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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

LABORATORY MODULE

ENT 162
Analog Electronics
Semester 2 (2012/2013)

EXPERIMENT 1 : Diode Characteristics and Rectifier Circuit

Name

:____________________________________________________

Matrix No.

:______________________

School Of Mechatronic Engineering


Universiti Malaysia Perlis
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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

EXPERIMENT 1
Diode Characteristics and Rectifier Circuit
Part A: Diode V-I Characteristics
1. OBJECTIVE:
1.1 To examine the voltage-current (V-I) characteristics of diode.
2. PARTS AND EQUIPMENT:
2.1

1 k resistor

- 1 Pc

2.2

1N4148 silicone diode

- 1 Pc

2.3

Multimeter

- 1 Pc

2.4

0 -15 VDC power supply

- 1 Pc

2.5

Breadboard and wire

3. INTRODUCTION:
A diode is said to be in forward bias when the diodes anode is at a higher potential than its
cathode. Current will flow through the diode from anode to cathode. A diode is a nonlinear
device in the sense that the current is not proportional to voltage difference across it. When
the diode is in forward bias condition, a small voltage drop called the barrier potential,
occurs across the diode. Typical value is approximately at 0.7 V for silicon and 0.3 V for
germanium (measured at room temperature). A symbol and pin configuration for diode is
shown below.

Diode forward resistance, Rf


The determination of RF, the diode forward resistance, is shown graphically in Figure 1.1.
Rf

Vd
I d

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Figure 1.1

Laboratory Module

Graphic determination of diode forward resistance.

4. PROCEDURE:
4.1

Using your DMM, select a low-resistance meter range. Then connect the positive lead
of the DMM to the diodes anode terminal while the negative lead is connected to the
diodes cathode terminal, as shown in Figure 1.2(A). The DMMs internal battery then
forward biases the diode. Note the resistance reading. Record your result in Table 1.1.
If a DMM with a diode check feature is used, the display usually indicated the voltage
drop across a good diode from diode to cathode when it is forward biased. When
reserve biased, the DMM generally indicates some form of out-of range condition,
such as blinking display or the letters OL. Record your results in Table 1.1

4.2 Now reverse the meters leads so that its positive terminal is connected to the cathode
terminal of the diode, which is now biased. Noted the reading. Record your result in
Table 1.1.
When measuring resistances, some DMMs have the polarity of their leads reversed
from the normal sense; that is, the positive lead is actually wired to the internal
batterys negative terminal. In this case, the forward and reverse resistance readings
will be the opposite of those indicated in these two steps.
4.3 Wire the circuit shown in Figure 1.2(B). Adjust the dc power supply to give the voltages
across the 1 k resistor shown in Table 1.2. For each voltage, use the multimeter to
measure and record the dc voltage drop (VD) across the diode. The diode current is
also the current flowing through the 1 k resistor. Determine the diode current by
using Ohms law in each case.

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

4.4 Plot the resulting static diode curve (diode current versus voltage) on the graph page in
this experiment. Graphically determine the diodes barrier potential (VB) and forward
resistance (RF), recording your results in Table 1.2.

Figure 1.2(A): Connection between diode and DMM

Figure 1.2(B): Experiment setup

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

Name

______________________________

Matrix No

______________________________

Date : ______________

5. RESULTS FOR EXPERIMENT 1(A):


Table 1.1:

Diode testing with multimeter

Meter Leads
Step

Anode

Cathode

Cathode

Anode

Table 1.2:

Voltage across
1 k Resistor
0.1 V
0.2 V
0.3 V
0.4 V
0.5 V
0.6 V
0.7 V
0.8 V
0.9 V
1.0 V
3.0 V
5.0V
7.0 V
9.0 V

Instructor Approval :

Result

Forward biased diode characteristic curve

Diode
Voltage

____________________

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Diode Forward
Current

Date :

_____________

ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

Name

______________________________

Matrix No

______________________________

Date : ______________

6. CALCULATION FOR DIODE FORWARD RESISTANCE:

Instructor Approval :

____________________

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Date :

_____________

ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

Part B: Diode Rectifier Circuit


1. OBJECTIVE:
1.2

To demonstrate the characteristics of two different diode rectifier circuits: half-wave


rectifier and center-tapped full-wave rectifier.

2. PARTS AND EQUIPMENT:


2.1

1 k resistor

- 1 Pc

2.2

1N4001 silicon rectifier diodes

- 2 Pcs

2.3

12 Vrms secondary center-tapped transformer

- 1 Pc

2.4

10uF capacitor

- 1 Pc

2.4

Dual trace oscilloscope

- 1 Pc

2.5

Multimeter

- 1 Pc

2.6

Breadboard and wire

- 1 Pc

3. CALCULATION GUIDE
Half-wave rectifier
DC voltage output

Output frequency

V S ( peak ) V B

(sine wave input)

input frequency

(3.1)
(3.2)

Center-tapped full-wave rectifier


Dc voltage output

2[V S ( peak ) V B ]
(sine wave input)

(3.3)

Output frequency

2 x input frequency

(3.4)

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

4. PROCEDURE:
4.1

Wire the half wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 1.3(A). Be very careful to make sure
that connections to the 240V primary of the transformer are properly protected. Note
that neither of the transformers primary leads is grounded, while the center-tapped
secondary lead is not used in this section.

4.2

Set your oscilloscope to the following approximate settings:


Channels 1 & 2 :

5 V/division, dc coupling

Time base

5 ms/division

Apply 240 VAC (rms) to the transformers primary leads. Connect one scope probe
to the anode terminal of the 1N4001 diode (point A), and the other probe to the diode
cathode terminal (point B).You should obtain the waveforms shown in Figure 1.4.
4.3

From the oscilloscope, measure the transformers peak secondary voltage [V S(peak)],
as well as the peak voltage [V0(peak)] across the 1k resistor, recording your results in
Table 1.3.

4.4

With your multimeter, measure the dc voltage (VDC) across the 1 k resistor, and
record your result in Table 1.3. Compare this result with that obtained from the
equation for the average or dc voltage of a half-wave rectifier (Equation 1). Observe
both waveforms.

4.5

Turn off power to transformer. Add one 10uF capacitor in parallel with the load resistor.
Negative side of the capacitor should be grounded.

4.6

Turn on power to transformerMeasure ripple voltage peak-to-peak at the output using


oscilloscope.

4.7

Turn off the power to the transformer, and wire the center-tapped full-wave rectifier
circuit shown in Figure 1.3(B). Pay careful attention to the polarity of both diodes and
the connections to the 240V primary of the transformer. The center-tapped lead is
grounded for this section.

4.8

Now set your oscilloscope to the following approximate settings:


Channels 1 & 2

5 V/division, dc coupling

Time base

5 ms/division

Apply 240 VAC (rms) to the transformers primary leads. Connect one probe to the
anode terminal of the 1N4001 diode (point A), and the other probe to one of the
diodes cathode terminals (point B).You should obtain the waveforms as shown in
Figure 1.5.

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

4.9

Laboratory Module

With your oscilloscope, measure the transformers peak secondary voltage (V S) with
respect to the grounded center tap, as well as the peak voltage V 0(peak) across the 1
k resistor, recording your results in Table 1.3.

4.10 With your multimeter measure the dc voltage (V DC) across the 1k resistor, and record
your result in Table 1.3. Compare this result with that obtained from the equation for
the average or dc voltage of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier (Equation 3.3). Observe
both waveforms.
4.11 Turn off power to transformer. Add one 10uF capacitor in parallel with the load resistor.
Negative side of the capacitor should be grounded.
4.12 Turn on power to transformer. Measure ripple voltage peak-to-peak at the output using
oscilloscope.

Figure 1.3(A): Half wave rectifier circuit

Figure 1.3(B): Full-wave rectifier circuit

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

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Figure 1.4 : Time base: 5 ms/division

Figure 1.5 : Time base: 5 ms/division

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Laboratory Module

Name

______________________________

Matrix No

______________________________

Date : ______________

5. RESULTS FOR EXPERIMENT 1(B):

Table 1.3 Rectifier data

Rectifier

Measured

Type

Expect
ed VDC

VS (peak)

V0 (peak)

VDC

Half-wave
Full-wave
(center tap)
6. CALCULATIONS

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Ripple V(peak
to peak)

% Error

ENT 162 Analog Electronics

Instructor Approval:

Laboratory Module

____________________

Name

______________________________

Matrix No

______________________________

Date: _____________
Date : ______________

7. DISCUSSION:

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8. CONCLUSION:

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