Metabolism
First Cells
First cells were prokaryotic 3.5 bya They were photosynthetic didnt produce O2 right away
Early prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis
Theory proposed by Lynn Margulis
They have double the number of membranes inner membranes are like prokaryotic membranes Have their own, circular DNA RNA, DNA and ribosomes are similar to prokaryotes Replicate themselves similar process to binary fission
Evolution of Multicellularity
Terrestrial organisms
~ 400mya
Origin of vascular tissue Invertebrate animals moved on land with them
First Cells
Prokaryotes were only cells for 1.5-2 billion years
Prokaryotic Domains
Archaea Bacteria
Prokaryotic no nucleus/organelles
Prokaryotic Size
Small ~1-10 m
Glycocalyx The outer most layer Composed of carbohydrates and or proteins Protects bacteria from wbc phagoctytosis Enable cell to adhere to surfaces, stops dehydration
Cell Wall
Flagella (pl), Flagellum (sing.) = tail Diff bacteria have different numbers Some dont have one
Structure is different to sperm tail Rotates like a boat motor, doesnt whip like a real tail
Flagella
Filament
Hook
Basal body
Axial Filaments
Pili
Projections from the cell shorter than flagella Role to adhere to surfaces Sex Pili - used for DNA transfer (plasmid)
Endospore
Endospore
Shape
Three basic shapes Round - Cocci Rod - Bacilli Curved or Spiral Spirilla, Spirochete, Vibrio
Cocci
Bacilli
Curved or Spiral
Nutrition
Pg 326
Photoautotrophs
Cyanobacteria
Prokaryotes
Bacteria (D)
Prokaryotic Domains
Archaea
Many live in extreme conditions
Phylum Euryarchaeota inc. Halophiles need >9% NaCl Methanogens anaerobic make CH4 from CO2, H2 or organic acids Present in cows, sheep, goats stomachs Phylum Crenarchaeota inc. Thermophiles volcanic areas, V. hot, >45oC
Everywhere!
On and in all animals, plants.., surfaces, soil, streams Also, In extreme places - Archaea
Participate in Symbiotic relationships Cause Disease Decomposers/Nutrient Cycling Environmental/Waste Clean up Cosmetic uses ..
Symbiotic Relationships
Exotoxin
Example tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Usually produces a neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) released when bacteria dies Toxin attaches to skeletal muscle causes uncontrollable muscle contraction, spasms Can make vaccines using exotoxin
Endotoxin
Food poisoning
Salmonella
All endotoxins cause fever, aches, chills
Nitrogen Cycle
Cosmetic Industry
Botox Clostridium botulinum Paralyzes muscles for 3-6 months Same bacteria that can cause botulism whole body paralysis
Molecular Organization
Amino acids may have been attracted to RNA nucleotides formed a polymer Polymer may act as an enzyme, attracting complementary nucleotides
Protocell
If a sphere of lipid and the RNA/polypeptide cooperation got together Bit like a cell!!