1.

Log Interpretation

Defining Log Interpretation Controls on Fluid Saturations Wellbore Environment Vshale Lithology Porosity Estimating Rw Water Saturation Exercises The Logging Operation 3. Definition of Well Log Interpretation

Takes measured properties, singly or in combination, to interpret lithology, porosity and water saturation: lithology - GR; NPHI-RHOB, PEF, Spectral GR porosity - RHOB; NPHI-RHOB; DT water saturation - Archie Equation based on principle that water is the only conductive rock component if we know porosity (phit) and water resistivity (Rw: salinity), then water (Sw) and hydrocarbon (Shc) saturation can be derived from whole rock resistivity (Rt)

Sw = ((a * Rw ) / ( phitm * Rt ))1/n default values for a, m and n are 1, 2 and 2

4. FLUID SATURATION - fraction of the pore space occupied by a fluid phase

Sw is calculated by Archie equation using measurements from resistivity tool. The downhole environment is generally considered as controlled and described by : Grains coated by water (water wetted formation) Water fills part of measured pore space Measured as percent Defines So, Sg, Sw So = 1-Sw Depends on texture and column height Narrower pore throats restrict capillary entry pressure Capillary entry pressure low for well sorted, coarse grained Sandstones with large pores and pore throats, hence low Sw Cap entry pressure important for drainage process

5. Controls on Sw
Capillarity properties of Rock Position in a hydrocarbon column

Higher in the column you get higher buoyancy pressure so oil or gas can overcome entry pressure into smaller pores

6. Interpretation and the Wellbore Environment

! #

" $

&% ' % ( &) * & " + $

7. Lithology Interpretation Gamma Ray

, $ 1 & " / * +. & " $ , * +. 0 ,

Numerous methods, most common is interpolation of GR response between clean sand and 100% shale Vshale = GR - GRclean GRshale - GRclean baselines calibrated using cuttings, core, NPHI/RHOB etc. Eg. GR at point A = 60 GR clean = 20 GR Shale = 140 Vshale = 60 - 20 = 33% 140 - 20 This will not work in radioactive zones, eg. Feldspars, some dolomites.

8. Vshale A normalised measure of shale content

0 2

. 25 /*6 -( 7& ) / ) /6 / ( !:

89 4 2

10. The Chart Shown provides Clay mineralogy estimate using the NGT and PEF values. Because the porosity and composition of clays vary, the minerals on the plot are general areas rather than unique points.
EG. THOR = 10.6 ppm U = 4.5 ppm K = 3.9% PEF = 3.2 Clay mineral is Illite

11. Porosity Density-Neutron method

Best log derivation of porosity Automatically corrects for shaliness/gas - these have opposite effects on the RHOB and NPHI Chartbook solution Equation approximation

porosity = (( nphi2 + phit_d2 )/ 2)0.5

12. Lithology/Porosity Interpretation Neutron-Density Combination

;

9 #$ 8.2 # ! % & / =* 5 8 8.2 8 8.2 > 8.2 # $ # & 8.2 & @ 7 , ; A 7&= " & >/ &)? < 8.2 0 / 7( 5 !8: 8.2 " ! 1

<

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4
8 & # ' 0 : 340 984 .B 8 ? 8 ' ! ! +

ChartBook Pg. 56 62 for various borehole conditions and Neutron Tool Types

14. Exercise: Determine Lithology and Porosity for the points shown (use QuickPetro, Chart CP1e)
Point NPHI RHOB GR Dens-Neut Crossplot Vshale Lithology Porosity Porosity from GR A .15 2.45 15 B .18 2.32 15 C .24 2.25 25 D .25 2.60 115 E .27 2.31 15 F .24 2.30 15 G .25 2.46 15

15. Lithology Interpretation PEF

.4 .4 C )? - )>/ + *)( */ 8 %0 9 >" .4 (* ?> # .4

( 0

( ',

For quantitative interpretation, must account for porosity -convert to Uma and RHOma Eg 1. PEF = 3.65 RHOB = 2.52 PHIT =16%

Eg 2. PEF = 2.2 RHOB = 2.40 PHIT =16%

17. Lithology Interpretation Cuttings and cores

! &

; @ " $ ' A ( -*

Dens-Neut Point NPHI RHOB GR Porosity A B C

Crossplot Vshale from Porosity GR Lithology

18 .Example of Neutron-Density DensVsh Neut Xplot from Pnt NPHI RHOB GR PEF Poro. Poro GR Lith
A 0.0 B .30 C .21 D .27 E .10 F .22 G .03 2.95 2.15 2.55 2.10 2.45 2.25 2.65 5 6.9 150 2.4 75 3.0 75 2.0 120 2.4 15 2.1 15 3.5

19. Summary of Lithology Interpretation

! " . ' ' 0 &8

" "

- Density-Neutron method (previously discussed)

B @ A D " ' &8 $ 6 % % F G F
"

E "

8 '" &!"&9 1 "

20. Density method

' $ 1 #$ 8 6 % F F F # 1 / ?= 5 0 + & !% / 7( 5 " )* ( 5 *? 5 " 0 (& / =) 5 $

21 Sonic porosity method

$ ; H &2 &, H2," + H2, " #$ 8 6 !F F F 1 (( 5 :% %' 0 ! ' && *7/( *7= $ # I >J 5 *7" "

22. Calibrating Log and core porosities

; ( & % ; ! 0 1 K 1 L*)(" M*/(" 1

23. Estimating porosity from logs - guidelines

# # " " $

24. Formation Water Rw

+ ; $ "

Why is it important?

Rock matrix material and hydrocarbons are effectively non-conductive Formation water (brine) is conductive Given 2 zones of equivalent porosity, with the same formation water but with differing bulk resistivity (Rt). Higher resistivity equals lower water saturation, and therefore higher oil/gas saturation. Archie equation relates porosity, Rt and Rw to Sw

25. Archie equation

Sw = water saturation Rw = Formation water resistivity Rt = true formation resistivity phit = total porosity a = Tortuosity factor m = Cementation factor n = saturation exponent (most commonly used value is 2)

26. What controls formation water resistivity

! /(* 0 H /* * 0 ** 7( 2 1 H ** ? H F ** ? N

Guideline - always quote formation water resistivities with the corresponding temperature. An alternative is to quote a salinity instead, and then calculate the appropriate Rw for the formation temperature under consideration.

Exercise: A new well as just been drilled. The Produced water from an offset well is tested Rw is reported as 0.05 @ 75F Maximum reading thermometers show the formation is at 203 F What Rw should be used ?

27. Calculating Rw
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Water sample (least reliable) Reversed Archie Equation in a water sand Pickett Plot Resistivity ratio method in a water sand SP method

28. Reversed Archie

H H + F) F F/ ,* 6 H . H *+ ' ( F F F ' ( ;
"

+ +

$ ; H

H " " :,

)* *O

&

One of the simplest and most effective crossplot methods in use. Can help determine: formation water resistivity (Rw), cementation factor (m) matrix parameters for porosity logs (Dtma and RHOma). Water Saturation Method is based on the observation that true resistivity (Rt) is a function of: 1. porosity (1/ m ) 2. water saturation (Sw), 3. cementation factor(m). A Pickett crossplot is developed by plotting porosity values with deep resistivity (RIld or RLLd) values on two-by three cycle log-log paper Wet zones plot along a line to the Southwest. (Ro line) Slope of line = m (usually =2)

29. The Pickett CrossPlot (Pickett, 1972)

 = 10% m=2 Locate where 10% porosity line (horizontal) intersects Ro line, follow point vertically down and read Resistivity, this is Ro. Ro = 5.6 ohms = .056 Rw = m Ro

30. Pickett crossplot Example

31. Resistivity ratio method

+ 5 5 3 H F H5 H1 "P H ; H F H F H1 F H F # ::'5 :'" 30 :" $ # $

32. Sw Example

Given: Resistivity of Mud Filtrate = 0.25 @ 75 F RFT Water Sample indicated 50,000 ppm chlorides Porosity = 30% throughout What is Sw in interval A

Resistivity is usually presented in a logarithmic scale in 3-decade or 4-decade tracks

33. Archie Equation

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Guideline
% " & #

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0&

/ 6 !% ; F F F!

34. Archie Equation inputs

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& 1 */(" F/ $ */(

*6% % :,* &!%

0 :, && ! m=n=2

For most quick look interpretations, use: a = 1 and 35. Interpretation - Zonal spreadsheet method

Q $ 1 $ Q & $ =>$ ? @ ,41 & # K $ &

=>$ ? @ ,'

Matrix parameters - density & travel time Fluid parameters - density & travel time Archie equation exponents: a, m and n Formation water resistivity Rw Porosity calculation method
$ (

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# 1 # # & + ( )( # & # # )(* "

EXERCISE 1

Zone A: Determine Rw and Salinity in this wet zone. Temperature = 250 0F Zones B and C: Complete the chart for these two subzones. Average Temperature of the interval is 300 0F What is expected production from Zone B? Zone C? Given that the well is presently shut in as it was producing from a deeper horizon which has watered out, would you re-complete this well? If so, where would you perforate? Hint, RHOB scaled 1g/cc full scale or 0.05 g/cc per small division NPHI scaled 60 pu full scale or 0.03 v/v per small division Use Schlumberger Chartbook Gen-1 For salinity, converting Rw to differing temperatures.

A
; ; B ) / > ( 7 = ? J )* )) )/ ))> )( )7 )= )? )J /* /) // //> /( /7 /= /? /J 2 2 + +

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F GGGGGGGG F GGGGGGG . 0 GGGGGG '

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GGGGG GGGGGG GGGGGG 0 . " GGGGGG

37. Interpretation bits and pieces

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38 Getting More out of a GR/RES LWD suite

9 1 $ . % E E ; 3;' 1 ) + * * $ & 3;'

Gross section describes the overall succession The volume of shale (Vsh) provides a reference for lithology and input into effective porosity, shaley sand, Sw and permeability calculations normally computed from GR with ND. Net sand is commonly quantified using a Vsh cut-off along with other log parameter cutoffs - can also use porosity qualifier net pay is net sand containing hydrocarbon. Reserve calculations are highly sensitive to NtG

Choose Vsh% cut off to determine net sand using integrated log suite. Net = A + B + C + D Net-to-Gross = NET / Gross

40.

41. Difference between minimum and maximum cases results in:

So Which is Right?

42. Net Pay can be defined as that part of the reservoir section which will contribute to oil or gas production, and that depends on the recovery mechanism: For example: Water drive will recover more oil but may access less of the reservoir volume than straightforward depletion As gas is so much more mobile than oil much more of the reservoir will contribute to production (And the real fun starts with naturally and hydraulic fractured reservoirs - small zone of inflow to the well, but large reservoir volume drained) So always aim to base a net pay cutoff on permeability if possible, and make the cutoff a team decision !" ' $ + ) # $ % &$ $ $ ( $ !! $ )$ * " ' ( " &$ , * $ & , " ! '. /

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44. Net Sand Calibration

Example from Angola Three Facies examined in Nine cored wells. Note that each facies has is own cutoff value established by comparing the Net from core vs that calculated from logs.

'
4 ' 41 8 . R 0 R 8 F 8 R 6 " #
Log Net (m)

R
9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0

Core vs Log net sand

PFAC 1 PFAC 2 PFAC 3 PFAC 33 PFAC333

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

Core Net (m)

1>
0 0 ( + ( 0) )" ! /" -" >" (" 7" =" ! ' + 9 3 : ; 6: : 5 D R 5 5 5 R" 5 R" R RR" >
3500 3000 P e rm @ 1 6 0 0 p s i 2500 Corelab hot Anglolab hot Anglolab cool Anglolab flow Corelab cool Corelab flow

2000

1500

1000 500 0 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 Phi @1600psi

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QUIZ: 1a. Given Rmf = 2.5 -m @ 10oC, find Rmf @ 52oC, using Chart Gen-9 (Figure B2). Rmf = b. What is NaCl concentration of the mud filtrate in ppm? 2a. Given a solution salinity of 80 000 ppm, find the solution resistivity @ 121oC Rm = @121oC

b. Given a solution salinity of 10 000 ppm @ 20oC, find the solution resistivity @ 50oC Rm = @50oC

3. Using the log example on the next page and given that porosity is about 25%, determine: a. b. c. Rt-(ILD uncorrected) at A and B In which case is the mud filtrate more saline than formation fluids? In which case is the mud filtrate fresher than formation fluids?

d. Which is water bearing? Hydrocarbon Bearing? e. What is the Rw?

Bonus Questions:

ILM(OHMM)

4
GR(GAPI) 0.0 SP(MV ) -150.0 0.0 150.00

.20000 ILD(OHMM)

2000.0

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 .20000 4 .20000

2000.0 SFL(OHMM) 2000.0

CP 32.6

FILE

09-JUN-1992 14:42

INPUT FILE(S) CREA TION DA TE 1 09-JUN-1992 14:09 1/240

44

4 44

5 4

1800

---GR ---SP ---ILM ---ILD ---SFL

1700

---SP ---ILM ---ILD SFL---

1725

Figure B32