K.L.N.

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Pottapalayam – 630 611, Sivagangai District.

Year : 2008 -2009, Semester : 6

Branch : III B.E. EEE Subject : EE 1352 Power System Analysis

Name of the Writer (Collaborator) : R. Ramesh, Professor (EEE), IT Dept.

Unit : V Date of Submission : .1.2009

Syllabus : Vth Unit

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY :

Sl.No. Topics L T P
1. Basic concepts and definitions - Rotor angle stability 1 - -
2. Voltage stability – Mid Term and Long Term stability 1 - -
3. Classification of stability – An elementary view of transient stability 1 - -
4. Equal area criterion 1 1 -
5. Factors influencing transient stability 1 - -
6. Numerical integration methods 1 - -
7. Euler method 1 1 -
8. Modified Euler method 1 - -
9. Runge-Kutta methods 1 - -
10. Assignment - V - - -
11. Unit – V Test - - -.
Total 9 3 -

EE 1352 - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

1
 VI semester EEE Branch (2006-2010 Batch)
Unit – V – Power System Stability
Syllabus :
Basic concepts and definitions – Rotor angle stability – Voltage stability –
Mid Term and Long Term stability – Classification of stability – An elementary view
of transient stability – Equal area criterion – Factors influencing transient stability
– Numerical integration methods – Euler method – Modified Euler method –
Runge-Kutta methods.

5.1 Introduction
The transient behavior of a power system resulting from major disturbances such
as a fault followed by switching operations, sudden rejection of load or generation etc.
A major disturbance upsets the balance between mechanical input and electrical output of
the generator with the result that some generators may accelerate while others may
decelerate. The rotor angles will undergo wide variations and in this process the
“synchronism” of the system gets affected.

Synchronism must be maintained by timely operation of circuit breakers. Critical

clearing times of circuit breakers can be computed and protection zones of distance relays
during transient swings can be adjusted. Compared to short circuit and load flow
studies, transient stability studies are more complex since they involve the
electromechanical dynamics of the synchronous machines and its associated controls
such as excitation system and governor.

5.2 Basic concepts and Definitions :

Power system stability :

It is defined as that property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of

operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state
of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance.

A necessary condition for satisfactory power system operation is that all synchronous
machine remain in synchronism or in step. This aspect of stability is influenced by the
dynamics of generator rotor angles and power angle relationships.

Instability may also be encountered without lose of synchronism. For example, a

system consisting of synchronous generator feeding an induction motor load through a
transmission line can become unstable because of the collapse of load voltage.

Maintenance of synchronism is not an issue, instead, the concern in stability and

control of voltage. This form of instability can also occur in loads covering an extensive
area supplied by a large system.

5.3 Rotor angle stability :

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 It is the ability of inter connected synchronous machines of a power system to remain
in synchronism. The stability problem involves the study of the electromechanical
oscillations inherent in power systems. A fundamental factor in this problem is the
manner in which the power outputs of synchronous machines vary as their motor
oscillate.

It is usual to characterize the rotor angle stability phenomena in terms of the following
two categories.

5.3.1 Small signal stability (or) Steady state stability :

It is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under small
disturbances. Such disturbances occur continually on the system because of small
variations in load and generation.
Instability may occur in two forms.
i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of sufficient synchronizing
torque or
ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing amplitude due to lack of sufficient
damping torque.

5.3.2 Transient stability :

It is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to a
severe transient disturbance. The resulting system response involves large excursions of
generator rotor angles and is influenced by the non-linear power-angle relationship.
In large power systems, transient instability may not always occur as first swing
instability, it could be result of superposition of several modes of oscillation causing large
excursions of rotor angle beyond the first swing.
In transient stability studies the study period of interest is usually limited to 3 to 5
seconds following the disturbance, although it may extent to about 10 seconds for every
large systems.

5.4 Swing equation for single machine infinite bus system :

The equation governing the motion of the rotor of a synchronous machine is
based on the elementary principle in dynamics which states that accelerating torque is the
product of the moment of inertia of the rotor times its angular acceleration.
In MKS system of units this equation can be written for the synchronous
generator in the form :
d 2ϑ
J 2 = Ta = Tm − Te N − m..................(1)
dt
where
J = The total moment of inertia of the rotor mass in kg-m2.
Θm = Angular displacement of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis in
mechanical radians.
t = Time, in seconds.
Tm = The mechanical (or) shaft torques supplied by the prime mover in N-m.
Te = Net electrical (or) electromagnetic torque in N-m.
Ta = Net accelerating torque in N-m.

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 The mechanical torque Tm and electrical torque Te are considered positive for
synchronous generator. These means that Tm is the resultant shaft torque which tends to
accelerate the rotor in the positive θm direction of rotation as shown in fig. 9.1 (a).
Under steady state operation the generator Tm and Te are equal and the accelerating
torque Ta is zero. In this case there is no acceleration or deceleration of the rotor masses
which include the rotor of the generator and prime mover are said to be in synchronism
with the other machines operating at synchronous speed in the power system.

The electrical torque Te corresponds to the net air gap power in the machine and
thus accounts for the total output power of the generator plus I2R losses in the armature
winding. In the synchronous motor the direction of power flow is opposite to that in the
generator. Accordingly for a motor both Tm and Te are reversed in sign as shown in fig.
9.1 (b). Te is then corresponds to the air gap power supplied by the electrical system to
drive the rotor while Tm → the counter torque of the load and the rotational losses
tending to retard the rotor. In our discussion Tm is considered to be constant since the
prime mover is controlled by governors.

Since θm is measured with respect to a stationary references axis on the stator, it

is an absolute measure of rotor angle. θm increases continuously with time even when
synchronous speed is constant. Since the rotor speed relative to synchronous speed is
more convenient to measure the rotor angular position with respect to reference axis
which rotates at synchronous speed.
We define θm = ωsm + δm . . . . . (2)
where ωsm is the synchronous speed of the machine in mech. Radians per second.
δm is the angular displacement of the rotor in mech. radians from the
synchronously rotating axis.
dθ m dδ
= ω sm + m
dt dt
. . . . . (3) & (4)
d θm d δ
2 2
=
dt 2 dt

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 dθ m
From equation (3) we can say the rotor angular velocity is constant and
dt
dδ m dδ m
equals the synchronous speed only when is zero. Therefore represents the
dt dt
deviation of the rotor speed from synchronism and the units of measure are mechanical
radians per second.

Equation (4) represents rotor acceleration in mechanical radian per second

squared.
Substitute equation (4) in equation (1)
d 2δ m
J = Ta = Tm − Te N − m..........(5)
dt 2
It is convenient for notational purposes to introduce
dϑ
ω m = m for angular velocity of the rotor.
dt
From elementary dynamics power = Torque x angular velocity.
Multiply equation (5) by ωm ,
d 2δ m
Jω m = Pa = Pm − PeW . . . . (6)
dt 2
where Pm is the shaft power input to the machine
Pe is the electrical power crossing its air gap
Pa is the accelerating power which account for any unbalance between
those two quantities usually rotational loss and I2R losses are neglected and think Pm as
power supplied by the prime mover and Pe → electrical power output. Coefficient Jωm is
the angular momentum of the rotor at synchronous speed ωsm and is denoted by M called
inertia constant of the machine.
Jωm = M
Equation (6) becomes
d 2δ m
M = Pa = Pm − Pe . . . . . (7)
dt 2
In practice M cannot be a constant as it is the coefficient. M is expressed in
Joule-second / mech. radian.
We write as
d 2δ m
M = Pa = Pm − Pe . . . . . (8)
dt 2
M is not constant because ωm=ωsm under all condition.
One more constant which is very much encountered in the stability studies is
H – constant defined as
Stored kinetic energy in megajoules at synchronous speed
H = —————————————————————————
Machine rating in MVA

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 1 1
Jω sm
2
Mω sm
H= 2 = 2 MJ / MVA
S mach S mach
where Smach three phase rating of the machine in MVA
2H
M = S mach MJs/mach.rad
ω sm
Substitute this in equation (7) we get
2 H d 2δ m P P − Pe
= a = m . . . . (8)
ω sm dt 2
S mach S mach
δm → expressed in mech. rad.
ωsm → expressed in mech. rad./sec.
We can write the above equation as
2 H d 2δ
= Pa = Pm − Pe p.u. . . . . . (9)
ω s dt 2
δ and ωs are in mech (or) electrical degrees or radians.
Thus for a system with a frequency of f herts,
2 H d 2δ
= Pa = Pm − Pe
2πf dt 2
H d 2δ
= Pa = Pm − Pe perunit.......(10)
πf dt 2
when δ is in electrical degrees.
Equation (10) is called the swing equation o the machine is the fundamental
equation which governs the rotational dynamics of the synchronous machine in stability
studies.
When swing equation is solved we obtain the expression for δ as a function of
time. A graph of the solution is called the swing curve of the machine and inspection of
the swing curves of all the machines of the system will show whether the machines
remain in synchronism after a disturbance.

Multimachine system

In a multimachine system a common system base must be chosen.

Let Smach = machine rating (base)

Ssystem = system base
Equation (10) can be written as
S mach  H mach d 2δ  S
 2 
= ( Pm − Pe ) mach (or)
S system  πf dt  S system
H system d 2δ
= Pm − Pe p.u. in system base
πf dt 2

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  S mach 
where H system − H mach   = Machine inertia constant in system base.
 S system 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solved problems :
Example : A 50 Hz, four pole turbogenerator rated 100 MVA, 11 kV has an inertia
constant of 8.0 KJ/MVA. a) Find the stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed.
b) If the mechanical input is suddenly raised to 80 MW for an electrical load of 50 MW,
find the rotor acceleration elec.deg./sec2 neglecting mechanical and electrical losses.

Solution :
Stored energy in MJ
H = ————————————
Machine rating in MVA

a) Stored energy in MJ = H (inertia constant) x MVA = 8 x 100 = 800 MJ.

b) Pa = Pm – Pe = 80 – 50 = 30 MW
Md 2δ
Pa =
dt 2
H 8
M = S mach = x100 = 0.089MJ − s / elec. deg ree
180 f 180 x50
d 2δ d 2δ Pa 30
Pa = M 2 ⇒ 2 = = = 337.08elec. / deg ree
dt dt M 0.089
d 2δ
Acceleration = 337.08elec. deg ree / sec 2
dt 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typical values of H
Type of machine Inertia constant H
in MJ/MVA
Water wheel generator
Slow speed < 200 rpm 2.3
High speed > 200 rpm 2.3
Synchronous capacitor
Large 1.25
Small 1.00
Synchronous motor with load varying from
2.00
1.0 to 5.0 and higher for flywheels
Turbine generator
Condensing 1800 rpm 9.6
3000 rpm 7.4
Non condensing 3000 rpm 4.1

7
  I a  1 1 1   I a 0 
 I  = 1 a 2 a   I 
 b    a1 
 I c  1 a a   I a 2 
2

∴ I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2
I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a1
Given that, I a 0 = 350∠90° = 0 + j 350
I a1 = 600∠ − 90° = 0 − j 600
I a2 = 250∠90° = 0 + j 250
∴ aI a1 = 1∠120° x600∠ − 90° = 600∠30° = 519.62 + j 300
a 2 I a1 = 1∠240° x600∠ − 90° = 600∠150° = −519.62 + j 300
aI a 2 = 1∠120° x 250∠90° = 250∠210° = −216.51 − j125
a 2 I a 2 = 1∠240° x 250∠90° = 250∠330° = 216.51 − j125
I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 = j 350 − j 600 + j 250 = 0
I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2 = j 350 − 519.62 + j 300 − 216.51 − j125 = −736.13 + j 525 = 904.16∠145° A
I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2 = j 350 + 519.62 + j 300 + 216.51 − j125 = 736.13 + j 525 = 904.16∠35° A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

Power in terms of Symmetrical Components

If the symmetrical components of currents and voltages are known, the power in a
3 phase circuit can be computed directly from the components.

The total complex power flowing into a three phase circuit through three lines a,b
S = P + jQ = Va I a + Vb I b + Vc I c
* * *
and c is
Where Va, Vb and Vc are voltages to neutral at the terminals and Ia, Ib and Ic are
the currents flowing into the circuit in the three lines. A neutral connection may or may
not present.
In matrix notation,
* T *
I a  Va  I a 
S = [Va Vb Vc ]  I b  = Vb  I 
 b
 I c  Vc   I c 
Where the conjugate of a matrix is composed of elements that are the conjugates
of the corresponding elements of the original matrix.
Now use the symmetrical components of the voltages and currents in the above
equation.

8
 Va  1 1 1  Va 0   I a  1 1 1   I a0 
V  = 1 a 2 a  Va1  and  I b  = 1 a 2
   a   I a1 
 b 
Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2   I c  1 a a 2   I a 2 
Va  I a 
V  = AV , and  I  = AI
 b  b
Vc   I c 
∴ S = [ AV ] x[ AI ]
T *

The reverse rule of matrix algebra states the transpose of the product of two
matrices is equal to the product of the transposes of the matrices in reverse order.
According to this rule,
[ AV ] T = V T AT
∴ S = V T AT A * I *
Noting that AT = A and a and a2 are conjugates we get,
*
1 1 1  1 1 1 I a0 
S = [Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ] 1 a 2 a  1 a a 2   I a1 
1 a a 2  1 a 2 a   I a 2 
1 0 0
A A = 30 1 0
T *

0 0 1 
*
I a0 
S = 3[Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ]  I a1 
 I a 2 
So complex power is
Va I a* + Vb I b* + Vc I c* = 3V0 I 0* + 3V1 I 1* + 3V2 I 2*
If the symmetrical components of currents and voltages are known, the power
consumed by a three phase circuit can be computed directly from the sequence
components. Thus the above relation is very useful for computing power in unbalanced
power system.
----- ---
Sequence Impedance
In any part of circuit, the voltage drop caused by current of a certain sequence
depends on the impedance of the part of the circuit to current of that sequence. The
impedance of any section of a balanced network to current of one sequence may be
different from impedance to current of another sequence.
The sequence impedance of an equipment or component of a power system are
the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances. They are defined as follows :

9
 The impedance of a circuit element when positive sequence currents alone are
flowing is called positive sequence impedance. Similarly, when only negative sequence
currents are present, the impedance is called negative sequence impedance. When only
zero sequence currents are present the impedance is called zero sequence impedance.
The impedance of any element of a balanced circuit to current of one sequence may be
different from impedance to current of another sequence.
The single phase equivalent circuit of power system (impedance or reactance
diagram) formed using the impedances of any one sequence only is called the sequence
network for the particular sequence. Therefore the impedance or reactance diagram
formed using positive sequence impedance is called positive sequence network. Similarly
the impedance or reactance diagram formed using negative sequence impedance is called
negative sequence network. The impedance or reactance diagram formed using zero
sequence impedance is called zero sequence network.
The sequence impedances and networks are useful in the analysis of
unsymmetrical faults in the power system. In unsymmetrical fault analysis of a power
system, the positive, negative and zero sequence networks of the system are determined
and then they are interconnected to represent the various unbalanced fault conditions.
Each sequence network includes the generated emfs and impedances of like sequences.
Also, the sequence network carries only the currents of like sequence.

Sequence impedance and networks of a generator

Consider the three phase equivalent circuit of a
generator shown in fig. 1. The neutral of the generator is
grounded through a reactance Zn.
When the generator is delivering a balanced load
or under symmetrical fault, the neutral current is zero.
But when the generator is delivering an unbalanced load
or during unsymmetrical faults the neutral current flows
through Zn.
The generator is designed to supply balanced
three phase voltages. Therefore the generated emfs are
positive sequence only. Fig. 1 Three phase equivalent
circuit of a generator grounded
through a reactance.
Let Ea, Eb, Ec = Generated emf per phase in phase a, b and c respectively.
Z1 = Positive sequence impedance per phase of generator.
Z2 = Negative sequence impedance per phase of generator.
Zg0 = Zero sequence impedance per phase of generator.
Zn = Neutral reactance.
Z0 = Total zero sequence impedance per phase of zero sequence network of
generator.
The positive sequence network consists of an emf in series with positive sequence
impedance of the generator. The negative and zero sequence network will not have any
sources but include their respective sequence impedance. The positive, negative and zero
sequence current paths are shown in fig. 2. The positive, negative and zero sequence
networks of the generator are shown in fig. 3.

10
 Note : The positive and negative sequence currents are balanced currents and so
they will not pass through neutral reactance.
The reactances in positive sequence network is subtransient, transient or
synchronous depending on whether subtransient, transient or steady state conditions are
being studied. Under no load condition the emf Ea is the induced emf per phase. Under
load or fault condition Ea is replaced by Eg’ for transient state and Ea is replaced by Eg”
for subtransient state.

Fig. 2 Sequence current paths in a generator Fig. 3 Sequence networks of a generator

On examining the zero sequence current paths (refer fig. 2 ©) the current through
neutral reactance is 3 Ia0. The zero sequence voltage drop from point-a to ground is
− 3I a 0 Z n − I a 0 Z g 0 .

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 The zero sequence network is a single phase network and assumed to carry only
the zero sequence current of one phase. Hence the zero sequence current of one phase,
must have an impedance 3Z0 + Zg0.

∴Total zero sequence impedance per phase of a generator grounded through

reactance Z0 = 3 Zn + Zg0.

With reference to fig. 3, the equations for the phase-a component voltages are,
Va1 = E a − I a1 Z 1
Va 2 = − I a 2 Z 2
Va 0 = − I a 0 Z 0
The zero sequence network of generator when the neutral is solidly grounded (i.e.
directly grounded) and when the neutral is ungrounded are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5
respectively. In these cases there is no change in positive and negative sequence network.

Fig. 4 : Zero sequence network of a generator Fig. 5 : Zero sequence network of a generator
when the neutral is solidly grounded. when the neutral is ungrounded.

Note : The sequence networks of synchronous motor is same as that of generator when
the directions of currents in the sequence network of generator are reversed.

Sequence impedances and networks of transmission lines

The impedance per phase of transmission line for balanced currents is
independent of phase sequence. This is due to the symmetry of transmission lines.
Therefore the impedances offered by the transposed transmission lines for positive and
negative sequence currents are identical.
The zero sequence current is identical (both in magnitude and phase) in each
phase conductor and returns through the ground, through overhead wires or through both.
The ground wires being grounded at several towers, the return currents in the ground wire
may not be uniform along the entire length of transmission line. But for positive,
negative sequence currents there is no return currents and they have a phase difference of
120°. Therefore the magnetic field due to zero sequence current is different from the
magnetic field caused by either positive or negative sequence current. Due to the
difference in the magnetic field, the zero sequence inductive reactance is 2 to 3.5 times
the positive sequence reactance.
Let, Z1 = Positive sequence impedance of transmission line.
Z2 = Negative sequence impedance of transmission line.
Z0 = Zero sequence impedance of transmission line.

12
 The positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of transmission lines are
represented as a series impedance in their respective sequence networks as shown in
fig. 6.

Fig. 6 Positive, Negative and zero sequence networks of a transmission line.

Sequence impedances and networks of a transformer

When the applied voltage is balanced, the positive and negative sequences of
linear, symmetrical, static devices are identical. Therefore in a transformer the positive
and negative sequence impedances are identical. Even though the zero sequence
impedance may slightly differ from positive and negative sequence impedance, it is
normal practice to assume the zero sequence impedance as equal to positive or negative
sequence impedance. [For all types of transformers the series impedances of all
sequences are assumed equal].
Note : When the neutral of star connection is grounded through reactance Zn
then 3Zn should be added to zero sequence impedance of transformer to get the
total zero sequence impedance.
Let, Z1 = Positive sequence impedance of transformer.
Z2 = Negative sequence impedance of transformer.
Z0 = Zero sequence impedance of transformer.
The positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of transformer are
represented as a series impedance in their respective sequence networks as shown in
fig. 7

Fig. 7 Positive and Negative sequence networks of transformer

The zero sequence network of the transformer depends on the type of connections
(Y or Δ) of the primary and secondary windings and also on the grounding of neutral in Y
connection.
The following general observations can be made for zero sequence currents in
transformers.
1. When magnetizing current is neglected, the primary winding will carry
current only if there is a current flow in the secondary winding.
Therefore the zero sequence current can flow in the primary winding of

13
 a transformer only if there is a path for zero sequence current in
secondary winding or vice-versa.
2. If the neutral point in the Y connected winding is not grounded then
there is no path for zero sequence current in star connected winding.
3. The zero sequence current flows in the star connected winding and in
the lines connected to the winding only when the neutral point is
grounded.
4. The zero sequence current can circulate in the delta connected winding
but the zero sequence current cannot flow through the lines connected
to the delta connected winding.

Based on the above observations the zero sequence network of 3 phase

transformer can be obtained for any configuration. The zero sequence network for nine
possible configuration are presented in table 1 shown below. The arrows on the
windings, indicate path for zero sequence current and the absence of arrows indicate that
there is no path for zero sequence currents.

Table 1 Zero sequence network of three phase transformer

14
Sequence impedances and networks of loads

15
 In balanced Y or Δ connected loads the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances are equal. When the neutral point of star connected load is grounded through
a reactance Zn then 3Zn is added to the zero sequence impedance of load to get the total
zero sequence impedance of load.
Let, ZL1 = Positive sequence impedance of load.
ZL2 = Negative sequence impedance of load.
ZL0 = Zero sequence impedance of load.
The positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of transmission lines are
represented as a shunt impedance in their respective sequence networks as shown in
fig. 8.

Fig. 8 Positive and Negative sequence network of load

The zero sequence network of the 3 phase load depends on the type of connection,
i.e. Y or Δ connection. The zero sequence current will flow in network only if a return
path exists for it. The zero sequence network for various types of loads are shown in
table below :
Table 2 : Zero sequence networks of loads

Single line to ground fault on an unloaded generator

16
Review Questions (2 marks)
1. How do short circuits occur on a power system ?
2. Distinguish between symmetrical and unsymmetrical short circuits.
3. What are the applications of short-circuit analysis?
4. Define short circuit capacity of a power system.
5. What are the different types of fault which occur in a power system?
6. Define symmetrical fault.
7. Name any two methods of reducing short circuit current.

Review Questions (16 marks)

1. (a) Explain the need for short circuit studies.
(b) Draw the oscillogram when an unloaded alternator is subjected to symmetrical
short circuit and hence explain how to obtain xd, xd’ and xd” from it.
2. With the help of a detailed flow chart, explain how a symmetrical fault can be
analyzed using ZBUS.
3. What are the various types of faults ? Discuss the frequency of occurrence and
severity.
4. Explain the difference between direct axis transient reactance and direct axis
sub-transient reactance of alternators.
5. Explain the method of calculation of fault currents in the transmission system
using Thevenin’s theorem.
6. A Generator-transformer unit is connected to a line through a circuit breaker. The
unit ratings are :
Generator : 10 MVA, 6.6 kV, Xd” = 0.1 p.u., Xd’= 0.20 p.u. and Xd = 0.80 p.u.
Transformer : 10 MVA, 6.9/33 kV, reactance = 0.08 p.u.
The system is operating at no load at a line voltage at 30 kV, when a three phse
fault occurs on the line just beyond the circuit breaker. Find
(a) the initial symmetrical rms current in the breaker.
(b) the maximum possible DC off-set current in the breaker
(c) the momentary current rating of the breaker
(d) the current to be interrupted by the breaker and the interrupting kV and
(e) the sustained short circuit current in the breaker.
8. The system shown in figure is delivering 50 MVA at 11 kV, 0.8 lagging power
factor into a bus which may be regarded as infinite. Particulars of various system
components are :
Generator : 60 MVA, 12 kV, Xd’ = 0.35 p.u.
Transformers (each) : 10 MVA, 12/66 kV, reactance 0.08 p.u.
Line : Reactance : 12 ohms, resistance negligible.
Calculate the symmetrical current that the circuit breakers A and B will be called
upon to interrupt in the event of a three phase fault occurring at F near the circuit
breaker B.

17
9. In the system configuration of figure, the system impedance data is given below :
Transient reactance of each generator = 0.15 p.u.
Leakage reactance of each transformer = 0.05 p.u.,
Z12 = j0.1, Z13 = j0.12, Z23 = j0.08 p.u.
For a solid 3 phase fault on bus 3, find all bus voltages and S C currents in each
component.
Assume prefault voltages to be 1 p.u. and prefault currents to be zero.

10. For a fault (solid) location shown in figure, find the short circuit currents in
line 1-2 and 1-3. Prefault system is on no-load with 1 p.u. voltage and prefault
currents are zero. Use ZBUS method and compute its elements by the current injection
technique.

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