Realization In 3-D Graphics: Many computer graphic application involve the display of 3-D objects and scenes.

For examples CAD systems allow the users to manipulate models of machine components, automobile bodies and aircraft parts. Simulation system present a continuously moving picture of a 3-D world to the pilot of ship or aircraft. These applications differ from 2-D applications not only in the added dimension: they also requires concern for realism in the display of objects. Producing a realistic image of a 3-D scene on a 2D-scene on a 2D-display present many problem. How is depth, the 3 rd dimension to be displayed on the scene? How are pars of the object that are hidden by other object to be modified and removed form the image? How is a 3-D world to be modulated in a computer in a computer so that imagescan be generated? There are a no. of techniques for achieving realism. The basic problem addressed by visualization technique is sometimes called depth cueing. When a 3-D scene is projected onto a 2-D display scene , information about the depth of objects in the image tends to be reduced or loosed entirely. Techniques that provide depth cuesare designated to restore or enhance the communication of depths to the observer. The different technique for achieving realism are: - Parallel projection. - Perspective projection

- Intensity cues. - Stereoscopic views. - Kinetic depth effect. - Hidden line elimination - Shadding with hidden surface removed - 3-D images.

odelling 3-D scenes: The techniques used to generate different kinds of 3-D scenes are start from a model of the scene. The model is needed for two purpose. 1. It is used by viewing algorithm together with information about the location of the viewer. 2. It is used to modify and analyze the objects in the scene, activities usually considered part of the application program. The information in a model of a 3-D scene can be divided into two important classes: geometry and topology. Geometry is concerned with measurements , suchas the location of a point or the dimension of the object. Topological information records the structure s of a scene: how points are combined to form polygons, how polygons form object and how object from scenes. 3-D objects Representation: Polygon surface: - The most commonly used boundary representation for a 3-D graphic object is a set ofsurface polygon that enclose

the object interior. Many graphic system stored all object description a sets of surface polygon. This simplifies and speed of the surface rendering and display a object scene all the surface describe with linear equation. - A polygon representation of a polyhedron precisely defines the surface of a objects.

Visible Surface detection Method: The method that are used for identifying those of a scene that are visible from a chosenviewing position are referred to as visible surface detection methods. - Sometimes these methods are also known as hidden surface elimination method. Classification of visible surface Detection Algorithm: - Visible surface detection algorithms are broadly classified according to whether they deal with object definitions directly or with their projected images . These tow approaches are called - Object space Method. - Image Space Method. - An object space method compares objects and parts of objects to each other within scene definition to determine which surfaces are visible. - An image space method visibilityis decided point by point at each pixel position on the projection plane.

- Most visible surface algorithmsuse image-space method although object space method can be used effectively to locate visible surfaces in some cases. - Line display algorithm generally use object space method to identify visible lines inwire-frame display. Back Face detection: - A fast and simple object space method for identifying the back-faces of a poly hedron is based on the inside-outside tests.