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They show the progression from earthly to divine + present him as ruler, king of the gods,
preserver god and creator god.
o First Terrace: cult ruler of Egypt - e.g. obelisks transportation scenes show
Hatshepsuts service to him.
o Second Terrace: the life sphere - e.g. divine birth + Punt scenes show she
provides for her people + Egypt.
o Third Terrace: creation realm - e.g. Osiris statues related to renewal and rebirth
of dead in the afterlife.
Karnak:
Middle Kingdom temple complex.
At Karnak, Hatshepsut:
o Repaired Middle Kingdom temples.
o Added the 8
th
Pylon (monumental gateway).
o Constructed the Red Chapel (dismantled after reign).
o Erected four obelisks.

Other Evidence For Building Work:
Thutiy (Official): records copper + bronze doors, bronze figures w/ electrum, a shrine built
of granite.
Puemre (Official): records a shrine of ebony.
Speos Artemidos Inscription: lists building work at Karnak.

The Obelisks:
Made of red granite.
Built for Amun.
Only one is surviving + standing, another is on its side, last two are completely missing
except the pyramidion of one.

First Two Obelisks: Second Obelisks:
Commissioned during the regency > erected
during her reign.
Dedicated during her Heb Sed in Year 15.

Meaning of the Obelisks:
Roberts: Hatshepsut was trying to replicate the horizon symbol w/ her obelisks,
symbolising the temple was the sacred horizon.
o The sun would strike the pyramidions first.
o Inscription reads: their rays flood the Two Lands when the sun rises between
them, as he dawns in the horizon of heaven

Evidence for the Obelisks:

First Two Obelisks: Second Obelisks:
Senenmut inscription at Aswan.
Tomb of Thuity.
Fragmentary blocks at Karnak > she presents
the two obelisks to Amun.
On the obelisk: Hatshepsut is depicted sitting
in her palace thinking how to honour her
father, Amun.
Deir el Bahri: transportation scenes of
obelisks on barges, (unsure what obelisks).
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Building and Erecting the Obelisks:
Massive amount of skill + manpower.
Transported through barges + priests performed rituals.
Dedicated to Amun - Red Chapel block records:
o Amun granted Hatshepsuts rule.
o Amun directed her to make the obelisks and she did.

The Red Chapel:
Hatshepsut build a barque chapel of red quartzite > hence name.
Dedicated to Amun-Min > fertility manifestation.
It featured scenes of her:
o Coronation.
o Dedication of the obelisks.
o The Opet + Beautiful Valley festivals.
o Heb Sed festival.
Indicates it had political + religious importance.
Example: A barque was used to carry an Amun statue during festivals.

The Eighth Pylon:
First pylon linked the main part of the temple to the goddess Mut precinct, (wife of Amun-
Re).
The barque in the Opet festival routed through this gateway.
Added a temple dedicated to Amun-Re-Kamutef (creator form).

Speos Artemidos:
Small temple near Beni Hasan > first New Kingdom temple built in Middle Egypt.
Dedicated to Pakhet (lion-goddess of the desert) > local form of Sekhmet > fierce
manifestation of the gentle Hathor.
o She would become destructive if not pacified, hence Hatshepsut continued her
association w/ Hathor to show she was terrifying + protective - both qualities of a
king.
Famous for its inscription on the entrance.

The Inscription:
Says the building was a restoration, a flood wrecked Pakhets original shrine, so
Hatshepsut restored it.
Claims the land was in chaos prior to her accession, esp. after the expulsion of the Hyksos.
o Damaged roads.
o Dismantled temples + monuments.
Also a statement of her achievements + policy:
o Foreign lands respected her.
o She exploited the Sinai.
o Punt gave her wealth.
o Military became rich.
Bickel: the inscription is superior to the normal statements of kings; it is separated by
complex grammar, puns, alliterations and its structure (balanced + symmetrical).

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Hatshepsuts Tombs:
Her mummy has not been found.

First Tomb - Built when she was queen:
Incomplete.
Long corridor + several chambers.
Honoured many gods of the afterlife.
Yellow crystalline sarcophagus > empty.

Second Tomb - Built when she was king:
In Valley of the Kings (KV20).
Theban Mapping Project: possibly first tomb in the Valley.
Prepared by Hatshepsut.
Two sarcophagi - one for Thutmose I, however both empty (Thutmose III removed him
and put in a more grand tomb).
Book of Dead was inscribed on walls (innovation of her reign).
Largest + deepest of all royal tombs.
Innovative sarcophagus design.

Hatshepsuts Religious Policy: Devotion to Amun and Promotion of Other Cults:
She pursued traditional religious policies - displaying devotion to state god Amun + other
gods.
Made significant contributions to her time through religious innovations.
Hatshepsuts reign = starting point of the revolutionary changes that occurred in the
religious history of the New Kingdom (Assman).

Features of her Religious Policy:
Promotion of Amun-Re through public displays of devotion > his cult received
unprecedented influence.
Devotion towards female gods, e.g. Hathor + Pakhet.
Use of building program to link herself w/ Amun + other gods.

Her Religious Innovations:
The Concept of Amun-Re:
o She defined new aspects of him; city god, ruler god, creator god, sun god
(Assman).
Divine Oracles to Express Amun-Res will:
o Example: Red Chapel contains two oracles that refer to her being given the throne.
o Example: Amun oracle initiated Punt expedition.
o Represents earliest case of direction intervention of gods in human affairs.
o Eventually became a practice in New Kingdom through festivals + barques.
Personal Piety:
o Came about through the oracles.
o People could have a personal relation w/ Amun-Re because he could reveal his
will.
o Amun worship required inner devotion + outward devotion > required moral
behaviour (Assman).
Religious ideology of Kingship: