CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Analysis Human beings always use language to make an interaction among them. Robert (1958:18) cites Language means the system of speech by which human being communicate with one another. In establishing a social interaction they might choose one of the language forms to use such as spoken or written forms, gestures, and other signs. Language can also be said as a tool of communication. Language plays an important role in the process of speaking and communicating. A good communication between someone to the others can be achieved if they are able to use the language perfectly. It means that what the speaker wants to convey is understood by the listener. If the language they are applying is not understood by the listeners and the speakers, of course, the communication cannot reach the goal. Linguistics takes into account some components of language that are linked into each other. The components include sounds, the arrangements of words, and meanings. Discourse analysis is also one branches of linguistics. It is one of the new fields in linguistic study. It deals with the various devices used by speakers and writes when they knit single sentence together into a coherence and cohesive whole. Discourse analysis is widely recognized as one of the most vast, but it is also one of the least defined areas in linguistics.

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Micheal Stubbs (1983:1) notes Discourse analysis is a study of the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written text. We can see from the definition that there is another unit of language which is more complete and larger than sentence. They admit it as the high level of the language unit. It can stand for the most complex idea of speakers or writers that a sentence has failed to do. Thats why the discourse can also be described as one of the most complete highest or largest linguistic unit as the above sentences and clauses which contains a high coherent and cohesive continuously. The beginning and the ending are clearly stated orally or textually. Halliday and Hasan (1976: 27) say Cohesion is closely related to information structure. Information structure is a form of structure, in which the entire text is blocked out into elements having one or another function in the total configuration everything in the text has some status in the given-new framework. Cohesion, on the other hand, is a potential for relating one element in the text to another, wherever they are and without any implication that everything in the text has some part in it. The information unit is a structural unit, although it cuts across the hierarchy of structural units or constituents in the grammar. But there are no structural unit defined by cohesive relation. From the quotation above we can see that the cohesive relation is not a structural relation. It is the means whereby elements that are structurally, unrelated to one another are linked together, through the dependence of one to another for its interpretation.

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Cohesion refers to the relation of meaning that exist within the text. The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whenever length that does from a unified whole. A text may be spoken or written, verse or prose, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee. Text can be divided into written text or spoken text. Both have similarities and differences. Spoken text is used for the establishment and maintenance of human relationship and is also used for the detailed transmission of factual information. In analyzing the discourse, we study how the language users understand the text books, and know what the speaker want to convey orally in the conversation, or know which sentences are coherent or incoherent, and successfully act in the complicated activity called conversation. We can find written text in conversation. Conversation is basic: the commonest use of language, a pervasive phenomenon of everyday life which deserves systematic study on those ground alone. If only because of its massive occurrence, spontaneous unrehearsed conversation must provide some kinds of baselines or norms for the description of language in general. There are so many conversations that we can find in everyday life. But we will discuss the conversation that is used in traditional ceremony, in this case wedding ceremony. In Indonesia, there are many customs of wedding ceremony as Indonesia has so many ethnics and tribes. One of them is Karonese.

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Karo customs can be divided in many occasions such as marriage, funeral, birth, etc. Nganting Manuk is one of the phases in marriage occasion. It is held at night by the wedding day. At that time the relatives of the bride and the groom discus the preparation wedding for the wedding day. The formal dialogue between the leader from the bride side to the leader of the groom side will be analysed based on its textual cohesive. The writer feels that it is important to be analysed to show that the theory of cohesive can be analysed in many aspects such as a traditional custom of wedding ceremony in Indonesia.

1.2 Scope of the Analysis

Karonese is one ethnic group that has various cultures in their society life. Such as in death ceremony, wedding ceremony, entered new house ceremony etc. in this study the writer just analyze the language in the scope of grammatical cohesion in Nganting Manuk in wedding ceremony in Karonese culture. Halliday and Hasan in their book Cohesion in English outline various kinds of cohesion, that is: Grammatical cohesion includes: reference, substitution, en ellipsis. But in this study the writer has limited the scope of the analysis into grammatical cohesion only in the reference type. The text of Nganting Manuk is the text found in the conversation between the relatives (In Karonese it is called Anak Beru) of the groom and the relatives of the bride. This phase is very important before wedding ceremony begins. Because in this phase the relatives of groom and bride make a deal or agreement with what must be done in wedding ceremony. The conversation occurring in this phase is a formal one, where it has rules to obey.

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1.3. Problem of the Analysis

The problems of the study that have relation with the topic, are: 1. What kind of cohesion that is used in the discourse Nganting Manuk wedding ceremony? 2. What is the most dominant cohesions that are used in the discourse Nganting Manuk wedding ceremony?

1.4. Objectives of the Analysis

In relations of the problems, the objectives of this analysis are: 1. To find out the kinds of cohesion that are used in the discourse Nganting Manuk wedding ceremony 2. To find out the most dominant cohesion that is used in the discourse Nganting Manuk

1.5. Significance of the Analysis

This thesis is expected to expand the knowledge of the readers about grammatical cohesion, especially and for those who are interested in this subject generally. They also can use this thesis as references for providing underlying information for further research about grammatical cohesion in wedding ceremony.

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