Working in a Museum
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This means there are plenty of meetings to organise. 'Neil sits on vanous external committees and we have a11the internal committee mectings that have to be attended ~ the focus could be anything fram fund-raising for future years to buildings management.'

And visit they do in their thousands. The Natural History Museum gets up to 1.8 rnillion visitors each year, making it the fourth most popular paying visitar attraction in the UK.

Anna feels at home in rhis environment. 'I always wanted to work in a top job in a museum and finally I've rnanaged it,' she says.

This runs for another year and is . advertised as the first of its rvpe ro explore eighteenth- and nin~;eJ:lthcentury British sea voyages of exploration.

'But that would have involved doing a postgraduate course. That would have meant another three years at university and, to be honest, I'd had enough of studving by then.'

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Her boss is also responsible for the running of the building. The site in London covers a huge area and is home to the largest collection of natural history books, magazines, manuscripts, maps and drawings in the world.

That was followed by four years working for the director of the Royal Society of Arts. 'I wasn't really looking to move, but when saw the Natural History Museum job advertsed felt had to apply for it.'

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'This was the first one 1 had seen being put up and it was a reallv busy time,' says Anna. '1 had ro plan notes for Neil's speech for the opening reception and deal with the press office.' She orgnallv studied archaeology as a way of entering the museum world. 'My dream had always been to beco me a museum curator,' she says. As a result, both of thern try ro meet each day to plan ahead. 'We always keep Fridays free so he can sit down and do" some research,' she says. Anna has beco me so keen that after work she reads books on natural history and attends the museum's lec tures. She has also taken up brd-watching at the weekend. Whether she is helping with school parties or deling with dstnguished visitors fram overseas, Anna admits she is kept very busy. She and her boss have just launched the museum's latest exhibiton.

'What many people don't know is that, apart fram the exhibits, we also have 300 scientists and academics working here who are carrying out lots of ihtportant research,' says Anna. She completed a secretarial course and then worked her way through a range of . administrative positions. Later she moved to London to the Museums and Galleries Commission as PA to the assistant director. 'People always ask me what 1 do a11day, orher than dust down the exhibits,' she jokes. 'But there is a whole lot more going on behind the scenes to make the museum interesting to the people who
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Part 4 You are going 10 read some book reviews. For questions 22-35, choose Irom the reviews (A-E). The reviews may be chosen more than once. There is an example at lhe beginning (O). Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
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does the author make a number 01 choices which most readers would not expect? is the inlormation organised by topic rather than place?
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does the author's imagination seern 10 lake over at times? do we learn about certain prolessional techniques? are ordinary places made to seem more interestinq?

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Which book
might help us to understand more about ourselves? covers lts subject thoroughly? makes us leel some 01the writer's enjoyment 01Ihe subject? introduces us 10 some very slrange people? shows how people may try to influence others? was based on an earlier piece al work? is one 01 a number on a similar theme? lails to underline the connection between:;two aspects 01its subject?
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shows us changes taking place at the present lime? was written beca use 01 an anniversary?

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Food is 01 monumental importance to us and yet we often tend to make .its role seem unimportant. In this intriguing collection 01 articles, Joan Smith tries to make usrealise that we should not simply take food lor granted. The book shows how our choice 01 whal we eat, how we prepare it and with whom we share it can reveal things aoout uso The book invites us 10 look at how food can be used to charm and impress people. This is a lascinating read, but be warried - you may never be able to sit down to a meal in auite the same

Book of the Week

Hungry for You, by Joan Smith 01 the lilms which have most influenced him is quite surprising. For every widely accepted classic, lhere is a longlorgotten crime movie or cowboy lilm which, in the author's eyes, takes lilmmaking mto new territory. Scorcese's inleclious delight in his subject and detailed understanding of what directors were attempting to achieve with various camera angles and styles 01 editing make lor a lascinating

read.;

Full Circle, by Luis Seplveda Circle comes lrom a series 01 books 01 travellers' stories brought out recenlly by a leading publisher. FuJ/ Circle is about what it calls 'a journey without any set plan' into the heart 01 South America: The author paints vivid, sometimes surreal, pictures 01 people and places where it is olten difficult to tell the difference between lact and liction. Whether he is travelling in Patagonia or in some sleepy tropical town, the author creates characters who are almosl unbelievable and then places them in

Rotterdam - Photographic Impressions, by Martin Kers Martin Kers has become lamous lor his photographs 01 the Dutch landscape and many people still leel that this is what he does best. In this book he shows that he is equally skilful in showing just how interesting a city landscape can be. The book paints a powerful picture 01 a modern and dynamic city. With his keen eye lor contrast, Kers makes even the most uninspiring harbour scene come to lile. However, it is a pity that he doesn't make more of the opportunity to show how closely the city and the harbour are related to each other. In the end, though, Kers succeeds in showinq us a modern city working tirelessly en -its own translormation and
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Africa: A Biography of the Confinent, by John Reader This book is concerned not only with the Alrica of European explorers, traders and colonists but with the Alrica 01lhe Alricans who have been there lor lour million years or more. This book does not deal with Alrica region by region, but rather adopts a themalic approach, dealing with specific subjects individually - crop gathering, keeping animals, iron making, trade, disease - taking examples Irom across almost the whole 01the continent. This is a solid work 01 scholarship and at the end we leel that reading it has taken away the necessity 01 reading dozens 01 other books on the history and prehistory 01Alrica.

A Personal Journey with Martin Scorcese through American Movies, by Martin Scorcese This book was written a a result 01 a television documentary made by the lilm-director Martin 'Scorcese some years ago, at lhe invitation 01the British Film Inslitute, to mark the lirst hundred years 01' cinema. Scorcese's selection

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