Chapter 8, problem 45 (|| 44): A rope is used to pull a 3.57 kg block at constant speed 4.

06 m/s along a
horizontal floor. The force on the block from the rope is 7.68 N and directed 15.0 above the horizontal.
(1.1)

What are (a) the work done by the ropes force,
cos (7.68N)(4.06m) cos15.0 30.1 J. W Fd u = = = (1.2)

(b) the increase in thermal energy of the block floor system,

th
( 7.42N)(4.06m) 30.1 J 30.1 J ;
fr
E W fd A = A = = = = (1.3)

(c) the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and floor?

2
cos cos 7.68cos15.0
0 cos 0.225;
sin 3.57 9.81 7.68sin15.0
K N
f F
x K
m
N
s
F F
F F f
F mg F

u u
u
u
=

= = = = = =

(1.4)

Chapter 8, problem 35: In Fig. 8-40, a block of
mass m = 3.20 kg slides from rest a distance d
down a frictionless incline at angle 30.0 u = where
it runs into a spring of spring constant 431 N/m.
When the block momentarily stops, it has
compressed the spring by 21.0 cm. What are (a)
distance d and (b) the distance between the point of
the first blockspring contact and the point where
the block's speed is greatest?


(a) let the mass m slide a distance d, and compress the spring a distance x. the d is,

2
2 2
1
solve for d 2 2 1
2
(431 )(0.21 ) sin
( )sin 0.21 0.396 ;
sin 2(3.20 )(9.81 )
N
m
s
m
s
m kx mgx
W kx mg y mg d x d m m
mg kg
u
u
u

= = A = + = = = (1.5)

(b) The block is still accelerating (due to the component of gravity along the incline, mgsin(30)) for a few
moments after coming into contact with the spring (which exerts the Hookes law force kx), until the Hookes
law force is strong enough to cause the block to begin decelerating. This point is reached when the spring-force
equals the gravitational-force,

2
solve for x
(3.20 )(9.81 )sin30.0
sin 0 sin 0.0364
431
m
s
s g
N
m
kg
mg
F F F kx mg x m
k
u u
'

' ' = + = + = = = =

(1.6)

Chapter 8, problem 49 (|| 48): A 25 kg bear slides, from rest, 12 m down a lodge-pole pine tree, moving with a
speed of 5.6 m/s just before hitting the ground.

(a) What change occurs in the gravitational potential energy of the bearEarth system during the slide?

We take the initial gravitational potential energy to be U
i
= 0. Then the final gravitational potential energy is U
f

= mgL, where L is the length of the tree. The change is,
U A = (1.7)

(b) What is the kinetic energy of the bear just before hitting the ground?

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
(25 kg) (5.6 m/s) 0 3.9 10 J ;
2 2
f i f i
K K K m v v A = = = = (1.8)

(c) What is the average frictional force that acts on the sliding bear?

The changes in the mechanical and thermal energies (1.7) and (1.8) and the work done by friction must sum to
zero. The change in thermal energy is AE
th
= f*L, where f is the magnitude of the average frictional force;
therefore, using 0
Fr
K U W A + A A = , we have,

2 3
2
3.9 10 J 2.9 10 J
2.1 10 N
12 m
fr
Fr
inst ave
dW
W K U
f f
dx x L
A A + A
= = = = =
A
(1.9)

Chapter 8, problem 52 (|| 53): A large fake cookie sliding on a horizontal surface is attached to one end of a
horizontal spring with spring constant k = 400 N/m; the other end of the spring is fixed in place. The cookie has
a kinetic energy of 20.0 J as it passes through the springs equilibrium position. As the cookie slides, a
frictional force of magnitude 10.0 N acts on it.

(a) How far will the cookie slide from the equilibrium position before coming momentarily to rest?

An appropriate picture (once friction is included) for this problem is Figure 8-3 in the textbook. We apply Eq.
8-31, AE
th
= f
k
d, and relate initial kinetic energy K
i
to the "resting" potential energy U
r
:
K
i
+ U
i
= f
k
d + K
r
+ U
r
20.0 J + 0 = f
k
d + 0 +
1
2
kd
2


where f
k
= 10.0 N and k = 400 N/m. We solve the equation for d using the quadratic formula or by using the
polynomial solver on an appropriate calculator, with d = 0.292 m being the only positive root.

2 2 1
2
1
2
4( )( 20.0 ) 10.0 (10.0 ) 2(10.0 )( 20.0 )
0.292 ;
2( ) 10.0
k k
f f k J N N N J
d m
k N

= = = (1.10)

(b) What will be the kinetic energy of the cookie as it slides back through the equilibrium position?

We apply Eq. 8-31 again and relate U
r
to the "second" kinetic energy K
s
it has at the unstretched position.
U U mgL
f i
= = = ( ( . 25 12 2 9 10
3
kg) 9.8 m s m) J .
2
d i
2
solve for K 2 2
0 0
400 (0.292 ) (10.0 )(0.292 ) 14.2 ;
s
r r k s s k s
N
s k m
K U f d K U kd f d K
K kd f d m N m J
+ = + + + = + +
= = =



Chapter 8, problem 59 [su13] (|| 57): A stone with a weight of 5.29 N is launched vertically from ground level
with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s, and the air drag on it is 0.265 N throughout the flight.

(a) Compute the maximum height reached by the stone,
The maximum height reached is h. The thermal energy generated by air resistance as the stone rises to this
height is AE
th
= f*h by Eq. 8-31. We use energy conservation in the form of Eq. 8-33 (with W = 0):

2
1
0 2
0 0 wh fh mv + + = +

Solving the above for h,

2 2 2
1
0 0 2
2
(20.0 m/s)
19.4 m
2 (1 / ) 2(9.80 m/s )(1 0.265/5.29)
mv v
h
w f g f w
= = = =
+ + +
(1.11)

(b) Compute the stones speed just before it hits the ground.

We notice that the force of the air is downward on the trip up and upward on the trip down, since it is opposite
to the direction of motion. Over the entire trip the increase in thermal energy is AE
th
= 2fh. The final kinetic
energy is , where v is the speed of the stone just before it hits the ground. The final potential energy
is U
f
= 0. Thus, using Eq. 8-31 (with W = 0), we find
symbolic h
2
2 2 0
0
2 1 1
2 (1 / ) 2 2
fv
mv mv
g f w
=
+


Solving the above expression for v,

2 2
2 2 0 0
0 0 0
0
2 2 2
1
(1 / ) (1 / )
5.29 N 0.265 N
(20.0 m/s) 19.0 m/s ;
5.29 N 0.265 N
fv fv f
v v v v
mg f w w f w w f
w f
v
w f
= = =
+ + +

= = =
+ +
(1.12)

Chapter 9, problem 2 (||6): Figure 9-35 shows a
three-particle system, with masses m1=3.0 kg,
m2=4.0 kg, and m3=8.0 kg. The scales on the axes
are set by xs=2.0 m and ys=2.0 m.


What are (a) the x-coordinate and (b) the y-coordinate of the systems center of mass?
K U E K U
f f i i
+ + = + A
th
K mv
f
=
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
0
2
mv fh mv + = .
Our notation is as follows: x
1
= 0 and y
1
= 0 are the coordinates of the m
1
= 3.0 kg particle; x
2
= 2.0 m and y
2
=
1.0 m are the coordinates of the m
2
= 4.0 kg particle; and x
3
= 1.0 m and y
3
= 2.0 m are the coordinates of the m
3

= 8.0 kg particle.

(a) The x coordinate of the center of mass is
( )( ) ( )( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
com
1 2 3
0 4.0 kg 2.0 m 8.0 kg 1.0 m
1.1 m.
3.0 kg 4.0 kg 8.0 kg
m x m x m x
x
m m m
+ +
+ +
= = =
+ + + +


(b) The y coordinate of the center of mass is
( )( ) ( )( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
com
1 2 3
0 4.0 kg 1.0 m 8.0 kg 2.0 m
1.3 m.
3.0 kg 4.0 kg 8.0 kg
m y m y m y
y
m m m
+ + + +
= = =
+ + + +


(c) If m3 is gradually increased, does the center of mass of the system shift toward or away from that particle,
or does it remain stationary?

As the mass of m
3
, the topmost particle, is increased, the center of mass shifts toward that particle. As we
approach the limit where m
3
is infinitely more massive than the others, the center of mass becomes
infinitesimally close to the position of m
3
.


Chapter 9, problem 14abc [su13] (|| 13): In the
figure, two particles are launched from the origin of
the coordinate system at time t = 0. Particle 1 of
mass m = 5.00 g is shot directly along the x axis (on
a frictionless floor), where it moves with a constant
speed v = 10.0 m/s. Particle 2 of mass m
2
= 3/5m =
3.00 g is shot with a velocity of magnitude v
2
= 2v =
20.0 m/s at an upward angle such that it always
stays directly above particle 1 during its flight.

(a) What is the maximum height Hmax reached by the center of mass of the two-particle system?

(a) The phrase (in the problem statement) such that it [particle 2] always stays directly above particle 1 during
the flight means that the shadow (as if a light were directly above the particles shining down on them) of
particle 2 coincides with the position of particle 1, at each moment. We say, in this case, that they are vertically
aligned. Because of that alignment, v
2x
= v
1
= 10.0 m/s. Because the initial value of v
2
is given as 20.0 m/s, then
(using the Pythagorean theorem) we must have

2 2
2 2 2 y x
v v v = = 300 m/s

for the initial value of the y component of particle 2s velocity. Equation 2-16 (or conservation of energy)
readily yields y
max
= 300/19.6 = 15.3 m. Thus, we obtain

H
max
= m
2
y2
max
/m
total
= (3.00 g)(15.3 m)/(8.00 g) = 5.74 m.

What are the (b) x and (c) y components of the velocity?

(b) Since both particles have the same horizontal velocity, and particle 2s vertical component of velocity
vanishes at that highest point, then the center of mass velocity then is simply

(10.0 m/s)i (as one can verify

using Eq. 9-17).

(c) Only particle 2 experiences any acceleration (the free fall acceleration downward), so Eq. 9-18 (or Eq. 9-19)
leads to

a
com
= m
2
g

/m
total
= (3.00 g)(9.8 m/s
2
)/(8.00 g) = 3.68 m/s
2


for the magnitude of the downward acceleration of the center of mass of this system. Thus,
2
com

( 3.68 m/s ) j a = .

what are the (d) x and (e) y components of the acceleration of the com when the com reaches Hmax? Express
your answer in terms of the variables given and g.



Chapter 9, problem 16 (|| 17): Ricardo, of mass 80 kg, and Carmelita, who is lighter, are en-joying Lake
Merced at dusk in a 30 kg canoe. When the canoe is at rest in the placid water, they exchange seats, which are
3.0 m apart and symmetrically located with respect to the canoes center. If the canoe moves 40 cm horizontally
relative to a pier post, what is Carmelitas mass?

We denote the mass of Ricardo as M
R
and that of Carmelita as M
C
. Let the center of mass of the two-person
system (assumed to be closer to Ricardo) be a distance x from the middle of the canoe of length L and mass m.
Then

M
R
(L/2 x) = mx + M
C
(L/2 + x).

Now, after they switch positions, the center of the canoe has moved a distance 2x from its initial position.
Therefore, x = 40 cm/2 = 0.20 m, which we substitute into the above equation to solve for M
C
:

M
M L x mx
L x
C
R
=

+
=

+
=
/
/
. .
. / .
.
2
2
80 020 30 020
30 2 020
58
3 0
2
b g bgb gbgb g
b g
kg.









Chapter 9, problem 22 (|| 21): Figure 9-47 gives
an overhead view of the path taken by a 0.165 kg
cue ball as it bounces from a rail of a pool table.
The balls initial speed is 2.00 m/s, and the angle
1
u
is 30.0. The bounce reverses the y-component of
the balls velocity but does not alter the x-
component.



What are (a) angle
2
u and (b) the change in the balls linear momentum in unitvec-tor notation? (The fact that
the ball rolls is irrelevant to the problem.)

(a) Since the force of impact on the ball is in the y direction, p
x
is conserved:


1 2
sin sin
xi xf i i
p p mv mv u u = = .

With u
1
= 30.0, we find u
2
= 30.0.

(b) The momentum change is
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2

cos j cos j 2 0.165 kg 2.00 m/s cos30 j

( 0.572 kg m/s)j.
i i
p mv mv u u A = + =
=




Chapter 9, problem 29 (|| 30): Suppose a gangster sprays Supermans chest with 3 g bullets at the rate of 100
bullets/min, and the speed of each bullet is 500 m/s. Suppose too that the bullets rebound straight back with no
change in speed. What is the magnitude of the average force on Supermans chest?

We choose the positive direction in the direction of rebound so that

v
f
> 0 and

v
i
< 0. Since they have the same
speed v, we write this as

v v
f
= and

v v
i
= . Therefore, the change in momentum for each bullet of mass m is
A A

p m v mv = = 2 . Consequently, the total change in momentum for the 100 bullets (each minute)
A A

P p mv = = 100 200 . The average force is then
( )( )( )
( )( )
3
avg
200 3 10 kg 500m s
5N.
1min 60s min
P
F
t

A
= = ~
A


Chapter 9, problem 42 (|| 44): An object, with mass m and speed v relative to an observer, explodes into two
pieces, one three times as massive as the other; the explosion takes place in deep space. The less massive piece
stops relative to the observer. How much kinetic energy is added to the system during the explosion, as
measured in the observers reference frame?

Our notation (and, implicitly, our choice of coordinate system) is as follows: the mass of the original body is m;
its initial velocity is

v v
0
=

i ; the mass of the less massive piece is m
1
; its velocity is

v
1
0 = ; and, the mass of the
more massive piece is m
2
. We note that the conditions m
2
= 3m
1
(specified in the problem) and m
1
+ m
2
= m
generally assumed in classical physics (before Einstein) lead us to conclude

m m m m
1 2
1
4
3
4
= = and .
Conservation of linear momentum requires


0 1 1 2 2 2
3

i 0
4
mv mv m v mv mv = + = +
r r r r

v v
2
4
3
=

i.

The increase in the systems kinetic energy is therefore

2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 0
1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1
0 .
2 2 2 2 4 3 2 6
K mv m v mv m v mv mv
| || |
A = + = + =
| |
\ .\ .



Chapter 9, problem 45: A 20.0 kg body is moving through space in the positive direction of an x-axis with a
speed of 200 m/s when, due to an internal explosion, it breaks into three parts. One part, with a mass of 10.0 kg,
moves away from the point of explosion with a speed of 100 m/s in the positive y-direction. A second part, with
a mass of 4.00 kg, moves in the negative x-direction with a speed of 500 m/s.

1 2 3 1 1 2 2
20.0 ; 200 ;
; 10.0 ; 100 ; 4.0 ; 500 ;
m
s
m m
s s
M kg x
m m m M m kg y m kg x
= =
+ + = = = = =
V
v v
(1.13)

Our notation is as follows: the mass of the original body is M = 20.0 kg; its initial velocity is
0

(200 m/s)i v = ;
the mass of one fragment is m
1
= 10.0 kg; its velocity is
1

(100 m/s)j v = ; the mass of the second fragment is m

2

= 4.0 kg; its velocity is
2

( 500 m/s)i v = ; and, the mass of the third fragment is m

3
= 6.00 kg. Conservation of
linear momentum requires
Mv mv m v mv

0 1 1 2 2 3 3
= + + .

The energy released in the explosion is equal to K A , the change in kinetic energy.

(a) In unit-vector notation, what is the velocity of the third part?

Using the above momentum-conservation equation leads to

0 1 1 2 2
3
3
3 3

(20.0 kg)(200 m/s)i (10.0 kg)(100 m/s) j (4.0 kg)( 500 m/s)i
6.00 kg

(1.00 10 m/s) i (0.167 10 m/s) j.
Mv mv m v
v
m

=

=
=
.

The magnitude of

v
3
is
2 2 3
3
(1000 m/s) ( 167 m/s) 1.01 10 m/s v = + = .

It points at u =tan
1
(167/1000) = 9.48 (that is, at 9.5 measured clockwise from the +x axis).

(b) How much energy is released in the explosion? Ignore effects due to the gravitational force.

The energy released is AK :

2 2 2 2 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 0
1 1 1 1
3.23 10 J.
2 2 2 2
f i
K K K mv m v m v Mv
| |
A = = + + =
|
\ .