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his unique volume gives an overview of all major aspects of
modern drinking water systems, in the western-European
context.
It not only covers the theoretical principles, but also the historical
background and practical aspects of design and operation, legislation,
planning and nance of drinking water supply in its social and economic
context.
The principles and practices are illustrated using experiences from The
Netherlands. The Dutch drinking water supply is well known for its
multiple barrier systems and high technical standards. As a consequence
of this, the Dutch readily drink tap water and do not see the need to
buy bottled water or in-house lters.
Drinking Water Principles and Practices offers:
- the best illustrated textbook on water supply, written by
internationally recognized experts
- 10 separate modules for tailor-made courses and self-education,
complete with questions and answers
- backgrounds on water quality, water con-
sumption, water distribution legislation,
nance, design and planning
- drinking water production schemes and
processes for groundwater and surface
water
- lecture notes from a leading technical
university on drinking water supply
P. J. de Moel
J. Q. J. C. Verberk
J. C. van Dijk
Principles and Practices
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DrinkingWater
Principles and Practices
DrinkingWater
Principles and Practices

NE W J E RSE Y L ONDON SI NGAP ORE BE I J I NG SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAI P E I CHE NNAI
World Scientic
DrinkingWater
Principles and Practices
P. J. de Moel
TU Delft, The Netherlands
J. Q. J. C. Verberk
TU Delft, The Netherlands
J. C. van Dijk
TU Delft, The Netherlands &
Kiwa Water Research, The Netherlands
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
English translation and editing: Adele Sanders, Delft EdiTS
Design and layout: Eefje Ooms, Delft University of Technology
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
ISBN 981-256-836-0
Editor: Tjan Kwang Wei
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
Copyright 2006 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Printed by FuIsland Offset Priting (S) Pte, Singapore
DRINKING WATER
Principles and Practices
PREFACE
Preface
Drinking water: the miracle from the tap
For many people drinking water is something we usually do not think about and don't know much about
either. We open the tap and clean and fresh drinking water pours out. We take it for granted. We know
the water quality is excellent and that it is actually not necessary to buy bottled water. Nevertheless, we
sometimes read in the newspaper alarming articles about the pollution of our drinking water sources.
How does that happen? How do the drinking water companies actually purify our drinking water, and will
they continue in the future? Similarly, there are several other questions people sometimes ask about our
drinking water:
- Why do we fush our toilet with clear and costly drinking water?
- s our water hard and should we believe the commercials about water softeners?
- Which elements does water actually contain?
- s drinking water healthy?
- Can you purify water with your own flters?
- s it safe to drink rainwater?
- How is the quality of our drinking water being safeguarded?
- s groundwater abstraction responsible for the deterioration of national parks?
- What is the function of a water tower?
- What do the drinking water companies do in restricted areas and in national parks?
Students who follow courses in drinking water at Delft University of Technology also have these ques-
tions.
For whom is this book meant?
This book contains the course material about drinking water for students in the Bachelor of Science pro-
gram (BSc) of Civil Engineering at Delft University of Technology.
n these courses the students acquire a broad view of the drinking water service. Not just the theoretical
principles, but also the practical operation of drinking water companies. Not just the techniques, but also
the historical background, the judicial arrangements, the fnancial aspects, the global situation, etc.
The course material should give all Civil Engineering students a vast and sound base, which can be used
in their future profession. For students who will specialize in the Master of Science program (MSc), the
course material will provide a basis for specialist courses like Drinking water production and Drinking
water distribution.
The course material follows a modular structure and emphasizes independent learning. That makes this
course material also very suitable for many others: from students seeking a higher professional educa-
tion, to people who are involved in one way or another in the drinking water service, to the drinking water
consumers who would like to know more about the miracle from the tap.
How is the book structured?
The modern student is an independent learner, meaning that time and planning are much more determined
by the student himself than by the course schedule. Modern course materials are adapted to this.
This book consists of ten independent modules. All modules follow a uniform design. First, there is a page
of information about the module under the headings of Framework, Contents, and Study goals. Next,
PREFACE
the actual learning material (contents) is presented. Following that is a list of recommended literature and
websites. Because of the broad character of the course material, a list of references is not included. Finally,
questions and answers are presented. The questions challenge the students' recall of the material read,
the applications ask students to put their understanding to use.
Courses from this book
Because of the module structure, this book can be used as teaching and learning material for different
courses in drinking water supply. Each module can be used independently, but also in courses dealing
with specifc focus points. Examples of such courses can be given as:
Module
Course S
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Basic short course
Design
Water treatment
Water distribution
ir. P.J. (Peter) de Moel
dr. ir. J.Q.J.C. (Jasper) Verberk
prof. ir. J.C. (Hans) van Dijk
Delft, April 2006
7
CONTENTS
Contents
Public water 11
Sanitary engineering 11
Water companies 41
Amsterdam water 41
Drinking water companies 89
Planning and design 119
Finances 153
Technical facets 185
Water consumption 185
Water quality 211
Groundwater 251
Surface water 309
Distribution 363
Addendum 389
Drinking water and The Netherlands 391
Drinking water and Delft 401
Acknowledgement 405
Register 407
8
CONTENTS
Detailed contents (per module)
Public water
Sanitary engineering 11
Framework, contents, study goals 12
1. ntroduction 13
2. What is sanitary engineering? 13
3. History of sanitary engineering 16
4. Public health 25
5. Sanitary engineering worldwide 29
Further reading 38
Questions and applications 39
Answers 40
Water companies
Amsterdam water 41
Framework, contents, study goals 42
1. ntroduction 43
2. The Netherlands 44
3. Amsterdam 46
4. Developments in water consumption and distribution 56
5. Developments in drinking water production 64
6. Developments as enterprise 81
Further reading 85
Questions and applications 86
Answers 87
Drinking water companies 89
Framework, contents, study goals 90
1. ntroduction 91
2. Technical setup for drinking water supply 91
3. Production 92
4. Distribution 104
5. Capacity 109
6. Organization 112
Further reading 115
Questions and applications 116
Answers 117
9
CONTENTS
Planning and design 119
Framework, contents, study goals 120
1. ntroduction 121
2. Planning process for public water supply 121
3. Design activities in the infrastructure's life cycle 123
4. Laws, permits and standards 134
5. The practice of designing 139
Further reading 148
Questions and applications 149
Answers 150
Finances 153
Framework, contents, study goals 154
1. ntroduction 155
2. Water company as an enterprise 155
3. nvestment costs 164
4. Operational costs 171
5. Cost comparison of alternatives 177
Further reading 180
Questions and applications 181
Answers 183
Technical facets
Water consumption 185
Framework, contents, study goals 186
1. ntroduction 187
2. Annual consumption 187
3. Quality requirements for consumption 197
4. Fluctuations in consumption 198
5. Consumption forecasting 201
Further reading 205
Questions and applications 206
Answers 208
Water quality 211
Framework, contents, study goals 212
1. ntroduction 213
2. Water on Earth 213
3. Water: physical and chemical properties 222
4. Health and drinking water quality 233
10
CONTENTS
5. Drinking water legislation in the Netherlands 237
6. Water quality for other applications 243
Further reading 245
Questions and applications 246
Answers 248
Groundwater 251
Framework, contents, study goals 252
1. ntroduction 253
2. Groundwater in the natural environment 253
3. Abstraction of groundwater 255
4. Treatment of groundwater 267
5. Treatment of riverbank groundwater 294
6. Groundwater legislation in the Netherlands 301
Further reading 302
Questions and applications 303
Answers 305
Surface water 309
Framework, contents, study goals 310
1. ntroduction 311
2. Surface water in the natural environment 311
3. ntake of surface water 314
4. Direct treatment of surface water 317
5. ndirect treatment of surface water through infltration 350
6. Dutch surface water legislation 357
Further reading 357
Questions and applications 358
Answers 360
Distribution 363
Framework, contents, study goals 364
1. ntroduction 365
2. Parts of a distribution system 366
3. Transport 367
4. Storage 375
5. Distribution 378
6. Drinking water installations 384
Further reading 385
Questions and applications 386
Answers 387