TITLE : Tensile tests

OBJECTIVE : Test the tensile of materials.From this experiment we will know the
strain and the stress of material towards the force.

INTRODUCTION:

Strain is defined as against the outer force which is elongate at a solid surface. It’s belong
as a part of stress which force,F was pulled at both end of the solid. Strain also is an
ability of material to stop the outer force which acted on it, so their shape and size were
never change. Therefore, the materials with a high strain are not easier to crooked or
limber.
This experiments were done on a specimen which have a uniform cross-sectional cutting
in a testing machine (Universal Testing Machine).

The load and elongation value obtained can be assume as :

a. Engineering stress;
σ = F/Ao (kN/mm2)

b. Strain;
ε = L1 – L0
L0
 c. Yield strain;
σy = Yield load (kN/mm2)
Initial cross-sectional area

d. Ultimate stress;

σm = Maximum load (kN/mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

e. Percentage elongation;

= L1 – L0 x 100%
L0

f. Percentage reduction in area

= A0 - A1 x 100%
A0

Where;
F = Force, N
A0 = Initial cross-sectional area, (mm2)
A1 = Final cross-sectional area, (mm2)
L0 = Initial gauge length, (mm)
L1 = Final gauge lenght, (mm)

Yield load and maximum load can be obtain from the curve of load elongation which
was produced from the experiments.

i. Mild steel load

Fy = Yield load, N Fm
Fm = Maximum load, N Fp
Fp = Breaking load, N Fy

displacement
 ii. For alluminium or materials which not have a yield load, it would be found by
“offset strain 0.2% technique” and know as pruff stress.

load

Fm
Fp

SPECIMEN:
1) Mild steel
2) Aluminum alloy
3) PE (Polyethelene)
4) ASB (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

APPARATUS:
Universal Testing Machine

Universal Testing Machine

Load

Extensometer

Specimen

Go to down
The specimen shape used:

A0 d

L0

A1
L1

PROCEDURE:
1) Center line and gauge length for all the specimens were obtained.
2) Specimens were set in testing machine and the load were pulled up little by little
until it’s broken. The load and elongation value were recorded.
3) Center line and gauge length at the broken specimen were measured.
4) The broken way for the specimens were observed.

RESULT:
1) Mild steel
L0 = 50 mm
Overall length = 204 mm

Readings Initial diameter Final diameter Length

(D0),mm (D1),mm (L1),mm
1 9.80 6.50 71.70
2 9.90 6.40 68.00
3 9.90 6.50 73.70
Average 9.87 6.50 71.00

A0 = Л(D/2)² A1 = Л(D/2)²
= Л(9.87/2)² = Л(6.50/2)²
= 76.51 mm² = 33.18 mm²

Engineering stress;

σ = F/Ao (kN/mm2) = 29520/76.51

= 385.83 N/mm²

Strain;

ε = L1 – L0 = 71.0 – 50.0 = 0.42 mm

L0 50.0

Yield stress;

σy = Yield load (kN/ mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

= 30255 = 395.44 N/mm²

Л(9.87/2)²

Ultimate stress;

σm = Maximum load (kN/mm2)

 Initial cross-sectional area

= 41020 = 536.14 N/mm²

Л(9.87/2)²

Percentage elongation;

= L1 – L0 x 100% = 71 – 50 x 100%
L0 50
= 42 %

Percentage reduction in area

= A0 - A1 x 100% = Л(9.87/2)² - Л(6.50/2)²

A0 Л(9.87/2)²

= 56.63 %

Mild steel :

LOAD (kN) DISPLACEMENT(mm) STRESS (kN/mm²) STRAIN

0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00
16.0 2.5 209.15 0.05
31.0 5.0 405.23 0.10
31.5 7.5 411.76 0.15
32.0 10.0 405.23 0.20
33.0 12.5 431.37 0.25
34.5 15.0 450.98 0.30
36.0 17.5 470.59 0.35
37.0 20.0 483.66 0.40
38.0 22.5 496.73 0.45
39.0 25.0 509.80 0.50
39.5 27.5 516.34 0.55
40.0 30.0 522.88 0.60
40.5 32.5 529.41 0.65
40.5 35.0 529.41 0.70
41.0 37.5 535.95 0.75
41.0 40.0 535.95 0.80
 Graph stress versus strain

600

stress (kN/mm2)
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
strain

2) Aluminium
L0 = 50 mm

Readings Initial diameter Final diameter Length

(D0),mm (D1),mm (L1),mm
1 9.70 6.80 61.10
2 9.80 6.80 61.50
3 9.80 6.80 61.10
Average 9.77 6.80 61.23

A0 = Л(D/2)² A1 = Л(D/2)²
= Л(9.77/2)² = Л(6.80/2)²
= 74.97 mm² = 36.32 mm²

Engineering stress;

σ = F/Ao (kN/mm2) = 16030 / Л(9.77/2)²

= 213.82 N/mm²

Strain;

ε = L1 – L0 = 61.2 – 50.0 = 0.224 mm

L0 50.0
Yield stress;

σy = Yield load (N/mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

= 18094 = 241.35 N/mm²

Л(9.77/2)²

Ultimate stress;

σm = Maximum load (kN/mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

= 21580 = 287.85 N/mm²

Л(9.77/2)²

Percentage elongation;

= L1 – L0 x 100%
L0
= 61.23 – 50.00 x 100% = 22.4%
50.00

Percentage reduction in area

= A0 - A1 x 100% = Л(9.77/2)² - Л(6.80/2)² x 100 %

A0 Л(9.77/2)²

= 51.55 %
Aluminium :

STRESS (kN/mm²) STRAIN

0.00 0.00
146.67 0.05
240.00 0.10
246.67 0.15
253.33 0.20
266.67 0.25
273.33 0.30
280.00 0.35
286.67 0.40
286.67 0.45
286.67 0.50
293.33 0.55
293.33 0.60
293.33 0.65
266.67 0.70
220.00 0.75
220.00 0.80

Graph stress versus strain

350
300
stress (kN/mm2)

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
strain
 3) PE (Polyethelene)
L0 = 50 mm

Readings (mm) Width Width Thicky Thicky Length

W0 (mm) W1 (mm) t0 (mm) t1 (mm) L1(mm)
1 12.85 5.25 3.30 1.10 211.0
2 12.85 6.40 3.30 1.10 210.0
3 12.85 5.25 3.30 1.10 210.0
AVERAGE 12.85 5.63 3.30 1.10 210.3

A0 = W0 x t0 A1 = W1 x t1
= 12.85 x 3.30 = 5.63 x 1.10
= 42.41 mm² = 6.19 mm²

Yield stress;

σy = Yield load (kN/mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

= 51 / 42.41 mm²
= 1.20 N/mm²

Ultimate stress;

σm = Maximum load (kN/mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

= 807 / 42.41 mm²

= 19.03 N/mm²

Percentage elongation;

= L1 – L0 x 100% = [(210.3 – 50.0) / 50.0] x 100 %

L0
= 320.6 %
 Percentage reduction in area

= A0 - A1 x 100% = 42.41 mm² - 6.19 mm² x 100 %

A0 42.41 mm²

= 85.4 %

4) ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

L0 = 50 mm

Readings (mm) Width Width Thicky Thicky Length

W0 (mm) W1 (mm) t0 (mm) t1 (mm) L1(mm)
1 13.15 13.15 3.30 3.30 50.0
2 13.10 13.10 3.25 3.25 50.0
3 13.15 13.15 3.25 3.25 50.0
AVERAGE 13.13 13.13 3.27 3.27 50.0

A0 = W0 x t0 A1 = W1 x t1
= 13.13 x 3.27 = 13.13 x 3.27
= 42.94 mm² = 42.94 mm²

Yield strain;

σy = Yield load (kN/mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

= 1630 / 42.94
= 37.96 N/mm²

Ultimate stress;

σm = Maximum load (kN/mm2)

Initial cross-sectional area

= 1689 / 42.94
= 39.33 N/mm²
 Percentage elongation;

= L1 – L0 x 100% = [(50.0 – 50.0)/50.0] x 100%

L0
= 0.00 %

Percentage reduction in area

= A0 - A1 x 100% = 42.94 mm² - 42.94 mm² x 100%

A0 42.94 mm²
= 0.00 %

DISCUSSION:
1) This experiments are to obtain the characteristics of materials.
2) Wild steel have a high stress compare to the aluminium. It’s because wild steel
take more time to change their shape become plastic material than aluminium.
This condition were explained through the micro structure of the wild steel.
3) Chink atoms of carbon in steel acted as blocking to the breaking, then reduced the
derail on the atom plane. This was increased the hardness of material.
4) Area of the graph is a sum of energy absorb by material when elongated. From the
observation area of the graph for aluminium less than mild steel.
5) Mild steel can absorb more energy than aluminium. Therefore mild steel are
brittle than aluminium.
6) Errors in these experiments were shown by the different stress value for the
materials.
CONCLUSION:
From the experiments we know the mechenics properties for the materials such as
mild steel, aluminium, polyethelene PE and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ABS. This
properties were show clearly in the result, calculation and discussion.

REFERENCES:
 B.S. 18: Part 2: 1971

 Rollason: Metallurgy for Engineers, (m.s. 5-10)