Jitender Kumar 10001033

Experiment N0-1

First -Order Dynamics Heat transfer in an Agitated vessel Aim:

To determine the time constant of a First-Order system from its response to a step change in the input variable

Apparatus:
An insulated cylindrical vessel fixed with an electrical heater, Cooling coil and a variable speed fractional horse power motor with a suitable blade for agitation. Cold fluid circulation pump with a cooling mechanism Digital temperature indicators to measure the inlet and out cooling water temperature and also the hot fluid temperature

Procedure:
1. Fill up the cylindrical vessel with desired quantity of the selected liquid with known Cp. Quantity should be enough to cover the cooling coil completely. 2. Start the agitator motor and adjust its speed (R.P.M.) at a desired level. 3. Switch on the heater in the agitated vessel and set the desired temperature on the controller. 4. As the temperature approaches the desired temperature in the agitated vessel, Adjust the flow rate of the cooling water to about 200250 liters per hour (Temperature rise should be less than 1.52 Deg. C).When the hot fluid temperature in the vessel attains the desired level switch off the heat simultaneously starting the stop watch. 5. Note down the temperature of the liquid in the agitated vessel at an interval of 5 0C simultaneously noting down the time from the beginning of the experiment and the average of the cooling water.

Theory:
Consider an agitated vessel containing m kilograms of fluid having specific heat capacity Cp at Temperature of T 0C, when cooling water is not flowing through the cooling coil. Suddenly, the cooling water at a temperature of T 0C starts flowing through the coil. Due to this, heat will be removed from the fluid in the agitated vessel and its temperature will start decreasing.

Jitender Kumar 10001033

Experiment N0-1

Our problem is to find out the fluid temperature T with respect to time. The following assumptions were made to analyses this problem. 1.The resistance on the heat transfer is given by [1/U*A] where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid in the agitated vessel and the cooling water flowing through the coil and A is the heat transfer are of the cooling coil. 2. All the thermal capacitance is in the fluid in the agitated vessel (i.e. the thermal capacity of the cooling coil is negligible compared to that of fluid in the vessel). Furthermore, at any instant of time temperature of the fluid in the vessel at any location inside the vessel is same (i.e. above are no dead pockets in the agitated fluid.)The unsteady-state energy balance equation for this system can be written as Energy input Energy output = Accumulation of Energy When the fluid in the vessel is exposed to cooling water in the cooling coil heat will be removed from the fluid in the agitated vessel. For this situation thermal energy leaves from the fluid in the vessel and equation can be written as 0 U * A * (T T) = m * CP * Where: A = Surface area of the cooling coil available for heat transfer CP = Specific heat of fluid in the vessel m = Mass of the fluid in the vessel t = Time Rearranging the equation we obtain

=
Taking Laplace both side,

() = () + () () 1 = () + 1 () = 0 + (1
( ) )

Jitender Kumar 10001033

Experiment N0-1

It can be seen that equation is that of a first order and hence if a step change is given .Where A is the step size thus knowing the response of the system we can determine its time constant .

Observation Table:
Flow rate of cooling water = 342 LPH

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Time (sec) 0 29 56 83 100 119 145 170 200 230 260 280 310 330 370 400 430 470 520 560

Temperature (0C) 105 104.7 102.9 101 100.7 98.9 97.1 96.4 94.3 93.1 91.3 90.5 88.6 88 87.2 85.1 83.9 82.3 80.2 79

Time Constant (sec)

6317.155573 1718.5146 1317.189189 1472.689999 1217.317627 1128.162576 1207.774074 1121.327975 1147.126022 1107.986054 1118.995098 1075.675104 1098.219622 1166.755375 1104.537804 1105.936718 1104.551589 1092.845529 1107.267595

Jitender Kumar 10001033 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 580 600 630 660 700 730 780 820 870 920 980 1040 1100 1160 1220 1280 1330 1400 1460 1510 1560 1620 1680 1750 1800 1890 1900 78.3 77.8 76.6 75.9 74.7 73.7 72.3 71.3 70 68.5 67.1 65.8 64.2 62.9 61.1 59.9 58.9 58.2 57.1 56.3 55.7 54.5 52.8 52 51 48.7 48.1

Experiment N0-1

1107.65257 1118.15081 1108.309701 1123.439884 1127.206801 1123.380238 1127.784282 1134.816391 1138.261543 1129.174753 1133.951662 1139.749505 1127.919505 1126.964041 1099.736324 1097.285277 1093.051493 1116.849039 1110.983238 1109.746379 1116.647503 1099.050247 1053.763181 1056.558163 1034.6593 962.8872392 935.8278514

Jitender Kumar 10001033 48 49 50 51 52 53 1980 2070 2180 2210 2380 2500 46.5 45.2 43.8 42.1 41 39.5

Experiment N0-1

885.4544016 847.8102852 800.4596783 684.9445202 630.1989703 1107.65257 Average Time constant = 1200.64

Flow rate =225 LPH S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Time (sec)

0 36 85 98 148 187 234 273 322 368 460 516 568 639 709 797 1022

Temperature (0C)
111 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 94 90.5 87 85 83 80 78 75 70

Time constant (sec)

2537.957446 1968.860873 1342.003681 1425.862926 1379.610618 1390.082647 1349.902244 1176.488511 1080.10841 1115.064269 1131.535802 1132.647903 1113.627621 1134.229925 1126.769619 1186.327065

Jitender Kumar 10001033 1201 1430 1726 2041 2220 2460 65 60 55 50 45

Experiment N0-1

1150.599097 1128.697032 1110.232248 1041.276175 836.7122296

40 Average Time Constant=1278.98

Without using cooling water = 0 LPH

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time (sec)
0 198 352 501 662 834 1020

Temperature (0C)
101 100 99 98 97 96

Time Constant (sec)

1085.99336 868.1388188 722.7902155 602.578368 465.4642625

95 Average Time constant = 748.99

Jitender Kumar 10001033

Experiment N0-1

Graph:

Temperature vs time
110 100

Temperature (degree cent.)

90 80 70 60 50 40

Time (Sec)
Flow arte = 342 LPH Flow rate = 225 LPH Flow rate = 0

Result:
We have done the experiment for three different cases and got the three different values of time constant, For cooling flow rate 342 LPH we get time constant () = 1200.64 sec. For cooling flow rate 225 LPH we get time constant () = 1248.98 sec. For without cooling water means 0 LPH the time constant is 748.99 sec.

Conclusion:
To see the temperature variation with respect to time in agitated vessel we used the process control phenomena and came out with the first order dynamic equation and then give the step input we observed the variation of temperature along the time. For three different cases we got three different values, as the flow rate of cooling water is high the time constant is low means the heat transfer rate is high so it will cool the fluid very fast. And the other hand if the cooling water flow rate is low then the time constant would be high with respect to last case because it will take much time to cool the fluid. Variation of temperature is shown in the figure with all the three cases.