PERSONALITY: An individuals unique patterns of enduring thoughts, feelings, behaviors and actions that persists over time and

across situations and that characterize a person What is Personality? The inner psychological characteristics that determine and reflect how a person responds to his or her environment. The Big Five Personality Dimensions/Traits

Core Traits/Dimensions Conscientiousness Emotional Stability Agreeableness Extraversion Openness to Experience

Descriptive Characteristics Efficient, Organized, Hardworking, Reliable, Self-disciplined, Thorough, Dependable, Ethical, Productive, Persistent, Responsible Calm, Secure, Happy, Unworried Co-operative, Appreciative, Generous, Trusting, Compassionate Active, Assertive, Energetic, Talkative, Expressive, Gregarious Curious, Imaginative, Insightful, Intellectual, Cultured, Artistically, Sensitive, Flexible

Source:- Organizational Behaviour An Evidence-Based Approach Br Mr. Fred Luthans and "An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its Applications" by Mr. Robert R. McCrae and Mr. Oliver P. John. From Journal of Personality, 60:2, pp. 175-216.

PERSONALITY INCLUDES EXTERNAL APPEARANCES AND BEHAVIOUR

INNER AWARENESS OF SELF AS A PERMANENT ORGANISING FORCE THE PARTICULAR ORGANISATION OF MEASURABLE TRAITS, BOTH INNER AND OUTER

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY BIOLOGICAL (HEREDITY, BRAIN, PHYSICAL FEATURES) CULTURAL FAMILY (SOCIALISATION, IDENTIFICATION) SITUATIONAL

CLASSES OF PERSONALITY THEORIES Psychodynamic theories Humanistic theories Trait theories Cognitive-social learning theories

Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Freuds term for his theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders Freud believed that there are three levels of awareness in consciousness: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious Freud focused on the unconscious drives, desires, needs, and conflicts which we are unaware of guide behavior Freuds view of humanity is deterministic (little free will) and pessimistic

The conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious Conscious

The thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment Preconscious

The thoughts, feelings, and memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment but that may be brought to consciousness

Unconscious

For Freud, the primary motivating force of behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts and wishes that have never been conscious

THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Freuds Personality Structure of the Mind Conscious: Mental events we are aware of. Top 1/3 of the iceberg! Unconscious: Thoughts, feelings, and memories hidden from view. Bottom 2/3 of the iceberg!

The Unconscious Deep dark sea of secret urges, wishes, and drives. Motivated by two instincts: 1. Life Instincts: Food, water, sex. 2. Death Instinct: Self-destructive impulses. Return to a calmer state. Directed aggression toward others. Freud proposed three systems of personality Id : The unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle Ego: The rational, largely conscious system of personality, which operates according to the reality principle Superego: The moral system of the personality, which consists of the conscience and the ego ideal --Kassin

The Id It is the most primitive part of personality. Unconscious reservoir of instincts, and libido (instinctual force/unresponsive to demands of reality) Operates on the pleasure principle! Like an infant --- immediate gratification! Contains primitive drives or instincts including life instincts eros and death instincts thanatos

 libido: energy generated by pleasure principle: the id

the

sexual drive, a life

instinct and minimize pain primitive type of

seeks to maximize pleasure

primary process thought: id operates on a very basic thought. The id is mostly unconscious

The Ego Conscious perceptions, thoughts, memories. The gatekeeper of personality. Makes decisions about the pleasures pursued by the id and the moral dictates of the superego. Operates on the reality principle! Develops during childhood experiences with social surroundings/responsibilities. Operates at all 3 levels of consciousness Reality principle: ego strives to satisfy id needs within the constraints of the real world and the superego Secondary process thought: ego uses a more sophisticated, realistic way of thinking and solving problems

The Superego Our conscience, moral values. The internalization of societal rules, regulations. What we would like to be - goals and ambitions. Superego forces the ego to consider ideal It judges our actions, gives us guilt or pride. behaviors (how we ought to behave).

Operates at all 3 levels of consciousness Contains the internalized values of family and society It is highly moralistic, like a strict parent GUILT originates in the superego EGO IDEAL - part of the superego, an idealized image of what we think we should be

FREUDS STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

Carl Jungs Analytic Psychology Argued that people are born with a general life force for: Growth-oriented resolutions of conflicts The productive blending of basic impulses with real-world demands

People develop, over time, differing degrees of introversion or extraversion Also differing tendencies to rely on specific psychological functions such as thinking versus feeling

Personality consists of three parts Ego

the rational, largely conscious system of personality, which operates according to the reality principle Personal unconscious

all of the thoughts and experiences that are accessible to the conscious, as well as repressed memories and impulses

Collective unconscious

Contains images and ideas (archetypes) that are common to all humans. These have developed over our evolutionary history and are present at birth Archetype, an inherited tendency to perceive and respond in particular ways to universal human situations (Joseph Campbell)

Jungs 2 Divisions of the Unconscious Personal unconscious Contains each individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas Collective unconscious Contains images and ideas (archetypes) that are common to all humans. These have developed over our evolutionary history and are present at birth

Jungs Personality (Psychological) Types Functions are fundamental cognitive processes Four function are identified Sensing - tells us something exist Thinking - tells us what something is Feeling - tells of if it is agreeable or not Intuiting - provides hunched when facts are absent Thinking and feeling use judgment are are Rational Functions Sensing and intuiting use perception are are Irrational Functions

Personality functions Temperaments SP (sanguine, artist) Extroversion vs Introversion (orientation) Sensing vs Intuition (data collection) Thinking vs Feeling (making judgments) Judging vs Perceiving (preferred function)

SJ (melancholy, guardian) NT (choleric, rational) NF (phlegmatic, idealistic)

EXTROVERT VS. INTROVERTS EXTROVERT LIKES VARIETY OF ACTION TEND TO WORK FASTER. DISLIKES COMPLICATED PROCEDURE. GOOD AT GREETING PEOPLE IMPATIENT WITH SLOW JOBS INTERESTED IN RESULTS DONOT MIND INTERRUPTION OF ANSWERING THE TELEPHONE ACT QUICKLY AND EVEN SOMETIMES WITHOUT THINKING LIKE TO HAVE PEOPLE AROUND COMMUNICATE FREELY INTROVERT LIKES QUIET/CONCENTRATION METICULOUS. DISLIKES SWEEPING STATEMENTS. HAVE TROUBLE IN REMEMBERING NAMES AND FACES DONOT MIND WORKING ON SINGLE PROJECT FOR LONGER TIME INTERESTED IN IDEAS DISLIKES TELEPHONE INTRUISION AND INTERRUPTIONS THINK A LOT BEFORE THEY ACT, SOMETIMES WITHOUT ACTING WORK CONTENDTEDLY A LONE PROBLEMS IN COMMUNICATING

SENSING TYPES VS.INTUITIVE TYPES SENSING DISLIKES NEW PROBLEMS UNLESS THERE ARE WAYS TO SOLVE THEM LIKES ESTABLISHED WAY OF DOING THINGS ENJOYS USING LEARNED SKILLS STEADY AND REALISTIC AT WORK REACH CONCLUSION STEP BY STEP PATIENT WITH ROUTINE DETAILS IMPATIENT WITH COMPLICATED DETAILS GENERALLY NOT INSPIRED SELDOM MAKES ERROR OF FACTS INTUITIVE LIKES SOLVING NEW PROBLEMS DISLIKES DOING THINGS REPEATEDLY ENJOYS LEARNING NEW SKILLS VIGOROUS AT WORK WITH BREAKS REACH CONCLUSION QUICKLY IMPATIENT WITH ROUTINE DETAILS ARE PATIENT WITH COMPLICATED SITUATIONS FOLOW INSPIRATIONS GOOD OR BAD FREQUENTLY MAKES ERROR OF FACTS

TEND TO BE GOOD AT PRECISE WORK

DISLIKE TAKING TIME FOR WORK

THINKING TYPES VS. FEELING TYPES THINKING TYPE DONOT SHOW EMOTION READILY AND ARE OFTEN UNCOMFORTABLE DEALING WITH PEOPLES FEELING MAY HURT PEOLES FEELINGS WITHOUT KNOWING IT LIKES ANALYSIS AND PUTTING THINGS INTO LOGICAL ORDER. CAN GET ALONG WITHOUT HARMONY TEND TO DECIDE IMPERSONALLY, SOMETIMES PAYING INSUFFICIENT ATTENTION TO PEOPLES WISHED NEED TO BE TREATED FAIRLY ABLE TO REPRIMAND PEOPLE ANALYTICAL. RESPOND EASILY TO PEOPLES THOUGHTS TEND TO BE FIRM MINDED FEELING TYPE TEND TO BE VERY AWRE OF OTHER PEOPLE AND THEIR FEELING ENJOY PLEASING PEOPLE EVEN IN UNIMPORTANT THINGS LIKE HARMONY. EFFICIENTLY DISTRIBUTED BY OFFICE FEUDS MAY BE BADLY

OFTEN LET DECISIONS BE INFLUENCED BY THEIR OWN OR OTHER PEOPLES PERSONAL LIKES AND WISHES NEED OCCASSIONAL PRAISE DONOT TELL UNPLEASANT THINGS MORE PEOPLE-ORIENTED, RESPOND EASILY TO PEOPLES VALUES TEND TO BE SYMPATHETIC

JUDGING TYPES VS PERCEPTIVE TYPES JUDGING TYPE WORK BEST WHEN CAN PLAN WORK AND FOLLOW THE PLAN LIKE TO GET THINGS SETTLED AND FINISHED MAY DECIDE THINGS TOO QUICKLY DISLIKE TO INTERRUPT THE PROJECT MAY NOT NOTICE NEW THINGS THAT NEED TO BE DONE WANT ONLY ESSENTIALS NEEDED TO BEGIN THEIR WORK TEND TO BE SATISFIED ONCE THEY REACH A JUGGMENT PERCEPTIVE TYPES ADAPT WELL TO CHANGE DONOT MIND LEAVING THINGS OPEN FOR ALTERATION MAY HAVE TROUBLE MAKING DECISIONS START TOO MANY PROJECTS AND HAVE DIFFICULTY TO FINISH THEM MAY POSTPONE UNPLEASANT THINGS WANT TO KNOW ALL ABOUT A NEW JOB TEND TO BE CURIOUS AND WELCOME NEW INFORMATION

Functions and Attitudes Interact to Form 8 Personality Types Extravert-Thinking Type Objective data used to order external world Abstract ideas accepted if transmitted from without Scientist, mathematicians, engineers

Extravert-Feeling Type Concerned with tradition, standards and values Focus on interpersonal relationships Responds emotionally to objective reality

Extravert-Sensing Type Interested in facts and concrete reality Oriented toward the here-and-now Pragmatic and hardheaded

Extravert-Intuiting Type Relies on intuition and hunched Little concern with the conventions and morality of others Can be imaginative and creative Gamblers, entrepreneurs, speculators

Introvert-Thinking Type Concerned with abstraction, theory and questions Relates to world in a highly subjective, creative way Inventors and philosophers

Introvert-Feeling Type Oriented towards subjective factors Difficulty conforming and accepting views of others Often viewed as egotistical and defensive

Introvert-Sensing Type

Highly subjective Thinking/feeling on a primitive level Difficulty adapting to settings that reinforce logic & reason Often artistic

Introvert-Intuiting Type Mystical, prophetic dreamers Valued and respected in primitive cultures May become withdrawn