Okay, so welcome to the third lesson of our course, synapse, neurons, and the brains.

today we shall focus on the passive properties of neurons, the passive properties. And actually, we'll start with passive properties, and we'll continue to the very interesting signal the synaptic potential that we already mentioned before. So just to remind you, we are talking about the synapse. This is the presynaptic element, the axon, this is the postsynaptic element, the dendritic spine. And this is the connection, the communication through a synapse gap, so this is a synaptic gap. And we already mentioned that in the axon, in the presynaptic part of the synapse we have the spike, we have the action potential. This is a signal we shall talk about on the fourth lesson, it's an all or none excitable active signal, we are not going to talk about this, this lesson. In this lesson we shall focus on the synaptic potential which appears in the dendrites. So in the presynaptic path there is this very special phenomena, the action potential, the spike. In the postsynaptic element, in the dendrite, there is the synaptic potential, which will be the focus of the present study, or lesson. So I want to start this lesson by showing you neuron, discussing neuron as passive R-C circuits. So we should make the transformation between some anatomical structure into its electrical representation. We will continue to discuss the membrane of neurons and especially the time constant. It's a very important parameter. The membrane time constant which we call towel, towel m. We talk about the very special phenomenon in neurons. So that temporal summation where by repeated inputs come in one after the other in time, can summate and this forms a sort of electrical memory for neurons. So the temporal summation will be an important focus of this course, of this lesson. We'll talk about the generation of

potential here, in the postsynaptic membrane, the generation of the postsynaptic potential, the postsynaptic potential. We'll continue and discuss two types of synapses that we already mentioned, the Excitatory synapse and the Inhibitory synapse. So two types of postsynaptic potentials. One that tries to excite the neuron. The excitatory synapse E and one that tries to dampen, to quieten the neuron, the inhibitory synapse. And then we should end this lesson by by showing what kind of interaction exists between excitation and inhibition, between E And I. So let's move to the classical eh, technique, which will be a board, a green board with a white chalk. So let's start with the most simple thing. We'll start with a patch of membrane. A very small patch of membrane. So this will be a patch of a membrane. Very small patch, and we can wrap this patch, and make it a sphere. So this little sphere will represent a small nerve cell, a small neuron. Spheric, spherical, no structure. Unlike what we know, you know, the dendrites and the axons and the whole structure of neurons, but in this case it will be a very simple neuron. A, a representative of simple neuron, and this very simple neuron which is built from a membrane wrapped around, we shall place an electrode. So this will be our symbol for an electrode, a recording electrode. We shall penetrate into the cell, and we shall record the voltage, the difference between the inside and the outside of the cell. So this will be the inside of the cell, and this will be the outside of the cell. And we should record, the voltage between the inside and the out. And now, what happened actually, at the middle of the 20th century, people started to record from nerve cells, and they did a very simple thing. They injected current through this electrode. So I will now show you a current that is being injected into the cell inside the cell. The current looks like this[SOUND]. So, this will be my current, I. I will symbolize the current, in this

direction of, of the, of the drawing. So if I do this direction, I will call it a positive current, meaning that I inject into the cell body, inside the cell body, a positive current. A positive ion inside the cell body. So, when you do this to a cell body, do, when you do it to real neurons, what you, what you see is that there is a voltage change, because you injected current. There is a voltage change here, but the voltage change doesn't look square. Like the current that I injected but it looks like this. It grows with time, the voltage. So this is like voltage V. So it grows with time while I'm injecting a constant current. So I jump from zero to something to current I, I get voltage change. And when I stop the current injection, when I seize the current injection, the voltage slowly drops back into zero. So this is the current injection, I. This is the voltage response inside the cell. So this is very basic, and you can see something important. You can see that you cannot represent the, the cell as a mere resistance, because if the cell behavior would have been like a resistor then, if I will inject I, I will get voltage that is I multiplied by R. Which means that the voltage should have been looking like this, IR, but it is not. The voltage doesn't look like this in the cell [SOUND] . It takes time to grow, so this is time here. It takes time to develop when after injecting what we call the step current pulse, step current. There is a voltage growth and when I stop the current, the voltage decays, back into its, original voltage, before I injected the current. It is a very difficult response, of, any cell, if you inject small enough current. So let's make some nomenclature with, again. This will be a positive current. This will be a positive voltage response which, which we shall call depolarization. This will be a depolarizing current [SOUND]. Okay so, when people looked at this. As I said in the beginning or in the

middle of the twentieth century, they said this reminds us in the electrical signal electrical circuit that behaves like this. So what could I now say about the cell that behaves like this electrically? I told you already that it cannot be a resistance, only. Because otherwise it would not have such a shape. What is the simplest circuit that represents such a behavior. So people realize very fast, very early on, that I can represent a cell like this electrically as a first approximation, with an R-C circuit. So if you have an R, resistance, and a C, capacitance circuit describing the behavior of this membrane electrically, this will be the outside of the cell. This will be the inside of the cell, like we did here. So this is representing the patch of a membrane from the outside to the inside. From the outside to the inside, I'm now representing the properties of, of the patch of membrane here. This patch of membrane, according to its electrical behavior, seems to behave like an R-C circuit. I'll show you in a second, why. So we remember, from now, on, R will be resistance R, C will be capacitance C. And when you inject to a circuit like this[SOUND]. When I take a circuit like this and I inject current I, between the inside and the outside, like I did before. So when I inject I between the two sides of such a circuit, I get such a response. It takes time to grow while I inject the current. And after injecting the current when I stop injecting the current, no current anymore. The voltage between the two sides of these circuits is attenuating with time to zero. So I'll develop the equation very soon that represents such a circuit showing you that such an R-C circuit is a good first approximation to the actual behaviour of cells when they receive kind of a step current. So this is my next mission. So let's me, let me show you that this is a good representation of such a behavior.