IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 32, NO.

3, MAYIJUNE 1996

617

Harmonic Measurements, Analysis, and Power Factor Correction in a Modern Steel Manufacturing Facility
Douglas Andrews, Member, IEEE, Martin T . Bishop, Senior Member, IEEE, and John F. Witte, Member, IEEE

Abstruct- Maximizing electric power transfer directly affects the productivity of an electric arc furnace operation. Arc furnaces and rolling mill loads operate at power factors that result in penalty charges and lower bus voltages. In addition, the nonlinear characteristics of the furnace arcs and rolling mill drives generate significantharmonic currents that flow through the plant and utility power system. These harmonic currents cause system voltage distortion and power loss in the system, and can interact with power factor correction capacitor banks leading to equipment failures. This paper presents the analytical technique used to correct power factor in a modern steel manufacturing facility. The study included field measurements, harmonic analysis, and filter design work to reduce the amount of harmonic distortion in the plant. The modeling of arc furnaces and rolling mills for a harmonic analysis study is also discussed. The solutions recommended in this paper to increase power factor and reduce harmonics can be applied to other steel manufacturing facilities to improve power quality and therefore plant productivity.

I. INTRODUCTION MAJOR cost to a steel manufacturing facility is the energy used to power the arc furnace for the melting and refining process. Operation at low power factor results in additional voltage drop through the power system yielding a lower system voltage on the plant buses. Low system voltage increases the melt time and will add to the overall plant operating costs per ton. Low power factor can also result in additional costs in the form of penalties from the electric-utility company. Capacitors can be applied in steel manufacturing facilities for a wide range of benefits. The capacitors will improve the power factor of the system, reduce billing penalties imposed by the electric power utility, and increase system voltage-boosting productivity. The system losses are also reduced improving the electrical system efficiency. However, harmonic sources in the steel mill can interact with capacitor banks resulting in problems if they are not properly applied.
Paper PID 95-5 1, approved by the Metal Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1994 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, October 2-7. Manuscript released for publication October 24, 1995. D. Andrews is with the Department of Plant Engineering, North Star Steel, Beaumont, TX 77704 USA. M. T. Bishop and J. F. Witte are with the Systems Engineering Group, Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI 53126-9526 USA. Publisher Item Tdentifier S 0093-9994(96)02968-4.

The harmonic current generated by any nonlinear load flows from the load into the power system. This current, seeking a low impedance path to ground, causes a voltage drop through the system according to Ohms Law. The harmonic voltage combines with the 60-Hz voltage producing a distorted power system voltage. The harmonic-laden power system voltage is then imposed on all of the remaining loads connected to the system. This voltage distortion may result in more harmonic currents being produced as other linear loads experience the distorted system voltage. The effect of harmonics vary depending on the type of load. In some cases such as a resistance heating load all of the applied voltage does useful work; although, in most cases involving transformers and motors o d y the 60-Hz component of the voltage does useful work and the harmonic component generates useless heat. Sensitive electronic control circuits, timers, and logic circuits may be affected if the supply voltage is distorted. Power system harmonic field measurements, power factor correction, and harmonic analysis in the North Star Steel plant in Beaumont, TX, were considered for two reasons: 1) the planned installation of a new ladle furnace: and 2) the correction of the overall plant power factor to a value above 0.90 lagging to eliminate utility penalties. At the time of the study the plant had two existing scrap-metal furnaces operating with two existing power factor correctionharmonic filter capacitor banks. In addition, a rolling mill connected to the 13.8-kV system, which had no power factor correction, was also being operated. Fig. 1 shows a simplified one-line diagram of the North Star Steel, Beaumont, TX, plant. The harmonic voltages, currents, and existing power flows resulting from the scrap-metal furnaces and rolling mill were measured at the primary of the furnace transformers, the main utility entrance buses, the existing power factor correctionharmonic filter capacitor banks, the main feeders serving the 13.8-kV bus, and the primary feeders serving the rolling mill buses. These measurements were performed during the energizations of the furnace transformers, during the arcing of the scrap-metal furnaces, and during the operation of the rolling mill. The data gathered from these measurements were used to develop models for the steady state harmonic analysis of the entire plant. In order to perform the harmonic analysis which included the future ladle furnace, typical data

0093-9994/96$05.00 0 1996 IEEE

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230 KV

V ADDITIONAL MILL LOADS

PROPOSED POWER FACTOR CORRECTION/ FILTER BANK

V ADDITIONAL MILL LOADS

SUPPLY NO. 1

SUPPLY NO. 2

ROLLING MILL LOADS

ROLLING MILL LOADS

Fig. 1. Simplified one-line diagram of the North Star Steel Beaumont, TX, plant.

obtained from other harmonic field measurements of similar ladle furnace installations were used. The study resulted in specifications for an appropriate capacitor filter bank for harmonic suppression and power factor correction. The resulting harmonic distortion of the voltage and current on the main buses and branches was also predicted. The effect of planned system growth was also considered in developing a capacitor filter bank design which could handle the future load.
11. HARMONIC SOURCES

, Current

throuqh arc

\\A

The harmonics produced by scrap-metal and ladle furnaces in practice are continually varying due to the variability of the arc length over the total heat period. The amount of harmonic generation is dependent upon the furnace type. Scrap metal furnaces generate predominantly 3rd harmonic voltage and produce a very erratic total harmonic distortion (THD), especially early in the heat when boring into the scrap steel. O m the other hand, ladle furnaces generate predominantly 3rd and 5th harmonic voltages and produce a more consistent THD since a steel bath is already established. Even harmonics are also present in the furnace power system because of the erratic arcing behavior that yields unequal conduction of the current for the positive and negative half-cycles. Fig. 2 shows typical arc voltage and current waveforms. Typical upper limits for the harmonic components of the arc voltage for both the scrap metal and ladle furnaces are given in Table I. All values are given as a percentage of the fundamental arc voltage. The harmonic currents that are measured at a scrap metal or ladle furnace are produced when the harmonic voltages

Fig. 2. Typical arc voltage and current waveforms.

from the arc are impressed across the electrode and furnace transformer impedances. These harmonic currents are injected back into the system and usually do not cause problems unless the system is sharply resonant at one of the predominant harmonic frequencies. If this is the case, the harmonic current can excite the resonant circuit producing very high values of rms and peak voltages, which can degrade andor damage equipment and eventually lead to equipment failures. Severe voltage distortion may disturb electronic power supplies such as drive systems and may interfere with control systems in the steel mill. The arc furnace load can be represented as a harmonic voltage source in series with some lead impedance. This lead

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TABLE I TYPICAL SCRAP-METAL AND LADLE FURNACE HARMONIC VOLTAGES

TABLE I1
6
AND

12 PULSE DRIVEHARMONIC CURRENTS

scrap
Harmonic 2nd 3rd Furnace
5.0%

Ladle Furnace 2.0% 10.0% 2.0% 10.0% 1.5% Harmonic 2nd 3rd

Theoretical

Analysis

6 Pulse 12 Pulse
I

6 Pulse 12 Pulse
1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%

20.0%
3 .O%

4 t h
5th
6th

4 t h
5th

20.0%

10.0% 1.5%

20.0% 2.0% 12.0% 1.2%

7 t h
1 lth

14.3%

7 t h
8th
9 t h 1 lth
13th

6.0%
1 .O% 3.0% 2.0% 1 .O%

6.0%
1 .O%

9.1% 9.1%

8 . 0 % 7 . 0 % 4 . 5 %
4.0%

8 . 0 %
7.0%

13th

7.7% 5 . 9 %
5.3%

7.7%

3.0% 2.0%
1 .O%

1 7 t h
19th 23rd

0.5%
0.4%

4.3% 4.3% 4.0% 4.0%

3.0% 3.0% 3.0% 3.0%

2 5 t h
Lead Impedance
1

be calculated using (1) and (2)

Arc Furnoce Tronsformer Secondory Bus Hormonic Source

h = (n . p ) f I

I h = -I .1 h
harmonic number; 1, 2, 3 , ...; pulse number of drive (6 or 12); p I, harmonic current magnitude; II fundamental current magnitude. Table I1 gives theoretical and suggested analysis values, in percentages of the fundamental drive current, for the harmonic currents produced by a 6 and 12 pulse drive [21. Another harmonic current producing source is the energization of scrap-metal and ladle furnace transformers. This is a case where the distinction between harmonics and transients becomes less clear. The dynamic inrush current waveform associated with transformer energizing operation includes both even and odd harmonics which decay with time until the transformer magnetizing current reaches steady state. The characteristic of a transformer energization is fundamental
72

Fig. 3 . Arc furnace model for harmonic studies.

impedance is the impedance of the secondary cables and the electrodes in the arc furnace. Fig. 3 shows an arc furnace model that can be used in a harmonic analysis study [I]. This model includes a harmonic voltage source that describes the harmonics produced by the arc furnace. It should be noted that the lead impedance is not a negligible component and should be included in simulation models. The harmonics produced by 6 and 12 pulse drives are related to the pulse number of the drive and can be represented as harmonic current sources at their characteristic frequencies. For the ideal case of instantaneous commutation between conducting elements, the generated ac side harmonic currents and the theoretical magnitudes for a 6 and 12 pulse drive can

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-260.804

..e

! i 49e.e

MILLISECONDS

t
-50.00

i t h HARMONIC

Sth HARMONIC

ea

: I

: : ;

4ee.e

Fig. 5. Parallel resonance due to power factor correction capacitor bank and source impedance.

MILLISECONDS

(b)

Fig. 4. Transformer inrush current waveform and associated harmonic currents.

current present with a high current THD and high values of 2nd and 3rd harmonic currents. A typical dynamic inrush current waveform associated with a transformer energizing operation, along with the harmonic currents produced is shown in Fig. 4 131. The most predominant harmonics, during transformer energization, are the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th in descending order. Transformer energization harmonics do not normally cause harmonic problems unless the system is sharply resonant at one of the predominant harmonic frequencies produced by the inrush current. If a system is sharply resonant at one of the predominant harmonic frequencies, the transformer energization will excite the system, causing voltage distortion, which will affect the energizing transformers inrush current, thus producing more harmonic currents to further excite the resonant system and cause further voltage distortion. This interaction between the resonant system and the energizing transformer can produce very high values of rms and peak voltages which can degrade and/or damage equipment and eventually lead to equipment failures. The frequent switching of furnace transformers may result in thousands of overvoltage events in a single year, taxing insulation systems. 111. EFFECTS OF ADDING CAPACITOR BANKS An important consideration in the application of power factor correction capacitors in a steel mill environment is the interaction with the harmonic producing loads such as the arc furnace or the rolling mill. Capacitors do not produce harmonics but the addition of capacitors will change the

frequency response characteristics of the system, and could result in a magnification of the voltage and current distortion on the system. The increase in the distortion is usually due to a parallel resonant condition. Capacitors are designed to withstand a reasonable amount of harmonics without detrimental effects. A good indication of excessive harmonics at the capacitor bank is an increase in the number of spurious fuse operations and eventual failures of capacitor units. When fuses blow in a capacitor bank, the parallel resonant frequency will shift. The system will therefore detune itself, shifting the parallel resonant point to a higher frequency, perhaps resulting in a stable operating condition. Problems could reoccur when the blown fuses are replaced, thereby retuning the system to the original parallel resonant frequency which caused the initial fuse blowing [4]. A resonance scan of an arc furnace primary bus with a power factor correction capacitor bank connected is shown in Fig. 5. The system has a sharp parallel resonant peak at the 5th harmonic which will produce approximately 360 volts of 5th harmonic voltage per amp of 5th harmonic current injected into the system. Since the 5th harmonic current resulting from the operation of the arc furnace is significant, this resonant peak could result in the amplification of the voltage at the capacitor bank. The resulting overvoltages may lead to possible capacitor failures and/or fuse operations. Arrester operations, or failures are also possible. IV. HARMONIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS Field measurements were performed at the main switchgear feeder circuit breaker locations on the 13.8-kV system, the rolling mill, and the scrap-metal furnaces. Existing current and voltage transformers were used as signal sources at all measurement points. An adequate measurement is normally

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6 Pulse Drive Rollin

Phose C

800 0
600 0
400 0 200 0

Current%:;!form

6 Pulse Drive Rolling Milt Phose C - H a r m o n i c Current SDectrum

E"
Q

10

00 0.0
-200.0 0 -400 0 -400.0
-600 0

8 -800

0
50 5.0

0
10.0 10 0 Time (mSec)

.
15 0 15.0

0
20.0

~
Harmonic

0 0 0.0

Fig. 6. Typical 6 pulse drive current waveform.

Fig. 7. Harmonic spectrum of typical 6 pulse drive current waveform.

6 Pulse Rollin Mill Phase C - Voytoge Waveform

accomplished in several days on-site. In addition to harmonic data, power flow and power factor data were also captured to aid in analyzing the system behavior. A. The 13.8-kV Power System

20.0
15.0 10.0
5.0

The voltage THD measured on the 13.8-kV system was in the range of 1.51-8.17% and the current THD's measured on the two main 13.8-kV feeders were in the range of 3.45-9.86%. The lower voltage and current THD's were measured during the times of lighter loading on the 13.8-kV system. The following total power flows into the main 13.8-kV bus were measured at the typical heavy loading periods MWmeasured = 23.3 MW MVXmeasured = 19.9 MVX
MVAmeasured = 30.6 MVA PFmeasured = 0.76 lagging.

0.0 -5.0
-10.0

-15.0

-20.0 0.0

5.0

10.0
Time (mSec)

15.0

20.0

Fig. 8. Typical 6 pulse drive voltage waveform

6.0

The largest harmonic producing load on the 13.8-kV system was the plant's mill stand motor drives. These drives, connected through stepdown transformers, are 6 pulse units which generate predominantly 5th harmonic current when operating. The rolling mill was made up of two sections with the section being served by supply circuit no. 1 containing most of the 6 pulse drives. Measurements made on the two sections showed that the current THD ranged from 27.28-34.16% on the side with the majority of the 6 pulse drives and from 3.69-7.76% on the other. Typical current and voltage waveforms, along with the harmonic spectrums, from the rolling mill's 6 pulse drives are shown in Figs. 6-9.

7.0

6.0 5.0
4.0

3.0
2.0
1 .o

0.0

Fig. 9. Harmonic spectrum of typical 6 pulse drive voltage waveform.

B. The 34.5-kV Power System

The voltage THD measured on the 34.5-kV system was normally in the range of 0.53-6.30%. Although, sporadic THD values as high as 19.18% were recorded during times of very erratic furnace arcing conditions. The current THD's recorded on the two main 34.5-kV feeders were in the range of 3.14-16.08%. The higher current THD's were recorded during the time when both scrap-metal furnaces were in operation. The scrap-metal furnaces are a low power factor load, typically operating in the range of 0.65-0.85 lagging. Although, with the two existing 34.5-kV power factor correctionharmonic filter banks operating, the overall 34.5-kV system power factor was in the range of 0.90 lagging to 0.90 leading. The most predominant harmonics in the 34.5-kV system were the 2nd and 3rd produced by the arcing in the scrap metal furnaces and also by the furnace transformer energizations. Figs. 10 and 11 show a typical energization current waveform and harmonic spectrum from the data recorded at the North Star Steel plant.

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Arc F u r n o c e T r o n s f o r m e r E n e r g i z a t i o n Phose C - Current Waveform

0.0

5.0

10.0
Time ( m S e c )

15.0

20.0

Fig. 10. Typical energization current waveform

Arc F u r n a c e T r o n s f o r m e r Ener i z o t i o n Phose C - H o r m o n i c Current s p e c t r u m

Harmonic Number
Fig. 12. Parallel resonance due to 12.7 Mvar power factor correction capacitor bank and source impedance.

O 0 THD

11

13

15

Hormonic

Fig. 11. Harmonic spectrum of typical energization current waveform.

V. POWERFACTOR CORRECTION Engineering analysis performed during the study determined that to correct the overall plant power factor to a value above 0.90 lagging, reactive compensation needed to be added to the main 13.8-kV bus. This action would increase the 13.8-kV bus power factor from an average value of 0.76 lagging to a value of approximately 0.95 lagging. The analysis also indicated that the existing 34.5-kV system power factor correctionharmonic filter banks would be able to provide adequate compensation for the additional reactive load of the new ladle furnace. The field measurements indicated that the 13.8-kV system load was approximately 23.3 MW with a 0.76 lagging power factor. The uncorrected reactive load was therefore 19.9 Mvar. In order to improve the 13.8 kV system power factor to 0.955 lagging the reactive load would have to be reduced to 7.2 Mvar. Therefore a capacitor bank addition of 12.7 Mvar (19.9 - 7.2) was determined to be necessary to provide the required reactive compensation. VI. HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND FILTERDESIGN The harmonic analysis and filter design study for North Star Steel was completed using a harmonic analysis program. The program was able to perform a steady state analysis on a linearized model of the system at each frequency for

which a harmonic source was present. The SCAN and HARMONIC modes of the program were used to analyze North Star Steels power system. The SCAN mode was used to inject 1.0 A at discrete frequencies into the system at the location of the harmonic currents produced by the rolling mill. Plotting the bus voltage at each frequency produces a frequency scan of the system which will show any system resonance. The HARMONIC mode then uses the harmonic model of each source to calculate the harmonic voltages and currents throughout the entire system. The power factor correction capacitors were connected to the system in the harmonic simulations in order to check for system resonances. Also, the utility impedances were varied to simulate changes to the short circuit impedance or the short circuit MVA. Any other components, such as capacitors on the utility power system can also be modeled to check for potential system resonant conditions [5]. A scan of the 13.8-kV power system with the 12.7 Mvar of reactive compensation added to the main 13.8-kV bus was performed and the results are shown in Fig. 12. The scan shows that a parallel resonant peak occurs close to the 4.7th harmonic. This could be a problem since a small change in the system impedance could shift the peak onto the 5th harmonic, which is one of the predominant harmonics in this system, causing harmonic voltage amplification. To determine the effect that the 12.7-Mvar capacitor bank would have on the 13.8-kV system a harmonic analysis was performed. The parallel resonant peak caused the calculated voltage THD to more than triple compared to the measured values and the current THD to reach values as high as 62%. The unwanted harmonic currents can be prevented from flowing back through the power system by diverting them through a low impedance shunt path (a series resonance). The

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which is below the recommended IEEE limit of 5%. The maximum current THD was 3.83%, well below the measured values obtained during the harmonic field measurements. Capacitors that are used with reactors as part of a filter will experience a steady state voltage above the nominal line-toneutral voltage. The amount of this voltage rise is a function of the harmonic number at which the filter is tuned. Equation (5) defines the percent rise in the steady state voltage for a capacitor bank used in a filter bank configuration

v.

rise -

h2 . 100.

h2

Fig. 13. Scan of 13.8-kV system with filter bank installed.

harmonic at which filter is tuned. h This voltage increase due to the reactors is only a 60-Hz phenomena and an additional voltage will be imposed on the capacitors due to the harmonics on the system. To account for this extra duty an additional 15-20% increase in capacitor line-to-neutral voltage rating is also recommended. When a capacitor bank is applied at a voltage level other than its nameplate rating, it will supply a different amount of Mvar than its nameplate states. Equation (6) gives the effective amount of Mvar supplied by the capacitor bank at an applied voltage different than the unit voltage rating

most practical and least expensive solution is to use a harmonic filter. The shunt path or harmonic filter is an effective way of minimizing voltage distortion caused by arc furnace or rolling mill operations. On occasion existing capacitor banks can be converted to harmonic filters by adding series reactors to detune harmful resonant conditions in the system [ l]. Care should be exercised by the engineer to be sure that adequate capacitor voltage capability exists. The parallel resonant peak close to the 5th harmonic verifies the need for a filter tuned to suppress the 5th harmonic. To allow for tolerances in the filter components and to reduce the filter duty the 4.7th harmonic was chosen for the filter tuned frequency. The correct size of an in-line reactor needed to convert the 12.7 Mvar capacitor bank into a 4.7th harmonic filter can be calculated using (3) and (4)
Tr

When a capacitor bank is applied as a harmonic filter the change of voltage on the capacitor bank as well as the addition of the reactors changes the effective Mvar output of the capacitor bank. To compute the actual Mvar output delivered by the harmonic filter bank equation (7) can be used (7) 3-phase Mvar output of filter: applied system voltage; capacitive reactance of filter; XL inductive reactance of filter. Using 7.967 kvL-N as the nominal system voltage and adding to it a 25% increase for extra duty results in a required voltage rating of approximately 9.959 kVL-N. Selecting the next highest nominal capacitor unit rating results in a value of 9.960 kVL-N to be used in the capacitor bank design. Using (7) and working backward to determine the amount of Mvar at 9.960 kVL-N nameplate voltage which is needed to give 12.7 Mvar at 7.960 kVL-N nominal system voltage and rounding to a feasible size yields 18.9 Mvar (3-phase) at 17.250 kVL-L or 6.3 Mvar per phase at 9.960 kVL-N. Calculating a new reactor size yields an XL of 0.7128 R. The engineer must also verify that the capacitors in a harmonic filter experience voltages and currents within the following standard limits. an rms voltage less than 110% of rated capacitor nameplate; a peak voltage less than 120% of rated capacitor nameplate; an rms current less than 180% of rated capacitor nameplate; Mvarfilter kVL-L XC

(3)

xc = (kVL-L)/MVary-phase.

(4)

h tuned harmonic; XC capacitive reactance of filter; XL inductive reactance of filter; rated voltage of capacitor bank; kVL-L M ~ a r 3 - ~ h rated ~ ~ ~Mvar of capacitor bank. Calculating an X c of 14.995 R for a 12.7-Mvar capacitor bank applied at 13.8 kV results in a required X L of 0.679 Cl for a 4.7th harmonic filter. A scan of the 13.8-kV power system with the filter bank added to the main 13.8-kV bus was performed and the results are shown in Fig. 13. The harmonic analysis after installing the in-line reactors, to make the capacitor bank a 4.7th harmonic filter, showed an overall decrease in voltage and current THD from the values obtained during the harmonic field measurements. For the cases analyzed the maximum voltage THD was 2.63%

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 32, NO. 3, MAYIJUNE 1996

a reactive power output limited to 135% of rated capacitor nameplate. From the harmonic analysis the highest values of V,,,, Vpeak, and I,,,, across and through the filter bank capacitors on the 13.8-kV system were all below the ratings shown above.
VII. CONCLUSION A properly designed electrical supply system is necessary for the reliable and efficient operation of steel manufacturing facilities. Applying capacitors in a harmonic environment can be accomplished with thorough analysis prior to installation. Field measurements are quite useful in the analysis, providing input data and information to validate system models. Harmonic analysis can provide filter parameters that avoid problems and yet allow all the benefits of a capacitor bank alone. The results are reduced THD on the system, higher bus voltage, improved plant power factor, and the elimination of power factor penalties. Although the elimination of the utility penalties can sometimes pay for the studies and the harmonic filter in a very short time, the real payoffs appear in the form of improvements in plant productivity [4]. It should also be noted that harmonic analysis and filter design may involve short circuit and/or power flow studies as preliminary work. For example, if a filter design is contemplated, a power factor and power flow analysis may have to be performed before the capacitor bank Mvar requirements can be established. The design of the filter bank may result in an iterative process to optimize the capacitor bank size and filter the unwanted harmonics. The project engineer must investigate and assess the parameters of the system to determine the correct approach to the filter design problem. An unbalanced detection scheme is also recommended for the removal of a capacitor bank from the system in the event of one or more fuse operations or failed capacitor units. This prevents damaging overvoltages from being impressed upon the remaining capacitor units in the group where the outage occurred. If the capacitor bank is part of filter system, the outage of capacitor units could detune the filter and cause harmonic amplification [6]. Engineering expertise and the proper analytical tools are required to establish successful filter specifications. In many situations consultation with capacitor manufactures who routinely package filters is a useful step for the design engineer. Nonlinear loads are a way of life in a modem industrial facilities and harmonic suppression filters are successfully operating in many of these such facilities.
REFERENCES
[ I ] S. R. Mendis and D. A. Gonzalez, Harmonic and transient overvoltages analyzes in arc furnace power systems, in ZEEE/ZAS/Zndustrial & Commercial Power Systems Tech. Con$, Detroit, MI, May 1990. [2] Systems Engineering, Harmonic and capacitors in the power system, Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI, Bulletin 85022, 1985.

Systems Engineering, Electric power systems harmonics design guide, Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI, Bulletin 8701 1, 1990. C. Gilker, S. R. Mendis, and M. T. Bishop, Harmonic measurements and analyzes to specify filters in steel manufacturing facilities, in Assoc. Iron and Steel Engineers Annu. Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, Sept. 1991. D. A. Gonzalez and J. C. McCall, Design of filters to reduce harmonic distortion in industrial power systems, in IEEE/Znd. Applicat. Soc. Annu. Con$, Toronto, CN, Oct. 1985. S. R. Mendis, C. Gilker, and C. Casarez, Power factor and harmonic analysis of a modem glass fiber manufacturing plant, in IEEE/Znd. Applicat. Soc. Annu. Con$, Seattle, WA, Oct. 1990. Systems Engineering, The V-HARM harmonic analysis program, Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI, Bulletin 85034, 1991. Systems Engineering, The V-MONITOR harmonic monitoring system, Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI, Bulletin 89018, 1990.

Douglas Andrews (S69-M94) received the E.E. degree from Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX. He pursued additional graduate studies in digital system design, industrial power system engineering, and power capacitor design and application. He works in the engineering department of North Star Steel Texas, Beaumont, TX, where he has worked in the area of plant maintenance and provides engineering support service in maintenance and production for the LRFND system. His work experience began with aircraft telemetry, autopilot RPV systems, seismic systems, and automatic test systems. He also served as Project Engineer on the Neural-IAF Fumace Control and Electromagnetic Stimng

Martin T. Bishop (S79-M79-SM92) received B.S.E.P.E. and M.S.E.P.E. degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy. NY. He is supervisor of industrial studies in the Systems Engineering Group of Cooper Power Systems, located in Franksville, WI, and is responsible for engineering studies related to industrial power systems, harmonic and transient measurements, application of the V-PROD protective device coordination program, and systems engineering issues related to oroducts manufactured bv Coooer Power Systems. He is also an instructor in the Cooper Power Systems Overcurrent Protection, Distribution Analysis, and Transformer Application Workshops. Mr. Bishop is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Pennsylvania.
I 1

John F. Witte (S84-M91) received B.S.E.E. and

M.S.E.E. degrees from the University of MissouriRolla. He is a Senior Power Systems Engineer in the Systems Engineering Group of Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI. He is involved in the analytical studies of industrial power systems which include on-site harmonic and transient field measurements, harmonic analysis, and power factor correction. He is also involved in the application of Cooper products and is proficient in the use of the POWER VERDICTTM Series software. He is an instructor for the Overcurrent Protection workshop offered by Cooper Power Systems and has authored numerous technical papers and articles related to power system analysis. Mr. Witte is a member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and is also involved in the activities of the IEEE Industry Applications Society.