European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.24 No.4 (2008), pp.580-590 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.

htm

Three Phase Shunt Hybrid Filters for the Current Harmonics Suppression and the Reactive Power Compensation
Mr H. Bouchikha Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Algeria M. Ghers Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science engineering University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Algeria Abstract The growing of the modern loads of the electronics of power causes the problem of the reduction of the disturbances on the electrical network. These problems more particularly relate to the compensation of reactive power, the load balance and the reduction of the harmonics of current. For raised powers, the active filter solutions intended to reduce these disturbances remain field of research. In this article a method of identification of the supply current was developed as well as simulations and spectral studies for two types of nonlinear loads were made using the software Pspise. Keywords: Active filter, harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation, total harmonic distortion, passive filter, power quality, MLI voltage inverter.

1. Introduction
The growing of the modern loads of the electronics of power causes the problem of the reduction of the disturbances on the electric feeder system three-phase. These problems more particularly relate to the compensation of reactive power, the load balance and the reduction of the harmonics of current. A method of identification of supply current was developed for elimination of the harmonics of current and to obtain a sinusoidal current of line.

2. Study of the Harmonics

The electric signals present on the networks (especially currents) are often disturbed and they are not perfectly sinusoidal. In the field of the power quality of energy, it is essential to know well all the energy exchanges between the network and various loads in order to be able to compensate for the possible disturbances. The mathematical concepts is used, which allow the decomposition of the disturbed electric signals (non sinusoidal) in ideal components and disturbances. The concept of harmonic introduced by Joseph Fourier [1],shows that any no sinusoidal periodic signal can be represented by a sum or series of sinusoids of discrete frequencies. Component zero of the series known as of Fourier is the component continues, the first component is called component fundamental. In the case of the systems connected to the supply, this one is a component at

Three Phase Shunt Hybrid Filters for the Current Harmonics Suppression and the Reactive Power Compensation

581

the rated frequency of the supply (50Hz). The remainder of the components of the series are called harmonic and are multiple fundamental frequency. 2.1. Development in Fourier Series of the Current of the Nonlinear Load The current absorptive by a nonlinear load is form: il = I o + I m sin (t + 1 ) + I 2 m sin (2t + 2 ) + I 3m sin (3t + 3 ) + ... + I nm sin (n + n ) It can be expressed by the relation

(1)

I l (t ) = I nm sin (nt + n )
n =1

(2)

This last can be subdivided in fundamental component and harmonics component

il (t ) = I1m sin (t + 1 ) + I nm sin (nt + n )

n 1

(3)

Harmonic pollution can be evaluated by rate of the total harmonic distortion; THDi of the supply current can be calculated as follows:
.100 I1 The supply current is calculated by:
2 I s = I s21 + I sn n 1

THDi o 0 =

(I )
n 1 sn

(4)

(5)

The harmonic component of the instantaneous supply current can be obtained by the expression: ih (t ) = is (t ) is1 (t ) = I sn (t )
n 1

(6)

The harmonic effective supply current is:

Ih =

(I

2 s

I12 =

I
n 1

2 sn

(7)

Consequently THDi is equal: I s2 1.100 (8) I s21 For a sinusoidal signal the power-factor it is the relationship between the active power P and the power connects S. If there are harmonics, an additional power called deforming power (D) enters in consideration. It is given by: THDi 0 0 = I s2 1.100 THDi 0 = I s21 The power-factor is thus equal: P P FP = = 2 S P + Q2 + D2 V .I s1 cos(1 ) I s1 Or: FP = = cos 1 V .I s Is
0

(9)

(10) (11)

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It is noted that the deforming power and the reactive power contribute to the degradation of the power-factor.

3. Simulation of the Network Unit, Hybrid Filter and Polluting Load

The use of the software Pspise made it possible to visualize on an interval of time given the evolution of the currents and voltage in the various branches of the circuit. The modelling of the unit made it possible to study the functional validity of the hybrid filter through several simulations. The values of the elements characterizing this structure were gathered in table 1.
Table 1: Values of the elements characterizing the studied structure
12Mva, 230V, 50 Hz 1.2 m, 38.2 H 400 kcVa 19.6 m, 2.4 H 0.66,2mH 2 m, 40 F 800 V 4000 F 5 m, 150 H 10 Khz

Electrical Supply Network Apparent power, voltage Resistance and inductance Rs, Ls Nonlinear Load Apparent power Resistance Rc and inductance, LC Bridge of feeding Graets a load RL series, Rl, Ll Bridge of feeding Graets a parallel load RC, Rl, Cl Filter Active Parallel Direct voltage Vdc Capacity of the Cdc condenser Resistance and Lf inductance, RF Frequency of commutation FP Filter Passif 5th L=1.2mH C= 340F Q= 14 7th L=1.2mH C=170 F Q=14 HPF L= 0.26mH C=300 F R=3

4. Identification from Supply Current Detection

4.1. Introduction

A new method of extraction of the current of reference is developed. This method of identification is based on detection of the supply current [2]. First of all, study the active hybrid filter. This one consists of an inverter of voltage to MLI. The nonlinear load consists of a three phase rectifier which feeds a load RL series or a parallel load RC. The hybrid filter proposed has a very simple control circuit which consists in using two sensors of voltage and only one sensor of current [3]. The advantage of this type of filter is its simplicity of control and its low cost of implementation. Then, let us present the three-phase hybrid filter [4]. The validation of this method will be carried out by digital simulation using the software: PSpice.

5. Study of the Hybrid Filter

The hybrid filter is connected in parallel on the supply, it is generally controlled like power supply [5]. It injects into the supply of the interference currents equal to those absorptive by the nonlinear load, but in opposition of phase. The current supply is then sinusoidal. Thus the objective of the filter is to prevent the flow of the harmonic currents through the impedance of the supply, located upstream point of connection of the filter. The hybrid filter is mainly made up of three parts: an inverter, a capacitor and an inductance. The inverter is used to charge and discharge the Cdc capacitor to ensure the filtering of the current of the nonlinear load. The Cdc capacitor is used as element of storage of energy and Lf inductance used to smooth and control the current to be injected by the filter must provide the

Three Phase Shunt Hybrid Filters for the Current Harmonics Suppression and the Reactive Power Compensation

583

deforming power and the reactive power. To understand the operation of the active hybrid filter, it is necessary to study the following stages: Principe of energy balance of the Cdc capacitor Determination of the value of the capacitor of storage of energy Control of the voltage of the Cdc capacitor Inductance of the filter. Phase of conduction of the hybrid filter

6. Energy principle of balance of "C"

In a converter of power without losses, the supply provides the active power necessary for the load, so that this last provides the reactive power to the nonlinear load. Thus, the capacitor is a supply of reactive power. In the best of the cases for an operation of the filter, the average voltage of C should be maintained at a constant value, but the fluctuation of voltage, which had with the reactive flow of power, cannot be avoided. Consequently a control method is necessary to maintain it constant. The energy principle of balance is used for the analysis of the fluctuation of Vdc. the principle of this energy balance of the Cdc capacitor is as follows [6]. Let us pose: Vref reference voltage standard at the boundaries of the capacitor Eref energy of reference of the capacitor. We obtain then
E c ref = 1 CV c2ref 2

(12)

If: ec. (t) instantaneous energy of the capacitor vc (t) instantaneous voltage of the capacitor One obtains: 1 ec (t ) = C.vc2 (t ) 2 For one period the loss of energy of C is E c (t ) = E c ref ec (t )

(13) (14) (15)

So for a period there is little change of the voltage of the capacitor, one can write: E c (t ) = CVc ref Vc ref vc (t )

Since the loss of energy must be compensated by the supply, the maximum value of the charging current is:
T

V
0

s max

sin ( t )I sc sin ( t )dt = E c (t )

(16)

Consequently, the amplitude of this current is equal: 2CVc ref I sc = Vc ref v(t ) (17) TVs max The amplitude of the current provided by the supply is: (18) I s max = Is + I sc Consequently, the current of reference of supply will be: (19) i s ref = I s max sin ( t ) This theory is used in this work in order to control the amplitude of the sinusoidal current of reference during each cycle of voltage and for the Vdc voltage. This concept is also employed to determine the value of the capacitor Cdc, element of storage of energy.

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6.1. Capacity of the Capacitor of Storage of Energy

Mr H. Bouchikha and Pr M. Ghers

Independently of the filtering of the harmonics of current, the filter is supposed to resist to loads variations and falls of voltage, and to return quickly in the initial conditions. The value of the voltage of storage of energy is essential and determines the response to the energy demands of the Filter. Thus, this value is selected according to the increase in the fundamental component of the charging current. The energy stored in the capacitor must be released immediately to compensate for the increase in the consumption by the load. The energy balance [6] makes it possible to obtain: C 2 1 Vc ref Vc2min = Vs max I L T (20) 2 2 Where: T: period of the supply voltage, Vcmin: preset minimal voltage of the capacitor of storage of energy Vsmax: maximum supply voltage. The value of the capacitor is: Vs max I LT C= 2 (21) V f ref V f2min

6.2. Control of the Voltage of the Cdc

The load and the capacitor with the discharge of the capacitor is the cause of the variation of the voltage on its terminals. However voltage vc (t) of the converter must be maintained constant. To obtain an effective operation, the Vdc voltage of the Filter must be increasingly larger than the maximum voltage of the supply. The voltage drops cannot be avoided during the transient state. However, a fast re-establishment is necessary. To solve this problem, the amplitude of the supply current is controlled by using a loop of continuous voltage. The supply current after filtering is equal to: (22) i s (t ) = I s max sin ( t ) The active power provided by the supply is: ps = vs (t ).is (t ) (23) From where Vs max I s max Vs max I smax p s (t ) = cos(2 t ) (24) 2 2 p s (t ) = p s + ~ p (t ) (25) Where: PS: continuous component ~ ps (t ) : Alternate components Instantaneous power consumed by the load: p L = v s (t ).i L (t ) (26) Vs max I1 Vs max I1 cos(1 ) cos(2 t + 1 ) + p L (t ) = 2 2 (27) V s max I n [cos{(1 n ) t n } cos{(1 + n ) t n }] 2 n=2 Or: p L (t ) = p L + ~ pL (28) The active power provided by the active filter is: p f (t ) = p s (t ) p L (t ) (29) Thus one can write that:

Three Phase Shunt Hybrid Filters for the Current Harmonics Suppression and the Reactive Power Compensation

585

p f = ps pL ~ p f (t ) = ~ p s (t ) ~ p L (t ) (30) p : represent the component respectively continues and the alternate components of the p and ~
f
s

filter. If it is supposed that the losses in the converter are constant, the amplitude of the power of the filter is equal:
pf = 1 (Vs max .I s max Vs max I 1 cos 1 ) 2

(31)

Which gives:
Vc =

(V

smax smax

Vsmax.I1.cos 1 2ppertes)t C

(32)

Where: Vc Average voltage at the boundaries of C Equation 28, by adjusting the amplitude of the current of supply, one can control the average voltage at the boundaries of the capacitor. The ordering of the amplitude of the supply current can be ensured by the use of and the discharge charging current of the capacitor of storage of energy. The average values of p s (t ) and ~ p L (t ) for one period are equal to zero and they do not affect the p s (t ) and ~ p L (t ) can involved a average voltage of C. However, the alternate components of ~ fluctuation of voltage of the capacitor. Consequently, the voltage on these terminals can be represented by: ~ (t ) Vc (t ) = Vc + v (33) c Where: Vc is the average voltage of the capacitor ~ (t ) is the fluctuation of the voltage of the capacitor. v c The current of the element of storage can be represented by: ( ~ idc (t ) = I dc + idc (t ) + idc (t ) (34) Where: ~ idc (t ) : Harmonic components of row inferior due to the charging current. ~ idc (t ) : Harmonic components of higher row due to commutation. Idc: Continuous component. In order to simplify the analysis of the fluctuation of the voltage of the capacitor, the following assumptions are supposed: 1) For a high frequency of commutation, the fluctuation of voltage of the capacitor due to ( idc (t ) the east very small thus negligible. 2) The converter of power does not have any loss. 3) The energy stored in the inductance of the filter is ngligeable. 4) the fluctuation of voltage of the capacitor very small is compared with the average voltage of the capacitor. Consequently, in steady operation one a: ps pL = 0 (35) With PC = 0 and Idc =0. This means that the average voltage can be maintained constant. From where one will have: p c (t ) = pc + ~ p c (t ) = ~ pc (t ) (36) The instantaneous power at the entry must be equal to that at the exit:

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Mr H. Bouchikha and Pr M. Ghers

~ p c (t ) = vc (t ).idc (t ) (37) ( ~ But idc (t ) = I dc + idc (t ) + idc (t ) As follows: ( Idc = 0, idc (t ) = 0 And one obtains ~ (38) idc (t ) = idc (t ) ~ ~ ~ ~ (t ) + V ].i (t ) p c (t ) = vc (t ).idc (t ) = [v (39) c c dc ~ ~ The amplitude of vc (t ) is very small ( vc (t ) 0 ) in front of voltage Vc in steady operation. The harmonic components of lower row due to the charging current provided by the capacitor can be represented by: ~ p f (t ) ~ idc (t ) = (40) Vc From where, the fluctuation of the voltage of the capacitor is: 1 p fn vc (t ) = cos(n t + n ) (41) CV f n =1 n Generally, the fluctuation of voltage of the element of storage of energy must be regulated on an acceptable level to obtain a good filtering. It depends directly on the power ~ p f (t ) More the frequency is weak plus the amplitude of the alternate components is large. The necessary capacity of the capacitor is calculated by: ~ t p f (t ) 1 (42) C=~ dt v (t ) V
c

For a hybrid filter of great power, a capacitor of great the value is necessary to remove the fluctuation of voltage on a limited level. Thus, the value of the capacitor depends on the estimate of the power of the filter, the power and the type of the load.
6.3. Inductance of the Filter

It is another important parameter in the configuration of the Filter, because together with the frequency of commutation of the converter, they regulate the level of undulation of the current of compensation injected. For a high performance of the Filter, the switches of power (IGBT) of the converter must be ordered with precision. For a frequency of raised commutation, the inductance of the filter must be enough small to be able to follow the change of the current of compensation. On the one hand, for the low powers, of weak frequency of commutation with a great inductance is necessary to slow down the rate of change of the current of compensation. In addition, for an application of great power, a high frequency of di Lf commutation with a small inductance is necessary in order to increase the rate The rate of change dt of the current is related to the change of the voltage through inductance, the equation is: di Lf v L (t ) = LLf (43) dt Where: Lf Inductance of the filter, vL (t ) Variation of the voltage through inductance, iLf(t) Current circulating in inductance The dimensioning of the inductance of the filter depends directly on the power of the Filter.

Three Phase Shunt Hybrid Filters for the Current Harmonics Suppression and the Reactive Power Compensation
Vs = Vdc + VLf

587

one a:

V Lf = V s V dc

(44)

For a constant inductance, the variation of the voltage of the Filter must be the potential difference between the voltage continues Vdc of the capacitor and the instantaneous value of the voltage of supply. One a di LLf Lh = Vs Vdc (45) dt Where: Lf Inductance of the filter, vL (t ) Variation of the voltage through inductance, iLf (t ) Current circulating in inductance Dimensioning of the inductance of the filter: It is done by using the expression 45 If the voltage continues Vdc is maintained relatively constant and the voltage of supply is sinusoidal, the variation of the voltage phase varies periodically from 0-360 degrees according to the voltage of the system. However to compensate for the harmonics, the operational range of the converter is limited to 180 degrees [6]. To this end, the undulation of the currents of the converter of the Filter for a half period of 180 degrees of operation is: di (t ) Has minimal: L this occurs with the voltage peak of food, min dt

di L (t ) dt

min

V s Vdc Lf

(46)

The undulation of the current diL depends on dt and Lf for constant values of Vs and Vdc. Consequently for any dimensioning of an active filter of power and for a frequency of commutation given, Lf inductance is calculated by knowing that Vs varies: 0 Vs 180
Vs Vdc Lf = dt di L

(47)

7. Modelling and Digital Simulation of the Three Phase Hybrid Filter

To study the behavior of the three-phase active filter with the electrical supply network, one establishes a mathematical model of the three phase supply hybrid filter and nonlinear load and one proceed in the same way as for a phase.
7.1. Control Bloc Diagram of the Proposed Hybrid Filter and Nonlinear Load

The control bloc diagram of the supply three-phase hybrid filter and nonlinear load is represented in figure 3. In the case of the filter proposed, three parameters must be detected, the terminal voltage of the capacitor with D.C. current, the supply voltage three-phase current and the three-phase current of the supply. The three-phase supply voltages are used to create a sinusoidal three-phase system of shifted references of 120, with amplitude equalizes the unit. The terminal voltage of the capacitor provides the information of the balance of power; the energy provided by the supply must be equal to the active power consumed by the load.

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Mr H. Bouchikha and Pr M. Ghers

The voltage detected at the boundaries of the capacitor with D.C. current is compared with the voltage of instruction. The difference between the two signals is applied to a regulator pi to create the desired amplitude of the current of reference. The signal on the outlet side of regulator pi and the sinusoidal reference by phase feed a similar multiplier to create the desired current of reference iref. The difference between the current of source of reference and the detected the supply current supplies the P. regulator the signal on the outlet side of the regulator is the signal of modulation. A carrier wave is compared with the signal of modulation corresponding to a phase to produce the signals of the switches.
Figure 3: Control bloc diagram of the proposed three-phase hybrid filter.

7.2. Simulation of the Supply Hybrid Filter and Nonlinear Load

The simulation of the hybrid Filter summer carried out by using the software: PSpice which made it possible to visualize on an interval of time given the evolution of the currents and voltage in the various branches of the circuit of figure 3. This simulation enabled us to evaluate the performance and the speed of the method of identification starting from the detection of the supply current by using the order with modulation of width of impulse for two types of loads.
7.2.1 First Charges Nonlinear Bridge of three-phase Graets with diodes feeding RL load series Figures 4 and 5 represent the temporal analysis of the currents in the various elements and the spectral analysis of the supply current before and after filtering.
Figure 4: The waves Shapes of the currents:Il load current, if filter current is supply current

Three Phase Shunt Hybrid Filters for the Current Harmonics Suppression and the Reactive Power Compensation
Figure 5: Spectrum of the front supply current and after filtering
4.0A

589

2.0A

SEL>> 0A I(R6) 5.0A

2.5A

0A 0Hz I(L1)

0.1KHz

0.2KHz

0.3KHz

0.4KHz

0.5KHz Frequency

0.6KHz

0.7KHz

0.8KHz

0.9KHz 1.0KHz

7.2.2. Three-Phase Diodes Bridge Feeding a Parallel RC Load Figures 6 and 7 show the temporal analysis of the currents in the various elements and the spectral analysis of the currents of the nonlinear load and the supply
Figure 6: The shapes of waves of the currents: Il load current, if filter current is supply current

Figure 7: Spectrum of the supply current before and after filtering

Pace of the current of the nonlinear load (figure 6) present of the undulations which are due to the load and discharge of the capacitor, but the supply current after filtering is almost sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage of supply, which indicates that the three-phase hybrid filter eliminates the harmonics generated by the nonlinear load. Thus, one can conclude that the method of identification based on the detection of the supply current is a reliable method, simple and less expensive.

8. Conclusion
In this article we developed an original contribution which consists of a new method of extraction of the current of reference. This method of identification is based on detection of the supply current. We

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Mr H. Bouchikha and Pr M. Ghers

presented the three-phase hybrid filter. The filter proposed uses two sensors of voltage and only one sensor of current by phase in a way similar to the filter single-phase current. The validation of this method suggested is carried out by simulation using the PSpice software for two types of nonlinear loads. The results of simulation show that the hybrid filter proposed effectively cleanses the electrical supply network of the harmonics generated by the nonlinear load.

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Dhombres, J. and Robert, J.B. Fourier - Creator of the mathematical physics. Berlin editions, 1998. Tokuo Ohnishi, Kenichiro Ueki and Masahide Hojo, Source current detection control off activates filter for preventing current oscillation, 35th Annual IEEE Power electronics Specialists Conference, Aachen, Germany, p 965-965, 2004 J.C. Wu, H.L. Jou, Simplified control for the individual phase activates power filter, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., vol. 143, No 3, p 219-224, May 1996 A. Omeiri, A. Haddouche, L. Zellouma and S. Saad, A three phase shunt activates power filter for currents harmonics and suppression reactivates power compensation, AJIT 5 (12): p 14541457, 2006 L.H. Tey, P.L. So and Y.C. Chu, year improvement off power quality using adaptive Shunt activates filter, IEEE Trans.Power Delivery, vol. 20, No 2, pp. 1558-1568, 2005. G.G. Terbobri, Real time activates power filtering using sliding control mode, PhD Thesis, University off Wales, Swansea, the U.K., 1999