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Major evolutionary events, Prokaryotes

Ch 14, 12 (time line) Ch 16 (prokaryotes)

Major steps in formation of cells

Metabolism

First Cells

First cells were prokaryotic 3.5 bya They were photosynthetic didnt produce O2 right away

Early prokaryotes

Cyanobacteria modified atmosphere 2.5 bya

Eukaryotes

Origin approximately 2bya Cells more complex Theory of Endomsymbiosis

Endosymbiosis
Theory proposed by Lynn Margulis

Prokaryotic origins of energy organelles

They have double the number of membranes inner membranes are like prokaryotic membranes Have their own, circular DNA RNA, DNA and ribosomes are similar to prokaryotes Replicate themselves similar process to binary fission

Evolution of Multicellularity

Arose 1.2 bya

Terrestrial organisms

~ 400mya
Origin of vascular tissue Invertebrate animals moved on land with them

Cambrian Explosion 500mya

First Cells
Prokaryotes were only cells for 1.5-2 billion years

Prokaryotic Domains

Archaea Bacteria
Prokaryotic no nucleus/organelles

Prokaryotic Size
Small ~1-10 m

Prokaryotic cell parts

Glycocalyx The outer most layer Composed of carbohydrates and or proteins Protects bacteria from wbc phagoctytosis Enable cell to adhere to surfaces, stops dehydration

Cell Wall

Protects contents of cell Stops nutrients leaving Keeps cell shape


Domain Bacteria contain a lattice called a peptidoglycan (not found in Archaea) Peptidoglycan is part of the cell wall Amino acids and Carbohydrates

Peptidoglycan in Domain Bacteria


monosaccharides

Flagella (pl), Flagellum (sing.) = tail Diff bacteria have different numbers Some dont have one
Structure is different to sperm tail Rotates like a boat motor, doesnt whip like a real tail

Flagella

Filament

Hook

Basal body

Axial Filaments

Spiral shaped bacteria have axial filaments

Pili

Projections from the cell shorter than flagella Role to adhere to surfaces Sex Pili - used for DNA transfer (plasmid)

Horizontal Gene Transfer


Sex Pili

Reproduction Binary Fission

Endospore

Some bacteria can make an endospore

Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax

Endospore

Shape

Three basic shapes Round - Cocci Rod - Bacilli Curved or Spiral Spirilla, Spirochete, Vibrio

Cocci

Streptococcus in a chain Diplococcus two Staphylococcus clustered

Bacilli

Solitary Diplobacilli Streptobacilli

Curved or Spiral

Nutrition

Pg 326

Photoautotrophs

Cyanobacteria

Prokaryotes

Branched off early on very different


Eukaryota (D)
Archaea (D)

Euryarchaeota (Phylum) Crenarchaeota (Phylum)

Bacteria (D)

Prokaryotic Domains

Archaea
Many live in extreme conditions

Phylum Euryarchaeota inc. Halophiles need >9% NaCl Methanogens anaerobic make CH4 from CO2, H2 or organic acids Present in cows, sheep, goats stomachs Phylum Crenarchaeota inc. Thermophiles volcanic areas, V. hot, >45oC

Where do prokaryotes live?

Everywhere!
On and in all animals, plants.., surfaces, soil, streams Also, In extreme places - Archaea

What do prokaryotes do?

Participate in Symbiotic relationships Cause Disease Decomposers/Nutrient Cycling Environmental/Waste Clean up Cosmetic uses ..

Symbiotic Relationships

E. coli present in our intestine


Produces Vitamin K and B vitamins in intestine Some strains are bad, cause diarrhea

Disease Causing Bacteria

Pathogenic Cause disease by two mechanisms 1) Exotoxins a secreted substance


2) Endotoxins lipid in bacterial cell wall

Exotoxin

Example tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Usually produces a neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) released when bacteria dies Toxin attaches to skeletal muscle causes uncontrollable muscle contraction, spasms Can make vaccines using exotoxin

Endotoxin

Food poisoning

Salmonella
All endotoxins cause fever, aches, chills

Nitrogen Cycle

Oil Slick Clean up aided by prokaryotes

Cosmetic Industry

Botox Clostridium botulinum Paralyzes muscles for 3-6 months Same bacteria that can cause botulism whole body paralysis

Molecular Organization

Amino acids may have been attracted to RNA nucleotides formed a polymer Polymer may act as an enzyme, attracting complementary nucleotides

Lipid Spheres (Liposomes)

Protocell

If a sphere of lipid and the RNA/polypeptide cooperation got together Bit like a cell!!

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