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Content
%he architecture of the Internet and its evolution " %he Internet " a cloud of IP net$or&s %he net$or& for an I'P " co(!onents Architecture and evolution " $h)* ho$ Addressin+* routin+* na(in+ ,vervie$ of advanced services
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The Internet
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%he Internet is -,% a net$or&. It is a $orld.$ide service* loosel) coordinated* !rovided /) a hu+e nu(/er of inde!endant net$or&s* /ased on " A common protocol : IP.
Today : vers on !. Start n" : vers on 6.
A #$"e n$mber o% Internet Serv ce Prov ders &ISP'( eac# ) t# ts o)n net)or*. +any ,lobal Interc#an"e Po nts &,I-'( t#ro$"# )# c# t#ese net)or*s can e.c#an"e IP tra%% c. An) Internet user can e0chan+e data $ith an) other one. ATHENS 2003
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
ISP
ISP
GIX ISP
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
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IP router
Link
Network Control
NOC
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-,1 " -et$or& ,!eration 1enter Adm n strat on and day/to/day operat on o% t#e net)or*( mon tor n" etc0
E.ample : rece ve error n%ormat on 1 compla nts %rom ot#er ISPs and $sers( t#en act on ro$ters and1or telecom operators & % l n* do)n' to set t r "#t a"a n
Network
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ISP
IP services
Internet service providers They use the services provided by Telecom operators They use the services provided by
Links
In!r"structure #c"bles$
Infrastructure operators (undersea fiber optic cables, cables alongside railway tracks )
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T"pical Internet infrastructures %he Internet can use an) t)!e of infrastructure. Typ cally( %or med $m or lon" d stance l n*s : 2pt cal % ber : $p to #$ndreds o% ,b t1s. Terrestr al or
$ndersea. Installat on : costly $ndersea( c#eap % terrestr al
3opper cables : #$ndreds o% +b t1s Satell te :$p to #$ndreds o% +b t1s. Usa"e : very costly S#ort d stance &camp$s( to)n' : 4 ber 5ad o( 6I4I A7S8 &t#e so/called 9 # "# speed Internet : : #$ndreds o% *b t1s' T; cable net)or*s Po)er l nes : start n"
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T# s s ro$"#ly e=$ valent to t#e Internert %lo) bet)een cont nents See : #ttp:11))).dr .co.<p1a$to1report1tele"eo1t" s$bmap03.#tm
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#$ample : the main su%marine optical ca%les : &oom on a t"pical dense re'ion :
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Architecture and evolution of the Internet " 2o$ it is (ana+ed 3or not (ana+ed4.
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It is -,% 3centrall)4 (ana+ed. It is /ased on a lar+e set of technical and o!erational consensus. 2bta n n" a consens$s on a " ven top c may ta*e years 2o$ is the evolution of the architecture 3to!olo+)* servicess4 (ana+ed 5 6#o dec des > 2o$ is the evolution of the technolo+) (ana+ed 5 6#o dec des > ATHENS 2003
%he architecture " 6 t# n an ISP net)or* : topolo"y( band) dt#( net)or* serv ces > ?et))en ISP net)or*s : )# c# ,I-es( )# c# nterconnect n" l n*s > %he I'Ps 6 and onl) the i'Ps . %heir decisions 3i.e.* the architecture of the Internet4 is (ainl) /ased on " %raffic flo$s and corres!ondin+ revenues* Availa/ilit) and cost of infrastructures that teleco( o!erators !rovide. ATHENS 2003
Advanced user co((unities " Un vers t es( researc# centres( ma nly n US( 3anada( As a and lar"e E$ropean co$ntr es Advanced routin+ hard$are (anufacturers " +a nly n US and 3anada( @ recently a %e) &too %e)' start/$ps n E$rope I7%8 " Internet 7n+ineerin+ %as& 8orce Internet standards &543s' 9ar+e I'Ps !rovidin+ advanced services Have to dec de % any ne) serv ce s "ood %or operat onal and commerc al serv ces. THEA dec de( beca$se t s THEI5 money 0 ATHENS 2003
Addressin+* routin+* na(in+ " %he heart 3and /rain54 of the Internet
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Addressin+ " 7ach o/:ect 3router * station4 has a uni;ue IP address " IPv! : B23.2B0.0B2.BBB : only so many addresses.
Not eno$"# t#ese days : As a( A%r ca( even E$rope
IPv6 : m$c# lar"er address space. S$ table %or accommodat n" t#e "ro)t# o% t#e Inernet %or at least C0 years >
Incl$d n" ne)( address/#$n"ry $sa"es s$c# as : 3, &U+TS' mob le p#ones Home net)or* n" 3ars ...
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<ou :ust send a !ac&et 3= data+ra(>4 alon+. -ice. ?ut ho$ does it reach its destinee 5 Addressin+ " 7ach Internet.accessi/le o/:ect has a uni;ue IP address. Addresses are attri/uted 3$orld.$ide4 /) I1A-In E$rope( dele"ated by I3ANN to 5IPE ISPs obta n %rom 5IPE 9 bloc*s o% addresses : T#ey attr b$te t#ese addresses to t#e r c$stomers
?$t addresses st ll belon" to t#e ISP &and so may c#an"e D'
Routin+ " 2o$ to = route > data+ra(s fro( the sender to the destinee ?ased on IP addresses + lo+ical to!olo+) of the I'Ps net$or&s + !olic) rules Routed fro( router to router accordin+ to routin+ infor(ation 3includin+ the net$or& lo+ical to!olo+)4 as &no$n /) each router
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Routin+ " Protocols for !assin+ routin+ infor(ation /et$een routers " Ins de 9 A$tonomo$s Systems &AS' : &an sp net)or*( or part o% a lar"e ISP net)or*' : ?et)een AS : ?,P etc0
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-a(in+ "
Addresses are not user.friendl) and not !er(anent. 'o $e use = do(ain na(es >. 7ach o/:ect in the Internet has 3or can have4 a uni;ue na(e "
E.ample : ))).Par s.ENSA+.%r
4r : top/level doma n name ENSA+ : doma n name Par s : s$b/doma n name : t#e Par s center o% ENSA+ ))) : t#e mac# ne ns de Par s.ENSA+.%r
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-a(in+ "
Routers 3and local net$or&s4 use IP addresses e0clusivel). @sers 3and user.oriented a!!lications4 use do(ain na(es. 1orres!ondance do(ain na(e IP address "
7one by 7NS : 7oma n Name Servers. Nat onal or )orld/) de 7NS deal ) t# top/level doma ns &T87s'. Inst t$t on/) de 7NS deal ) t# s$b/doma n names. Almost any re=$est "o n" t#ro$"# t#e 7NS &s$c# as re=$est n" a 6eb pa"e %rom a 6eb server' needs t#e 7NS %or reac# n" t#e relevant server. T87 7NS servers are #eav ly soll c ted D Po)er%$ll mac# nes( n/pl cated . 3an be #armed by den al/o%/serv ce attac*s : 9 p rates can stop t#e Internet :. 6ell( not t#e Internet( b$t t#e 7NS servers...
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An overvie$ of so(e advanced services In a fe$ slides Aore a/out it in other !resentations.
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Bo' " Bualit) ,f 'ervice Chat ha!!ens $hen a net$or& co(!onent is overloaded 5 Chat ha!!ens de!ends on $hich sche(e of Bualit) of 'ervice the I'P a!!lies " Pac*ets dropped( and1or pac*ets pr or t sed ...
Overlo"ded link
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Sender
%eceiver
IP router &ultic"st ' sender, ("ny receivers Link %eceiver %eceiver ATHENS 2003 %eceiver
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*in de la pr-sentation
? ometr c dent % cat on ... An IPv6 address %or +e So t#at )#en Ao$ eat +e( Ao$ *no) tEs +E D
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