Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

Applications, Results, and Discussion

5-1: Introduction:
The dynamic response of two models of offshore platform, jacket type platform and Al-Amaya berthing dolphin subjected to the wave forces and impact loads from ship berthing is discussed. Finite element method is used for both spatial and temporal coordinate systems considering the effect of soilstructure interaction.

5-2: Case Study (1): Jacket Platform Type.

In this case study the fixed jacket offshore platform described in [3, 32] as shown in Fig. (5-1) is adopted, the frame descritized into (178) beam elements for superstructure, and (240) beam elements embedded in elastic soil which are used to model the four piles embedded to a depth of (60m) below mudline in the sea bed that support the platform. For piles, the stiffness, mass, and damping matrices are derived and evaluated using MATHCAD software. A FORTRAN program is developed to find the wave forces at each node in the superstructure that is embedded in the fluid medium. The forces on each member are calculated and then distributed on the nodes for x, y, and zdirections. The deck mass is modeled using lumped the mass in five nodes that forms the pyramid [32, 3]. This model is the same model that adopted by Al-Salihy [3] which is takes the Winkler model with isolated springs at nodal points only to represent the soil resistance which takes into account normal and tangential modulus of subgrade reaction in three directions for each node. The dimensions of the platform are shown in the appendix.

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Applications, Results, and Discussion

5-2-1 SoilStructure Interaction:

As mentioned previously, the new stiffness matrix to represent the interaction between the piles and soil is used. The soil is assumed as clay soil with constant modulus of subgrade reaction taking the modulus of elasticity as (45 MPa), and Poissons ratio as (0.3). The stiffness coefficients are calculated using MATHCAD software from exact stiffness matrix. The mass and damping coefficients are used as input in the ANSYS program to investigate the free and forced vibration analysis. 5.2.2. Free Vibration Analysis: Free vibration analysis is carried out taking into account the length of pile embeddment in the soil, and end condition of the pile, which is spring, hinged, and fixed, modeling of inertia forces (consistent and lumped mass approximation), and the effect of added mass. Table (5-1) compares the fundamental four modes of natural frequencies of present work for spring pile tip with different mass types with that reported by Al-Salihy [3]. Al-Salihy used isolated springs to represent the soil-structure interaction. The tabulated data shows that the results obtained by the present work are higher than that given by Al-Salihy for sway, bending, and axial modes due to stiffer model adopted in present study. But the values of natural frequencies are close in torsion mode. This is because the pile legs of the structure prevents the superstructure from rotation and no effect of the torsional stiffness of piles at different length of piles on the torsional stiffness of the entire structure. The mode shapes of free vibration for fundamental sway, torsion, bending, and axial modes are shown in Fig. (5-2).

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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

Table (5-1): Natural Frequencies for Basic Modes of Vibration for Different Models. Present Work Added Lumped Consistent 0.36676 0.37661 0.70892 1.4316 1.4806 0.72783 1.5149 1.5349

Mode Consistent Sway Torsion Bending Axial 0.37653 0.72951 1.5164 1.5311

Added Lumped 0.36667 0.70892 1.4316 1.4803

Al-Salihy Ref.(3) 0.207 0.725 1.845 0.940

Fig. (5-3) shows the variation of sway mode frequency with pile embeddment length (ranged between 8-80 m) for different pile tip support and considering multi types of mass representations. These figures indicates that the natural frequency increases with increasing the pile embeddment length when the pile tip is modeled as a spring. But it decreases when the pile tip is fixed or hinged for different mass approximations. It is shown that there is a limiting value for the pile embeddment length after which there is no change in the value of the natural frequency for different pile tip condition and mass representation. The increase of the pile length will increase the flexibility of the entire structure in case of fixed and hinged support. In addition the results of hinge support case are close to the fixed support case for all mass representations and at all lengths of piles. Moreover, the rates of change of frequency w. r. t. the pile length for spring pile tip is greater than that for hinge or fixed support. It is also shown that the natural frequency for sway mode be the same for different types of mass approximations. The inclusion of added mass will decrease the natural frequency due to increasing of the total mass by (2.6%) for consistent mass approximation and (2.63%) for lumped mass approximation in the fundamental sway mode and so on.
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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

Fig. (5-4) shows the variation of natural frequency for torsional mode with pile length. It is shown that the natural frequency does not vary with the pile embeddment length when the embeddment pile length is greater than (20m) for different pile end conditions and for all cases of mass representations. When the length is less than (20m), the frequency decreases with pile length in the case of fixed support and increases in the case of spring and hinged supports. This is because that the short pile gives more rigidity to the entire structure in the case of fixed support. But in the case of spring or hinge supports, the rigidity of structure is less for the same soil stiffness, therefore, the natural frequency decreases when the pile length increases. For the bending mode, Fig. (5-5) shows that the embeddment pile length beyond which the variation in natural frequency can be neglected is (20 m) when the fluid added mass is neglected and (30 m) when the fluid added mass is considered. In fixed pile tip, the frequency decreases when the pile embeddment length increases. For both spring and hinge pile tip conditions, the increasing of the pile embeddment cause an increase in the frequency. Fig. (5-6) shows the variation of axial mode frequency with pile embeddment pile length. The curves shows a similar behavior for the variation of natural frequency with pile embeddment with that of sway mode. The

increasing of pile embeddment length cause increasing in the value of natural frequency for the case of spring pile tip for different mass representations. While for other end conditions, the value of natural frequency decreases when the pile embeddment length increases. The variation in the value of natural frequency is diminished when the pile embeddment length is greater than (60m) for all cases of pile end conditions.

5-2-3. Forced Vibration Analysis:

Many parameters were studied in the forced vibration analysis of offshore jacket platform with soilstructure interaction subjected to wave loading only. These are the mass representation, added mass effects,
35

Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

embeddment pile length, pile tip conditions, direction of wave propagation w.r.t. the structure, and wave length to legs spacing ratio. To study the action of wave forces on the dynamic behavior of the offshore platform model shown in Fig. (5-1), the following wave parameters have been considered [3]: Wave height = 21 m Wave period = 12 sec Wave length = 225 m Water depth = 115 m Water density = 1025 kg/m3 The assumed value of the viscous damping ratio is (5%) for all modes of vibration considering that (2%) as hydrodynamic damping, whereas the remaining (3%) simulates energy dissipation from sources other than hydrodynamics which is called structural damping [3,12]. The inertia coefficient (Cm) and drag coefficient (Cd) are taken as (2.0) and (0.8) respectively. Fig. (5-7) show the force-time curve for node (A) as shown in Fig. (5-1) due to wave loads in three directions using Morisons equation {Eq.(4 -21)}. Fig. (5-8) and Fig. (5-9) that (for the case of consistent mass approximation with added water mass, and spring support for pile tip) the dynamic response for both the bending moment at deck level and axial force in seabed level (member CD) respectively. It is shown that the two curves have a similar behavior and both of them reached a steady state condition after one period of time only (24 sec). Fig. (5-10) shows a comparison of the deck displacement obtained in the present work with that of isolated springs model adopted by Al-Salihy [3]. It is shown a significant difference in the value of the amplitude of vibration between the two models. It is expected model gives less amplitude than that results from the isolated springs model because of considering the exact stiffness coefficient for soil-structure interaction.
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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

The parameters which are adopted in the forced vibration analysis of case study (1) are:-

Consistent and Lumped Mass Approximations:

The masses of the structural element (super structure and piling system) are represented by consistent and lumped mass approximations. For both types of representations, the effect of displaced mass of sea water are considered for the members embedded in sea water to represent the volume of fluid displaced by the submerged members. It can be shown in Fig. (5-11) that there is no large difference in the displacement of deck for different mass models. However there is a little difference when the submerged water mass is added to the structural mass but this difference is small when compared to maximum dynamic amplitude.

Embedded Pile Length:

Fig. (5-12) shows the variation of the max. amplitude of vibration for the deck supported by piles with different lengths (5-80 m). It can be seen that there is a decreasing in the deck displacement with increasing the pile length for spring support, while, the deck displacement will increase when the pile tip is fixed. The pile tip effect can be neglected when the depth of pile is greater than (80 m). In the case of fixed support the increasing of pile length will increase the flexibility of the structure and hence decrease the natural frequency. This is due to the increase of the slenderness ratio of the whole structure in the case of the fixed pile tip. In the case of spring support the increases of pile length will increase the whole stiffness of the whole structure and hence decrease the deck displacement.

Modeling of Boundary Conditions at Pile Tip:

Fig. (5-13) shows the Max. deck displacement for different types of pile tip conditions. Three types of pile end conditions are considered, these are
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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

spring, hinge, and fixed support for normal length of piles (60m). The mass is modeled using consistent mass model including the added fluid mass. It is shown for this length that there is no large difference in the time history curves and the value of amplitude of deck with different end conditions. Fig. (5-14) shows the deflected shape of the pile. It is shown that the lateral deformation of the pile is diminished after one third of the pile length. The end condition of the pile does not effected the lateral deflection of the pile for this length of pile (60 m).

Direction of Wave Propagation:

At offshore structures the random wind directions will cause wave loads act at different directions on the structure. The three dimensional wave theories are quite complex, therefore, for a plane wave propagation the twodimensional wave theories are commonly used. In present study an extension for two dimensional wave theories are used to contain arbitrary wave directions with respect to the structure direction by using an angle ( ). Due to symmetry of the structure, angle () will be ranged between (0-45o). For each increment (7.5o) of the angle (), the dynamic analysis is performed for the structure to show the variation of wave effects with different wave directions. Fig. (5-15) shows the variation of maximum amplitude of deck at x and y-directions with the angle (). It shows that the value of deck displacement in y-direction is very small as compared to deck displacement in x-direction at (=0). Fig. (5-16) shows the variation of deck rotation with the angle ( ). The figure shows that there is no rotation about the x-axis when the value of (=0). For the same value of the angle () the rotation about the y-axis is maximum. The torsional rotation (z) of the entire structure concentrated at the top level of deck are maximum when (=22.5o). Fig. (5-17) shows the variation of axial force at the deck and sea bed with the angle ( ). Fig. (5-18) shows the variation of bending moment with the angle (). It is shown that the maximum values of axial forces are when the angle () is zero, while the maximum value of bending
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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

moment are when the angle (=45o). This is due to load distribution as a result to wave inclination.

Ratio of Wave Length to Legs Spacing:

In most actual sea states, waves occur at random nature with multi values of frequencies and wave lengths. In present work one period and one wave length is used. Fig. (5-19) shows the wave profile for some patterns of wave length as a ratio to the spacing between two adjacent platform legs (
L ) S

which plays a significant role in the dynamic response of the whole structure. The dynamic analysis for some special patterns of wave length to the legs
L spacing ratio ( =1,4/3,5/6,2,3,4) are performed. S

Table (5-2) shows for each ratio of wave length to legs spacing the wave characteristic of the sea state and the wave height of (5 m) is adopted. The natural period of platform is about (T=2.7 sec) which is less than the wave period for all cases. This values are obtained for each (
L ) ratio by using the S

following equations and using spacing between each two adjacent piles (25m) (Ref. [39]). Wave Length (L) = ( L / S )*25 (5-1) Wave Number (k) = 2 / L (5-2) Wave Period (T) = (2L) /(g tanh(kd) (5-3) Wave Celerity (C) = L / T (5-4) Wave Frequency (f) = gk tanh(kd) / 2 (5-5)

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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

Table (5-2): Wave Characteristics for Different Wave Length to Legs Spacing (L/S). Wave Length to Legs Spacing (L/S) 1 4/3 5/6 2 3 4

Wave Length (L)(m) 25 33.333 41.667 50 75 100

Wave Number (k) 0.251 0.188 0.151 0.126 0.084 0.063

Wave Period (sec.) 4.002 4.622 5.175 5.688 7.139 8.597

Wave Wave Celerity(C) Frequency (m/sec.) (Hz) 6.247 7.212 8.051 8.79 10.505 11.632 1.57 1.359 1.214 1.105 0.88 0.731

Fig. (5-20) shows the deck response, for (

L =1). It is shown that the S L =2), S

steady state response is reached after four periods. While for the case of (

two periods are sufficient to reach a steady state response as shown in Fig. (521). Fig. (5-22) shows that three periods are necessary to reach the steady state response for the case of (
L L 4 =4). In Fig. (5-23), ( = ) six periods are required S S 3

to reach a steady state response and various shapes in each time period. This variety is due to the various conditions of the loading cases where one leg may be reached the maximum load and the others will have zero load. For the ratio (
L 3 ) the amplitude of vibration increases with time until it reaches a steady S

state response after nine period as shown in Fig. (5-24). Fig. (5-25) shows that

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Chapter Five when (

Applications, Results, and Discussion

L 5 ) the deck response reaches a steady state condition after five S 3

periods. The maximum amplitude for this case will occur at (t=21 sec). From the previous figures (5-20) to (5-25) it can be seen that for each case the shape of these figures differ from each other, due to dynamic behavior of the structural system as well as to the load patterns, see Fig. (5-19). Fig. (5-26) shows the variation of the maximum amplitude of vibration in x-direction with (
L L ), it shows that the range of (1< <4) will give minimum S S
L S

dynamic amplitude is obtained and acts between the values of ( =3 to 4) and the maximum amplitude will occur between (
L =3 to 4). S

Fig. (5-27) shows the maximum deck displacement in y, and z-directions. It shows that the variation in z-direction is similar to that in x-axis {see Fig. (5-26)} but the displacement in ydirection is increased with the increase of the specified values of ( ). In addition Fig. (5-28) shows the rotation about x, and y axes. It is shown that the rotation y-varies in the same way for that in the x, and z-translation (ux, uz). While the rotation x is increased
L with increasing ( ) . The value of x are very small compared with y, this is due S
L S

to the small values of deck displacement in y-direction compared to displacement in x-direction. Fig. (5-29) shows the maximum amplitude of A .F. at the deck and sea bed and Fig. (5-30) shows the maximum amplitude of B. M. at the deck and sea bed for the specific change in (
L ). S

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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

5-3: Case Study (2):Al-Amaya Berthing Dolphin:

The second model adopted in this work is the berthing dolphin structure in berth No. 8 of Khor Al-Amaya oil terminal as shown in Fig. (5-31). Wave loads and impact loads have been considered, the effect of added mass is considered for the case of wave loads only.

5-3-1:Soil-Structure Interaction:
As shown in Fig. (5-31), the berthing dolphin is supported by eight steel piles, which are driven to a depth of (44 m) below the mudline in the soil from sea bed. There are no data available about the soil properties. Therefore, it will be assumed that the soil is clayey or sandy soil having a modulus of elasticity (45 MPa) and Poissons ratio (0.3). The clayey soil has a constant modulus of subgrade reaction with depth. While the linear distribution is used for sandy soil beginning from zero at the sea bed level to its maximum value (as calculated from Eq. (3-2) at pile tip.

5-3-2: Free Vibration Analysis:

The free vibration analysis is performed by considering the soil as a clay in the first application and sand in the second application including the effect of added mass by using consistent mass approximation only. Table (5-3) shows the natural frequencies for different cases adopted in this research and the results of isolated springs model reported by Al-Salihy [3]. It is clear that the frequencies obtained by the isolated springs model are less than the frequencies that is obtained in the present study for different cases. Fig. (5-32) shows respectively, the sway, torsion, bending, and axial mode shapes of the structure. Fig. (5-33) shows the effect of embeddment pile length on the natural frequency for the fundamental sway mode. It shows that for all cases, the frequency increases with the increase of the pile length for spring support and decreases when the pile tip is fixed (for end bearing piles). The effect of pile tip on natural frequency can be
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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

neglected if the embeddment pile length will be greater than (50m). Fig. (5-34) shows the variation of torsion mode frequency with pile embeddment length. It is shown that the effect of pile tip on natural frequency can be neglected when the length of embeddment is (30m) for sand without added mass. While for the other cases the embeddment pile length does not affect on the frequency when the pile embeddment length is more than (40m). For bending mode as shown in Fig. (5-35) an embeddment length of (50m) is required to neglect the effect of end condition of the pile tip. For the axial mode Fig. (5-36), the embeddment pile length required to equalize the natural frequency for spring and fixed support is greater than (50m). Fig. (5-37) shows the effect of type of soil and consideration of added mass on the natural frequency for the four major modes with spring pile tip support. It shows an increase of frequency with the increase of embeddment pile length for all modes of vibration. It is shown that the soil type has no effect on the frequency for torsion mode only. But there is a noticed difference in the values of natural frequencies with soil type for the other modes. Fig. (5-38) shows that the type of soil has no effect on the natural frequency for torsion mode in the fixed pile tip, while the added mass reduces the natural frequency. This is because that the pile legs of the dolphin prevents the superstructure from rotation and no effect to the torsional stiffness of piles at different length of piles on the torsional stiffness of the entire structure.

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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

Table (5-3) : Natural Frequencies for Basic Modes of Vibration for Different Models.

Natural Frequency (Hz)

Mode Number

Clayey Soil
4.1476 5.5215 8.7067 11.204 12.706 13.559

Present Study Clayey Sandy Soil with Soil Added Mass

3.9421 5.5363 8.1487 11.179 11.731 12.389 3.0356 4.1313 6.9439 7.0671 8.8534 10.782

Sandy Soil with Added Mass

2.8771 2.9057 4.1378 6.5372 8.8797 10.508

Al-salihy

1 2 3 4 5 6

2.816 3.097 5.485 7.104 8.798 9.106

5-3-3 : Forced vibration Analysis :

Two types of loading are considered in the dynamic analysis of the berthing dolphin, these are wave loads and the berthing impact loads.

Wave Loads:
To find the dynamic response of the dolphin structure to wave loads the following data are used for the wave characteristics that collected from the information related to the Arabian Gulf [3]: Wave height = 11 m Wave length = 261 m Water density = 1025 kg/m3 Drag coefficient (Cd) = 0.35 Other data are detailed in the appendix. Wave period = 13 sec Water depth = 21.4 m Inertia coefficient (Cm) = 1.45

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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

Fig. (5-39) shows the time history of fluid and structural velocities at (Node B). This curve illustrates that the non-linear drag force can be linearized (by neglecting the structural velocity compared to fluid velocity) without an immerse error for the first (1 sec) and very little above (1 sec) time of calculated responses, this error is overrided by the addition of hydrodynamic damping (2%) to the structural damping. Fig. (5-40) shows the maximum deck displacement of Al-Amaya berthing dolphin for the wave loads only. It is shown that the amplitude of vibration for the case of isolated springs model (adopted by Al-Salihy [3]) is more than the value resulted in the present work. It is also shown that the numerical solution in the adopted model is more stable especially in the first four seconds. Fig. (5-41) shows the max. deck displacement for the assumed types of soil including added mass effect. The amplitude of deck displacement for sandy soil is more than that in the clayey soil because of the linear distribution of subgrade reaction. It is shown at first (2 sec.) the fluctuation due to free vibration effect. Fig. (5-42) shows the deck response without added mass. Fig. (5-43) shows the effect of added mass on deck response for clayey soil. It shows that the added mass cause an increase in the displacement due to the including of inertia force. For sandy soil, the effect of considering the added masses does not appear as shown in fig. (5-44). Fig. (5-45) shows the variation of maximum bending moment at the level of the deck for clayey and sandy soils with and without considering added masses. It is shown that the type of soil and the considering of the added masses do not affect the values of Bending moment. The same behavior is shown in Fig. (5-46) for the response of axial force at sea bed level. Fig. (5-47) illustrates the lateral deflected shape of the pile with length for the clayey and sandy soils including added mass effects. It can be seen that the inclusion of added mass increases the displacement of piles for both clayey and sandy soils. Also the pile displacement in the case of sandy soil is more than the displacement in the case
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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

of clayey soil. In Fig. (5-48) it is clear that for the clayey soil the axial deformation is more than the deformations in the case of sandy soil. The axial deformation for both sandy and clayey soils increased with the increase of the total mass by considering added mass.

Berthing Impact Loads:

The berthing dolphin was designed to withstand the impact loads that come from the ship berthing by providing the dolphin C2000H rubber type cell fender. The fender rubber grade is selected to develop a reaction force on the structure to 1397.4 kN and 1484.7 kN and to absorb an energy equal to 1397.4 kN.m and 1227.4 kN.m corresponding to a related deflection in the fendering system equal to 52.5% and 55% respectively [34, 3]. The load-time curve for the three different velocities is shown in Fig. (5-49) which is plotted by Al-Jasim [12] due to impact loads. Fig. (5-50) shows the deck response for clayey soil for each case of the three velocities. It can be seen that the duration time (the time required to reach zero load) increase, the time history curve will be smoother because the structure at that time reaches a steady state. This is clear also for sandy soil in Fig. (5-51) which has larger amplitude than that for clayey soil due to the linear distribution of subgrade reaction used for sandy soil. Fig. (5-52) shows a comparison for the maximum deck displacement resulted from the present work (clayey and sandy soils) with the isolated springs model adopted by Al-Salihy [3] for velocity (1)(which has a duration time 12 sec and rising time (2.5 sec)). It is clear that the deck displacement for the clayey soil response is less than the displacement for sandy soil case and both of them have amplitude for deck displacement less than the isolated springs model. Figs. (5-53), and (5-54) show the max. deck displacement for velocities (2) and (3) respectively. They show that the deck displacement for clay soil is less than the deck displacement for sandy soil as mentioned above.
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Chapter Five

Applications, Results, and Discussion

It can be seen from the figures mentioned above that the efficiency of the fendering system selected to absorb the energy of ship's impact on the dolphin and that the response of the structure to impact loading is approximately similar to static response. This is because that the reaction force has a relatively large rising time (2.5 sec) and that the increase of rising time will decrease the dynamic effect of the loads.

55