BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I wish to extend my thanks for all lecturers of Department of surveying for encouraging us to do this assignment effectively! uantity

I am very much grateful to "r D!I!Fernando for the knowledge he imported us# and the help and advice given to us all the time! I am also thankful to the Assignment Designing $eam# for giving us a chance for reading# searching# and thus improving our knowledge in wide area! "y sincere thanks go to "r!Irsath %Auto cad &ecturer of BCAS'# who helped me to improve my Auto cad knowledge and collect valua(le information# and also I like to thank "s )ashmin# "r!*atnam and "r!Sarook %+nglish &ecturers of BCAS' who helped me to make this valua(le assignment Finally I wish to thank all colleagues in BCAS# who helped me to complete this assignment report successfully!

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

TABLES OF CONTENTS

C-.$+.$ Assignment $emplate & Feed(ack Form Acknowledgement $a(le of contents Introduction $AS563 $AS564 332 Annex Conclusion *eference

/A0+ .1 2 1,2 132 142 176,42 1,76 134 2 1372 1382

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

INTRODUCTION

Drawing and surveying is most important for all the 9uantity surveyors! According to that I worked hard to improve this assignment! I done the entire task in my own at the same time I referred some of the (ooks and we(sites to improve my assignment! :ere I used AutoCAD software to draw the drawings which relates to our site! I done all the tasks according to the tasks which issued (y our assessor! :ere I done all the calculations in my own and at the same time this drawing is drawn (y myself!

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Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

Task:-02 2.1 Select the appropriate instruments require for theses jobs with all pertinent details. 2.1.1. Tapes:-

Fi :-01 $apes are used where greater accuracy of measurement is re9uired such as the setting out of (uilding and roads! $hey are marked in meters# centimeters# and millimeters! $hey are usually ,8cm or 4;m long and are of three types! ,! &inen or linen with steel wire woven 3! fi(er glass tapes 4! steel tapes In our field work we used steel taps<6 Steel tapes are availa(le with different accuracy of graduations! A steel tape of lowest degree of accuracy is generally spirant to a metafiles or cloth tape for linear measurement steel types which consist of a light strip of width =mm to a ,;mm are accurately graduated! steel tapes are availa(le in different lengths(ut,;m#3;m#4;m & 8;m steel tapes are usually used for survey measurement at the end of the tape a (racing is provided! the length of the metal ring is included the length of tape it is would in a leather#metal!case having a suita(le windy device as steel tapes are delicate they generally not used in terrain with vegetation or rocky ground!

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Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

2.1.2. Tri po :$ri pod is an instrument to keep the hori>ontal level of telescope!

Fi :-02 2.1.!. C"ai# pi#s - Arro$s:An arrow is made of steel wire 7mm diameter! the length of the arrow may vary from 38 cm to 8; cm (ut the high in common use is 7; cm! one end of the arrow is (ent into a loop of a circle of 8;cm diameter and the other end is made pointed sharp to arrows generally accompany a chain! A(out ;!8m long used for marking temporary station

Fi :-0! 2.1.%. Ra#&i#& po'es:*anging poles are made of wood or tu(ular steel and are usually 3m long! $hey are similar to ranging rods exception that these are of heavier section of the length 7m to =m!these are used for ranging very long lines in undulating ground!

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Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

Fi :-0" 2.1.(. )'*+, ,o,s:It is used to transfer the end points of the chain on to ground while measuring distance in a hilly tram! It is also used for testing the vertically of ranging poles# ranging rods or leveling states!

Fi :-0# 2.1.-. T"e T"eo o'i.e:-

Fi :-0$

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

Sketch of the $heodolite parts in (elow the fig ?

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

Fi :-0%

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BCAS 2!2 Des/ri,e a'' ."e se. *p +e."o s a# i#s.r*+e#.s Introduction

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying .e+porar0 a 1*s.+e#.s o2 ."e se'e/.e

$he $heodolite is design to measure angle a hori>ontal angle is the angle in a plane su(tended (y two distance point at the station where the $heodolite is set up a vertical angle is one (etween a distance point & a hori>ontal line %angle of elevation or dispersant' or vertical line at the geometric centre of the $heodolite!

hori>ontal hori>ontal axix

elevation angle depression angle line of sight vertical axix vertical axix

hori>ontal circle

Fi :-0& $he principal component of the $heodolite is a telescope e9uipped with cross6hairs to una(le precise of distance point the telescope can rotate a(out vertical & hori>ontal axis the angles of rotation (eing measura(le on graduated circle !$he $heodolite is mounted on a tri pot & geometric centre over the station! Setting up the $heodolite For reading of angles to (e valid the $heodolite must (e set up with the vertical axis truly vertical %as shown (y the plate (u((le' & with this axis over the station %as shown (y the optical plummets'! $here are two method of setting up the one first descri(e doesnAt need a plump (o( (ut works (est when the instrument is setup over a point at the same level as the tri pot feet!

Department of uantity surveying B

BCAS "ethod<6;,

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

,! -pen the legs of the tri pot & adCust the length of them a(out that the instrument when fitted will (e at a convention type clamp the legs & (y estimation set up the tri pot over the station! 3! *emove the $heodolite from itAs (ox noting how it was fitted (olt is centrally on the tri pot head & set the foot screw to the middle of their travel! 4! $read & tri pot foot in to the ground & looking through the optical planet poison the other two legs show that the station appears central# thread in the other two feet on a hard smooth surface the tri pot feet must (e prevented from sliding out words (ricks or concrete (locks and (e placed against them! 7! If the station appears longer central in the plummet turn the foot screw until it reappears central! 8! "ark the instrument level (y shortening or lengthening of tri pot legs check with the (ulls eye (u((le is fitted other wise set the plate (u((le parallel to the line (etween two leg shortening or lengthening them to centre the (u((le# turn the validate through B;A & re centre the (u((le (y adCusting the tri pot legs! *epeat this process until the (u((le is with in two division of central site through the optical plummet if the instrument is not its still approximately re centre it (y relax thesecuring (olt %clamp'sliding the $heodolite hori>ontally & tittering the clamp or (olt! =! Finally level the $heodolite using the foot screws set up the plate (u((le parallel to the line through two foot screws and turn these screws in opposite to (ring the (u((le central# turn the alidade through B;A & re centre the (u((le using the third food screw return the (u((le to itAs original position & repeat the procedure until the (u((le remain central in (oth position the (u((le follows the moment of the left thum(! If the (u((le is correctly set in itAs mountain it will remain central (ut ever itAs disposition this may (e check (y turning the alidade through ,@;A from the , st position if the (u((le moves off center it should (e (rought have way (ack with the footscrews & further adCustment made %with all foot screws' show that the (u((le remain in this position! Fig shows the plate with the (u((le in itAs various position

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

,st position

2# posi.io#

4rd position

Fi :-0' ?! /recisely central the $heodolite loosen the loosen the clamp or (olt and care fully slide the instrument site ways till the station appears central in the optial plummet# where central use is (elow the foot screw take care or instrument or leveling will (e distur( tighten or the (old of clamp @! *epeat step = & ? until the $heodolite remain level & centre B! Sitting a plane (ack ground rotate the eye piece to focus the cross hair or target

Department of uantity surveying ,,

BCAS Fi :-10 "ethod<6;3

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

,! -pen the legs of the try pot & adCust the length of them a(out that the instrument when fitted will (e at a convention type clamp the legs & (y estimation set up the try pot over the station ! 3! *emove the $heodolite from itAs (ox noting how it was fitted (olt is centrally on the try pot head & set the foot screw to the middle of their travel ! 4! :and the plump (o( under the $heodolite move the tri pot legs to (ring the (o( over the station & level the tri pot head tread the leg in to the ground if this move the plump (o( off centre shortening or lengthening of tri pot to (ring it (ack! 7! Finally level the $heodolite using the foot screws set up the plate (u((le parallel to the line through two foot screws and turn these screws in opposite to (ring the (u((le central# turn the alidade through B;A & re centre the (u((le using the third food screw return the (u((le to itAs original position & repeat the procedure until the (u((le remain central in (oth position the (u((le follows the moment of the left thum(! If the (u((le is correctly set in itAs mountain it will remain central (ut ever itAs disposition this may (e check (y turning the alidade through ,@;A from the , st position if the (u((le moves off center it should (e (rought have way (ack with the foot screws & further adCustment made %with all foot screws' show that the (u((le remain in this position! A(ove Fig shows the plate with the (u((le in itAs various position 8! /recisely central the $heodolite loosen the loosen the clamp or (olt and care fully slide the instrument site ways till the station appears central in the optial plummet# where central use is (elow the foot screw take care or instrument or leveling will (e distur( tighten or the (old of clamp =! *epeat steps 7& 8 until the $heodolite remain level & central! ?! Sitting a plane (ack ground rotate the eye piece to focus the cross6 hair!

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Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

$elescope /osition Face left & Face right All angles must (e measured twice once on face left and ones on face right! Face left is when the vertical circle is left of the telescope view from the eye6piece face right when it is to the right change from face left to right rotate the telescope ,@;A vertically readings on face left are does read on the opposite side of the circle to those on face right! "easuring hori>ontal angle All moments are made with the upper plate clam slow motion screw only the lower clamp must (e locked! $o measure the hori>ontal angle BAC in fig#

,! Set up the instrument over point A B A C Fi :-11 3! -n the face left intersect point B with the vertical hair using the upper plate #clam and motion screw# lead the various and (ook a reading on line B in face left column ! 4! Still on face left in the set C in the same way read & (ooked the reading of line C in the face left column! 7! -n face right intersect C in the same way read & (ooked the reading on line C in the face right column! 8! -n face right intersect B in the same way read & (ooked on line Bin the face right column!

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Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

A -

D Fi :-11

.ote< 6 Conclusion of the $heodolite in our practical we used# we used face left angular measurement! In our side no need to consider the vertical angle of the measurement (ecause it is not a hilly place!

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Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

$ask<6;3 3!,! Apply corrections and compute re9uired data for plotting! CA&CD&A$I-. A.0D&A* +**-* $a(le<6;, /oint "easured Angle /, /3 /4 /7 @4E ,BF @7E 37F B8E 47F B?E ;,F $otal 4=;E,@E +rror G 4=;A,@F64=;A G ,@F G ,@FH7 G 7!8F so we deduct 7F in all angles I:-&+ CI*C&+ B+A*I.0 IBC /,/7 G ; IBC /7/4 G IBC /7/,J/7 G ,@;A JIBC /,/7 J/7 G,@;AJ;JB=A8?F G 3?=A 8?F G IBC /4/7J/4 Correction 67 67 67 67 Corrected Angle @4A,8F @7A3;F B8A4;F B=A8?F

IBC /4/3

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BCAS G ,@;A JIBC /7/4 J/4 G,@;AJ3?=A8?FJB8A4;F64=; G ,B3A3?F IBC /3/, G IBC /3/4J/3 G ,@;A JIBC /4/3 J/3 G ,@;AJ,B3A3?FJ@7A3;F64=;A G B=A7?F G IBC /,/7J/, G ,@;A J;;A;3F6,@;A G ;;A;3F

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

IBC /7/,

AD)DS$+D I!C!B /,/3 G B=A7?FJ,@;A G 3?=A7?F /3/4 G ,B3A3?FJ ,@;A G 4?3A3?F64=;AG ,3A3?F /4/7 G 3?=A 8?FJ,@;A G 78=A8?F64=;AG B=A8?F /7/, G ;;A;3F /A*$IA& C-6-*DI.A$+S $a(le<6;3

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BCAS &atitude & K Cos %.' ,3!3? K Cos 3?=A7?F G J ,!77B 8!4; K Cos ,3A3?F ,,!;; K Cos B=A8?F 8!3B K Cos ;;A;3F $otal of &atitude % . ' G J 8!,?8 G 6 ,!44, G 68!3B; G J ;!;;4

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying Departure & K Sin %.' ,3!3? K Sin 3?=A7?F G 6 ,3!,@7 8!4; K Sin ,3A3?F ,,!;; K Sin B=A8?F 8!3B K Sin ;;A;3F $otal of Departure % + ' G J ,!,74 G J ,;!B,B G 6 ;!;;4 G 6 ;!,38

C-**+C$I-. &inear error G %.3 J+3 ',H3 G %;!;;43 J ;!,383 ' ,H3 G ;!,38 .ote<6 &atitude /,/3 G %6.' K & /,/3 & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 Departure /,/3 G

%6+' K & /,/3

& /1/2 J &/2/3 J& /3/4 J &/4/1

&A$I$DD+ /,/3

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BCAS %6.' K & /,/3 G G G /3/4 G G & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %6;!;;4 'K ,3!3? ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B 6 ;!;;, %6.' K & /,/3 & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %6;!;;4 'K 8!4; ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

G 6 ;!;;;8 /4/7 %6.' K & /,/3 G G G /7/, %6.' K & /,/3 G G G & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %6;!;;4 'K 8!3B ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B 6 ;!;;;8 & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %6;!;;4 'K ,,!;; ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B 6 ;!;;,

D+/A*$D*+ /,/3

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BCAS %6+' K & /,/3 G G & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %J;!,38 'K ,3!3? ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

G ;!;78 /3/4 G G G /4/7 %6+' K & /,/3 G G G /7/, %6+' K & /,/3 G G & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %J ;!,38'K 8!3B ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %J ;!,38 'K ,,!;; ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B ;!;7, %6+' K & /,/3 & /1/2 J & /2/3 J& /3/4 J & /4/1 %J ;!,38 'K 8!4; ,3!3?J8!4;J,,!;;J8!3B ;!;3;

G ;!;,B $a(le<6;4 Department of uantity surveying ,B

BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

AdCusted /artial Co6-rdinates &ine /,/3 /3/4 /4/7 /7/, &atitude J,!77@ J8!,?78 6,!443 68!3B;8 Departure 6,3!,4B J,!,=4 J,;!B=; J;!;,=

$otal .JS6 ,;;!;; ,;,!77@ ,;=!=338 ,;8!3B;8 ,;;!;;

Co6-rdinates +JI6 ,;;!;; @?!@=, @B!;37 BB!B@7 ,;;!;;

3!4! /repair a Survey /lan (y including all the detail of the measured area!

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

N
8!4; ,3!3? ,3!;; ,,!3; 7!8;7!4? ,,!;; @7L B=L ,;!;; 8!47 B!83 8!?4 B!;; 8!=? 7!4B 8!88 8!78 8!7; 7!@7 @!;;
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Department of uantity surveying 3,

,;!;; 7!88 B!?4 3!;@ B!;;

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Fig:-12

BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

/3

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Fig:-13 3!7! Calculate the area of the land of BCAS (uilding approximately as possi(le! A*+A CA&CD&A$I-. $:+-*M -F SI"S-.S *D&+

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

IntervalH4N%Sum of +nd ordinate' J %twice the sum of the odd ordinate' J %Four time the sum of even ordinate'O

f a
h

(
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c
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Fig:-14 $hat is e9ual< 6 hH4N%aJh' J 3 %cJeJg' J 7%(JdJf'O Dse Simsons rules for the area of A#B#C#D!

Fig:-15

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BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

A6< ,H4N1,!=BJ3!=@2J3x13!;BJ3!7@2J7x1,!@BJ3!3@2O G,;!;=m3 B6< ,H4N14!3@J7!@82J3x14!84J4!?BJ7!;=J7!4;2J7x14!7;J4!==J4!B,J7!,?J7!732O G4B!37m3 C6< ,H4N14!3,J4!,42J3x14!,?2J7x14!,?J4!,?2O G,3!=@m3 D6< ,H4N14!77J7!4B2J3x14!==J4!@?J8!78J8!=?J7!8;2J7x14!88J4!?=J7!@7J8!88J8!472O G7@!?=m3 Dse triangle and rectangle area for approximately calculation for remain area F6< N7!3; x 3 J%7!4B x ;!37'O GB!7=m3 +6< ,H3N1,3!3?J,,2x8!4; G=,!==m3 06< 4!7; x %3!=@' GB!,,m3 $-$A& A*+A G3,8!@8m3 According to the Fi :-1" uses $rape>oidal rules for this calculation! $:+-*M -F $*A/+P-IDA& *D&+S IntervalH3N%Sum of +nd ordinates' J %twice the sum of the others' See the fi :-1$ A6< ,H3N1,!=BJ3!=@2J3x1,!@BJ3!;BJ3!3@J3!7@2O G,;!B4m3 B6< ,H3N14!3@J7!@82J3x14!7;J4!84J4!==J4!?BJ4!B,J7!;=J7!,?J7!4;J7!73J7!882O G74!@8m3 C6< ,H3N13!B=J4!,42J3x14!,?J4!3,J4!,?J4!,?2O G,8!?=m3 D6< ,H3N14!44J7!4B2J3x14!77J4!88J4!==J4!?=J4!@?J7!@7J8!78J8!88J8!=?J8!47J7!82O Department of uantity surveying 37 %7!=@367!4B3',H3 G 7!3; :6< ,H3N13!B=J,!82x7!?BO G,;!=@m3 I6< %4!77 x 7!,4' G,7!3;m3

BCAS G84!7Bm3

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

Dse triangle and rectangle area for approximately calculation for remain area +6< ,H3N1,3!3?J,,2x8!4; G=,!==m3 F6< N7!4B x 3!43'O G,;!,@m3 06< 4!3@ x 4!,8 G,;!44m3 :6< ,H3N13!B=J,!4=2x7!?BO G,;!47m3 I6< %4!44 x 4!,4' G,;!73m3 $-$A& A*+A G33=!B= m3

3!43

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4!,4 4!,?

4!44

=!=7

Fig:-16 .ote<6 In the computer calculation area is 33@!43 m3

Department of uantity surveying 38

4!,?

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7!88

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3
7!?B

BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

So 3nd "ethod is accurate than ,st one! In my conclusion $rape>oidal rules is a9urate than Simsons rules!

A..+K

Department of uantity surveying 3=

BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

CONCLUSION

In this whole assignment I got good knowledge of angular measurement for land surveying with use $heodolite for this incident of measurement and how to adCust the theodolite at particular position#off set the line from the particular (ase line# and how to take the reading of vertical angle and several type of instrument has to measure the land (ut in our college have the manual $heodolite to measure the land! I used Simsons rules and $rape>oidal rules for area calculation! Finally I got good knowledge of plotting in Computer!

Department of uantity surveying 3?

BCAS

Fundamentals of Drawings & Surveying

REFERENCE

,! Duggal#S!5!%,BB='! Surveying Volume-1!3nd ed!#.ew Delhi< $ata "c0raw6:ill /u(lishing Company &imited!
2. Theodolite<%Saturday#"arch#;=#3;;B#;,<34<47/"' Qhttp<HHwww! Iikipedia!comR

4! Anon!%n!d!' 1.o $itle2! Dehiwala< British College of Applied Studies< &ecture notes on Area Calculation and $heodolite Surveying SFundamental of Drawing and SurveyingF! 7! Anon!%n!d!' 1.o $itle2! mattakuliya< :igher .ational Diploma in +ngineering< &ecture notes on $heodolite SFundamental of SurveyingF!

Department of uantity surveying 3@