..

Deflection

Deflection
From bending stress

y = r

d x ds

Ey r Ey P = dA r E M = ydA.y r EI M= r ds = r d

x y

dx

m1

1 M = r EI 1 d = r ds

ds dx and tan = dy/dx

d2y EI 2 = M dx
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Equation of the Elastic Curve

The equation of the elastic curve (moment curvature relation) :

1 d2y EI = EI 2 = M (x ) dx dy = M (x )dx + C1 EI EI dx
0 x

EI y = dx M (x )dx + C1x + C2
0 0

Nomenclature: y = Deflection = Slope M = Moment x = location E = Modulus of elasticity I = Area moment of Inertia

Constants C1 & C2 are determined from boundary conditions

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Equation of the Elastic Curve

Boundary condition: Three cases for statically determinant beams, Simply supported beam
y A = 0, yB = 0

Overhanging beam
yA
=

0,

yB

Cantilever beam
y A = 0, A = 0

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Equation of the Elastic Curve

Overhanging beam Reactions at A and C Bending moment diagram Curvature is zero at points where the bending moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 = r

M ( x) EI

Beam is concave upwards where the bending moment is positive and concave downwards where it is negative. Maximum curvature occurs where the moment magnitude is a maximum. An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve is required to determine maximum deflection and slope.
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Example
Example 1:
A simply supported beam with length l experiences uniform load as shown in figure. Assume that the cross section is constant along the beam and that the material is the same throughout, implying that the area moment of inertia I and the modulus of elasticity E are constant. Find the deflection of any x.

q = wo N/m

x
l

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Example Solution
w o Lx w o x 2 M= 2 2 Moment: 2 2 d y w Lx w x EI 2 = o o dx 2 2 dy w o Lx 2 w o x 3 x = 0, y = 0 = + C1 EI dx 4 6 x = l, y = 0 3 4 w Lx w o x + C1x + C 2 EIy = o 12 24

Boundary condition : 1. x = 0, y = 0 2. x = L, y = 0 From boundary condition 1: C2 = 0 From boundary condition 2: C1 = - wo L3 /24

y=

wo ( L3 x 2 Lx 3 + x 4 ) 24 EI
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Example

SOLUTION: Develop an expression for M(x) and derive differential equation for elastic curve.
I = 723 in 4 P = 50 kips L = 15 ft E = 29 106 psi a = 4 ft

Integrate differential equation twice and apply boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.

For portion AB of the overhanging beam, Locate point of zero slope or point (a) derive the equation for the elastic curve, of maximum deflection. (b) determine the maximum deflection, Evaluate corresponding maximum (c) evaluate ymax. deflection.

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Example
SOLUTION: Develop an expression for M(x) and derive differential equation for elastic curve. - Reactions:
RA = Pa a RB = P 1 + L L

- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

a M = - P L x

(0 <

x < L)

- The differential equation for the elastic curve,

EI d2y a = P x 2 L dx
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Example
Integrate differential equation twice and apply boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
EI 1 a dy = P x 2 + C1 2 L dx

1 a EI y = P x3 + C1x + C2 6 L a EI 2 = P x L dx d2y at x = 0, y = 0 : C2 = 0 1 a 1 at x = L, y = 0 : 0 = P L3 + C1L C1 = PaL 6 L 6

Substituting,
1 a 1 dy = P x 2 + PaL EI 2 L 6 dx 1 a 1 EI y = P x3 + PaLx 6 L 6
2 dy PaL x = 1 3 dx 6 EI L

PaL2 x x y= 6 EI L L

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Example
Locate point of zero slope or point of maximum deflection.
2 dy PaL xm =0= 1 3 6 EI dx L

xm =

L = 0.577 L 3

PaL2 x x y= 6 EI L L

Evaluate corresponding maximum deflection.

PaL2 0.577 (0.577 )3 ymax = 6 EI

]
)

PaL2 ymax = 0.0642 6 EI ymax

( 50 kips )(48 in )(180 in )2 = 0.0642

6 29 106 psi 723 in 4

)(

ymax = 0.238 in
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Method of superposition
Principle of Superposition:
Deformations of beams subjected to combinations of loadings may be obtained as the linear combination of the deformations from the individual loadings

Example:
A simply supported beam with length L experiences uniform load q and concentrated load F as shown in figure. Assume that the cross section is constant along the beam and that the material is the same throughout, implying that the area moment of inertia I and the modulus of elasticity E are constant. Determine the equation of the deflection curve!

q = wo N/m

x
L/2 L/2
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Method of superposition
Solution:
If there are multiple loads on beam, you can compute deflections for each load separately and add the results. Procedure is facilitated by tables of solutions for common types of loadings and supports.

F wo =
L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2

F wo +
L/2 L/2

y(x) =

yI (x)

yII (x)
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Moment-Area Theorems
Geometric properties of the elastic curve can be used to determine deflection and slope. Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,
d d 2 y M = = dx dx 2 EI
D C

d =

xD xC

M dx EI
xD xC

D C =

M dx EI

First Moment-Area Theorem:

D C = area under (M/EI) diagram between

C and D.
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Moment-Area Theorems
Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P intercept a segment of length dt on the vertical through C.
dt

= x1 d q = x1
D = xD xC

M dx EI

tC

x1

M dx = tangential deviation of C EI

with respect to D

Second Moment-Area Theorem: The tangential deviation of C with respect to D is equal to the first moment with respect to a vertical axis through C of the area under the (M/EI) diagram between C and D.

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Application of Moment-Area Theorems

Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the reference.

with A = 0,

D = D
yD

= tD A

Simply supported, symmetrically loaded beam - select tangent at C as the reference.

with C = 0,

B = B C
yB = t B C

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Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts

Determination of the change of slope and the tangential deviation is simplified if the effect of each load is evaluated separately. Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each load. - The change of slope, D/C, is obtained by adding the areas under the diagrams. - The tangential deviation, tD/C is obtained by adding the first moments of the areas with respect to a vertical axis through D. Bending moment diagram constructed from individual loads is said to be drawn by parts.

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Moment-Area Theorems
EXAMPLE:

For the prismatic beam shown, determine the slope and deflection at E. SOLUTION: Determine the reactions at supports. Construct shear, bending moment and (M/EI) diagrams. Taking the tangent at C as the reference, evaluate the slope and tangential deviations at E.
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Moment-Area Theorems

SOLUTION: Determine the reactions at supports.

RB = RD = wa

Construct shear, bending moment and (M/EI) diagrams.

wa 2 L wa 2 L A1 = = 2 EI 2 4 EI
3 wa 2 1 wa (a ) = A2 = 3 2 EI 6 EI

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Moment-Area Theorems
Slope at E:
E = C + E C = E C
wa 2 L wa 3 = A1 + A2 = 4 EI 6 EI wa 2 E = (3L + 2a ) 12 EI

Deflection at E:
yE = tE C tD C L 3a L = A1 a + + A2 A1 4 4 4 wa 3L wa 2 L2 wa 4 wa 2 L2 = 4 16 8 16 EI EI EI EI wa 3 (2 L + a ) yE = 8 EI

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Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beams With Unsymmetric Loadings

Define reference tangent at support A. Evaluate A by determining the tangential deviation at B with respect to A.
A =
tB A L

The slope at other points is found with respect to reference tangent.

D = A + D A

The deflection at D is found from the tangential deviation at D.

EF HB = x L EF = x tB A L x tB A L
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y D = ED EF = t D A

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Maximum Deflection

Maximum deflection occurs at point K where the tangent is horizontal.

tB A A = L

K = 0 = A +K A K A = A

Point K may be determined by measuring an area under the (M/EI) diagram equal to -A . Obtain ymax by computing the first moment with respect to the vertical axis through A of the area between A and K.
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