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Party without attorney Rik W. Munson 218 Landana treet !"eri#an $anyon% $! 94503 !##used in Pro &er

In the Superior Court of California County of Contra Costa Traffic Division

Rik W Munson !##used% in Pro &er $a)i(ornia +i,hway Patro) $o"&)ainant

' ' ' ' ' '

Docket Number W 956953-4 1

Me"orandu" in u&&ort o( ' &e#ia) P)ea in *ar

MEMORMANDUM IN SUPPORT OF SPECIA P EA IN !AR $-M. /-W% !##used hereto% &ro&oundin, this Me"orandu" in su&&ort o( his &e#ia) P)ea in *ar and to dis"iss the #o"&)aint0tra((i# #itation a,ainst hi". !##used has su&&orted his #)ai"s with &ro"inent authorities and has &resented 1uestions that sha)) aid the $ourt in (o#usin, on the issues at hand. !##used 2s &e#ia) P)ea in *ar is in#or&orated 3y this re(eren#e as i( (u))y restated herein. 4his $ourt wi)) (ind that the P)ainti(( has% in error% a&&)ied to the !##used &ro5isions a&&)i#a3)e on)y to those en,a,ed in #o""er#e u&on the hi,hways. !##used was not so en,a,ed durin, the ti"es #o"&)ained o(% and there(ore% P)ainti(( has (ai)ed to state a #)ai" u&on whi#h re)ie( "ay 3e ,ranted. 6&on due #onsideration o( the issues &resented herein% this $ourt wi)) (ind that )e,is)ati5e history% the $onstitution (or $a)i(ornia state% and e7istin, )e,is)ation% a)) share in (or"in, 818

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,uide)ines (or the re,u)ation o( trans&ortation #o"&anies on)y% and that said authorities do not &ro5ide (or the 9urisdi#tion asserted 3y the P)ainti((% the 9urisdi#tion to re,u)ate non#o""er#ia) use o( the hi,hways. !s used herein% :hi,hways: sha)) in#)ude any and a)) sur(a#es u&on whi#h the o&eration o( a "otor 5ehi#)e is a &ri5i)e,e ,ranted 3y the tate o( $a)i(ornia. Any and all emphasis e"&)oyed herein "ay 3e #onstrued to ha5e 3een added.

I"

NATURE OF ACTION

DUE PROCESS AND A!SENCE OF A# RAISIN$ A FEDERA %UESTION 4he )aw is o( two &arts one su3stanti5e and the other &ro#edura). +owe5er% in(ra#tions a&&ear to &ro#eed a##ordin, to neither.

Pena) $ode se#tion 19d out)ines in(ra#tion &ro#edures as (o))ows; :.7#e&t as otherwise &ro5ided 3y )aw% a)) &ro5isions o( )aw re)atin, to "isde"eanors sha)) a&&)y to in(ra#tions% in#)udin, 3ut not )i"ited to &owers o( &ea#e o((i#ers% 9urisdi#tion o( #ourts% &eriods (or #o""en#in, a#tion and (or 3rin,in, a #ase to tria) and 3urden o( &roo(.: 4here is no )aw e7e"&tin, in(ra#tions (ro" these &ro#edures. <n Peo&)e 5. Mathews =1983'1% the $ourt o( a&&ea)s ru)ed that Pena) $ode se#tion 19.7 e7tends a)) &rote#tion throu,h #ase )aw to "isde"eanors to in#)ude in(ra#tions. 4he re1uired &ro#edura) e)e"ents )eadin, to "isde"eanor a#tions do not a&&ear in the re#ord o( this intended a#tion.

>urther% as to the su3stanti5e area a##ordin, to Peo&)e 5. *att)e2 ? e#tion 16 o( the Pena) $ode de#)ares that :#ri"es and &u3)i# o((enses: in#)ude not on)y (e)onies and "isde"eanors 3ut a)so in(ra#tions. e#tions 19# and 1042.5 o( the Pena) $ode de&ri5e a &erson a##used o( an in(ra#tion o( the ri,ht to 9ury tria). @et% se#tion 689 o( the Pena) $ode de#)ares that :AnBo &erson #an 3e #on5i#ted o( a &u3)i# o((ense un)ess 3y 5erdi#t o( a 9ury.: =<ta)i#s added.' =4he 1968 a"end"ent o( se#tion 16 o( the Pena) $ode su3stituted the words :#ri"es
1 2

139 $a). !&&. 3d. 537. 188 $a). R&tr. 796 Peo&)e 5. *att)e % 50 $a).!&&.3d u&&. 1

828

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3

and &u3)i# o((enses in#)ude;: (or the words :#ri"es% how de(ined. $ri"es are di5ided into.:' <( the Le,is)ature intended to treat in(ra#tions as &u3)i# o((enses and i( the #har,in, o( a &u3)i# o((ense in5okes the ri,ht to tria) 3y 9ury% se#tions 19# and 1042.5% whi#h deny a 9ury to one who #o""its an in(ra#tion% #on()i#t with se#tion 689. +owe5er% the sa"e =1968' Le,is)ature ena#ted se#tion 19#% the &ertinent a"end"ent o( se#tion 16 and se#tion 1042.5. $onstruin, these se#tions in a##ordan#e with the &re#e&ts )aid down in <n re Cay% su&ra% we "ust #on#)ude that it was not the intent o( the Le,is)ature to ena#t in#onsistent statutes and% (urther% that when it added the ter" :&u3)i# o((ense: to se#tion 16 it was not so #ate,oriDin, in(ra#tions 3e#ause i( it did so% it wou)d ha5e #aused in#onsisten#y 3etween se#tions 19# and 689 o( the Pena) $ode. u&&ort (or this inter&retation is (ound in the )an,ua,e o( se#tion 1042.5% whi#h states that an a##used :#har,ed with an in(ra#tion and with a &u3)i# o((ense (or whi#h there is a ri,ht to 9ury tria): =ita)i#s added' "ay 3e a##orded a 9ury tria). +ad the Le,is)ature intended that an in(ra#tion 3e treated as a &u3)i# o((ense% it wou)d ha5e worded the statute di((erent)y% (or e7a"&)e% :an in(ra#tion and with so"e other &u3)i# o((ense.: >urther"ore% this #ourt has &re5ious)y he)d in Peo&)e 5. -&&enhei"er =1974' 42 $a).!&&.3d u&&. 4% 7% (n. 2 A116 $a).R&tr. 795B% that inas"u#h as se#tion 689 o( the Pena) $ode was ori,ina))y ena#ted in 1872 and )ast a"ended in 1951% and se#tions 19# and 1042.5 o( the Pena) $ode were ena#ted in 1968% we "ust read a)) the se#tions to,ether and% in #ase o( #on()i#t% ,i5e e((e#t to the )atest ena#ted se#tions 88 se#tions 19# and 1042.5. We there(ore ha5e de#)ared in Peo&)e 5. -&&enhei"er% su&ra% that se#tions 19# and 1042.5 1ua)i(y se#tion 689 inso(ar as in(ra#tions are #on#erned. +en#e% e5en thou,h we were to treat an in(ra#tion as a &u3)i# o((ense under se#tion 16% we "ust ne5erthe)ess e7#ise in(ra#tions (ro" se#tion 689 in order to e((e#t the o39e#ti5e o( the Le,is)ature. =Pen. $ode% E 4.' 4he a&&e))ate #ourt in Peo&)e 5. -&&enhei"er 3de#)ares that an in(ra#tion is a &etty o((ense statin,. ?!n a##used was not histori#a))y a##orded the ri,ht to a 9ury in tria)s o( &etty o((enses. Whether an infraction is characteri&e' as a petty offense or a noncri(inal offense%...F 4his ana)ysis howe5er is not entire)y #orre#t as the 6nited tates u&re"e $ourt in !RG.R </G.R 5. +!ML</% 407 6. . 25 =1972' #)ear)y stated; ?4he i7th !"end"ent thus e7tended the ri,ht to #ounse) 3eyond its #o""on8 )aw di"ensions. *ut there is nothin, in the )an,ua,e o( the !"end"ent% its history% or in the de#isions o( this $ourt% to indi#ate that it was intended to e"3ody a retra#tion o( the ri,ht in &etty o((enses wherein the #o""on )aw &re5ious)y did re1uire that #ounse) 3e &ro5ided. ee Ha"es 5. +ead)ey% 410 >.2d 325% 3318332% n. 9.F
Peo&)e 5. -&&enhei"er =1974' 42 $a).!&&.3d u&&. 4 A116 $a).R&tr. 795B

838

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4he 3ody o( thin,s &ri5ate is "u#h ,reater than those that #an 3e said to 3e &u3)i#. 4he "ore one )ooks into de(initions o( ter"s used to e7&)ain in(ra#tions as other than &u3)i# o((enses the "ore di((i#u)t it 3e#o"es to address the e)e"ents )eadin, to su39e#t "atter 9urisdi#tion. !s we e7a"ine ter"s su#h as 5io)ation% re,u)atory o((ense% we)(are o((ense% and #ontra5ention we e)i"inate these ter"s 3y their own de(initions one 3y one. <( not &ena) o((enses and not &u3)i# o((enses then how #an <n(ra#tions 3e said to 3e o((enses at a))I 4he 1uestion o( the sour#e o( )e,a) o3)i,ation )oo"s 5ery )ar,e here.

III" *"+

FEDERA COMMERCE PO#ER )S STATE PO ICE PO#ER ,uris'iction over interstate co((erce is reserve' to Con-ress. an' (ust /e

'ele-ate' to the State" 49 $>R 390.5 Interstate co((erce (eans trade% tra((i#% or trans&ortation in the 6nited tates88 =1' *etween a &)a#e in a tate and a &)a#e outside o( su#h tate =in#)udin, a &)a#e outside o( the 6nited tates'J =2' *etween two &)a#es in a tate throu,h another tate or a &)a#e outside o( the 6nited tatesJ or =3' *etween two &)a#es in a tate as &art o( trade% tra((i#% or trans&ortation ori,inatin, or ter"inatin, outside the tate or the 6nited tates. Intrastate co((erce (eans any trade% tra((i#% or trans&ortation in any tate% whi#h is not des#ri3ed in the ter" :interstate #o""er#e.: *"0 All state vehicle co'e 'efinitions yiel' to fe'eral 'efinitions4 :$on,ress "ay &ass a)) )aws whi#h are ne#essary and &ro&er (or ,i5in, the "ost #o"&)ete e((e#t to this &ower. ti))% the ,enera) 9urisdi#tion o5er the &)a#e% su39e#t to this ,rant o( &ower% adheres to the territory% as a &ortion o( so5erei,nty not yet ,i5en away.: Bevans, supra ld, at 389 :$onsistent with this stru#ture% we have identified three broad categories o( a#ti5ity that #on,ress "ay re,u)ate under its #o""er#e &ower. =$ites o"itted' First, $on,ress "ay re,u)ate the use o( the #hanne)s o( interstate #o""er#e. =$ites o"itted' $2A4Bhe authority o( $on,ress to kee& the #hanne)s o( interstate #o""er#e (ree (ro" i""ora) and in9urious uses has 3een (re1uent)y sustained% and is no )on,er o&en to 1uestion.2: =1uotin, Carminetti 5. United States, 242 6. . 470%491%37 .$t. 192% 197%61 L..d. 442 =1917'' Second, $on,ress is e"&owered
4 $a)i(ornia Kehi#)e $ode e#tion 15210 =P' 7

848

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to re,u)ate and &rote#t the instru"enta)ities o( interstate #o""er#e% or &ersons or thin,s in interstate #o""er#e% e5en thou,h the threat "ay #o"e on)y (ro" intrastate a#ti5ities. =$ites o"itted' Finally, $on,ress2 #o""er#e authority in#)udes the &ower to re,u)ate those a#ti5ities ha5in, a su3stantia) re)ation to interstate #o""er#e% =$ites o"itted' those a#ti5ities that su3stantia))y a((e#t interstate #o""er#e. =$ite o"itted': u.s. v. Lope , supra, at 1629. :We do not say that a #ase "ay not arise in whi#h it wi)) 3e (ound that a tate% under the (or" o( re,u)atin, its own a((airs% has en#roa#hed u&on the e!clusive domain of Congress in respect to interstate commerce..." #abash $c., %ailway Co. v. &llinois, 118 6. . 557% 567 =1886'. :*ut we think it "ay sa(e)y 3e said that tate )e,is)ation whi#h seeks to i"&ose a dire#t 3urden u&on interstate #o""er#e% or to interfere directly with its freedom, does encroach upon the e!clusive power of Congress." ld, at 571 :<t is i"&ossi3)e to see any distin#tion in its e((e#t u&on #o""er#e o( either #)ass% 3etween a statute whi#h re,u)ates the #har,es (or transportation, and a statute which levies a ta! for the benefit of the State upon the same transportation' and% in (a#t% the 9ud,"ent o( the #ourt in the State Freight (a! Case, 15 Wa)). 232% rested u&on the ,round that the ta7 was a)ways added to the #ost o( trans&ortation% and thus was a ta! upon the privilege of carrying the goods through the State." ld, at 570 :<t is not the rai)roads the"se)5es that are re,u)ated 3y this a#t o( the <))inois Le,is)ature so "u#h as the charge for transportation, and% in the )an,ua,e 9ust #ited% o( ea#h one o( the tates throu,h whose territories these ,oods are transported #an (i7 its own ru)es (or &ri#es% (or "odes o( transit% (or ti"es and "odes o( de)i5ery% and a)) the other in#idents o( transportation to whi#h the word :re,u)ation: #an 3e a&&)ied% it is readily seen that the embarrassments upon interstate transportation, as an element of interstate commerce, might be too oppressive to be submitted to. "&t was," in the language of the court cited above, "to meet )ust such a case that the commerce clause of the Constitution was adopted." &d, at 572 *"As such, so far as it operates on private messages sent out of the State, it is a regulation of foreign and interstate commerce and beyond the power of the State. 4hat is (u))y esta3)ished 3y the #ases a)ready #ited.: &d, at 574% 1uotin, State Freight (a! Case, 15 Wa)) 232 Commerce with foreign countries and among the States, stri#t)y #onsidered% consists in inter#ourse and tra((i#% in#)udin, in these ter"s na5i,ation and the transportation and transit of persons and property, as well as the purchase, sale, and e!change of commodities. >or the re,u)ation o( #o""er#e as thus defined there can be only one system of rules, a&&)i#a3)e a)ike to the who)e #ountryJ and the authority that can act for the whole country can alone adopt such a system. Action upon it by separate States is not, therefore, permissible. Language confirming the e!clusiveness of the grant of power over commerce as thus defined may not be inaccurate, when it would be so applied to

858

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legislation upon sub)ects which are merely au!iliary to commerce." &d, at 575876% 1uotin, County of +obile v. ,imball, 102 6. . 691% 702 :!nd i( it 3e a re,u)ation o( #o""er#e% ...it must be of that national character, and the re,u)ation #an on)y a&&ro&riate)y e7ist 3y ,enera) ru)es and &rin#i&)es% which demand that it should be done by the Congress of the United States under the commerce clause of the Constitution." &d, at 577 :4he $o""er#ia) Motor Kehi#)e a(ety !#t o( 1986 re-uires all States to "eet the sa"e "ini"u" standards (or testin, and )i#ensin, #o""er#ia) dri5ers. All commercial drivers throughout the United States are re-uired to have a Commercial .river*s License=$LL'.: <n /uest, supra, !##used s2 a#ti5ities% the &ri5ate use o( the hi,hways% is said to 3e the (unda"enta) and (edera))y &rote#ted ri,ht o( the !##used% with a##o"&anyin, #ri"ina) san#tions (or any inter(eren#e or i"&edan#e o( one2s en9oy"ent or e7er#ise o( su#h. &n *Lope and #abash, e1clusive 2uris'iction of Con-ress over the channels of interstate co((erce is proclai(e'" In Edwards v" California, *+3 U"S" +45 6+73+8% this &ower is )ikewise reser5ed to $on,ress as >edera) #o""er#e &ower. ?... the grant 0the commerce clause1 established the immunity of interstate commerce from the control of the States respecting all those sub)ects embraced within the grant which are of such a nature as to demand that, if regulated at all, their regulation must be prescribed by a single authority." +il2 Control Board 5. 3isenberg Farm 4roducts, 306 6. . 346%351.: &d, at 176 :4he ri,ht to "o5e (ree)y (ro" tate to tate is an incident of national citi enship &rote#ted 3y the &ri5i)e,es and i""unities #)ause o( the >ourteenth !"end"ent a,ainst state inter(eren#e. Mr. Husti#e Moody in (wining 5. 5ew 6ersey, 211 6. . 78% 97% stated% :Pri5i)e,es and <""unities o( #itiDens o( the 6nited tates... are on)y su#h as arise out o( the nature and essential character of the 5ational /overnment, or are s&e#i(i#a))y ,ranted or se#ured to a)) #itiDens or &ersons 3y the $onstitution o( the 6nited tates.: !nd went on to state that one o( those ri,hts o( national citi enship was Mthe ri,ht to &ass (ree)y (ro" tate 2to tate.: <d. P.9I: &d, at 178 :...*ut AMr. Husti#e Mi))er in Crandall 5. 5evada, 6 Wa)). 35 =1867'B (ai)ure to #)assi(y that ri,ht as one o( state #itiDenshi& unders#ores his 5iew that the free movement of persons throughout this nation was a right of national citi enship." &d, at 180 :... (hus it is plain that the right of free ingress and egress rises to a higher constitutional dignity than that afforded by state citi enship." &d, at 181

868

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Whi)e it is #)ear that the !##used 2s en9oy"ent o( the hi,hways (or private travel is he)d 3y the u&re"e $ourt to 3e a (unda"enta) ri,ht% se#ured under the $onstitution (or the 6nited tates as an in#ident o( !##used nationa) #itiDenshi&% the tate o( $a)i(ornia ho)ds% the sa"e to 3e a &ri5i)e,e ,ranted 3y the tate% an a#ti5ity that is within the )i#ensin, authority o( the tate% 3ut atta#hes su#h authority on)y to the o&eration o( :"otor 5ehi#)es.:

*)a#k2s Law Li#tionary% 6th .dition; :Pri5i)e,e. A particular and peculiar benefit or ad5anta,e en9oyed 3y a &erson% #o"&any% or #)ass% beyond the common advantages of other citi ens. An e!ceptional or e!traordinary power or e!emption. A peculiar right, advantage, e!emption, power, franchise, or immunity held by a person or class, not generally possessed by others." :Li#ense. A personal privilege to do some particular act or series o( a#ts on )and without &ossessin, any estate or interest therein% and is ordinari)y re5o#a3)e at the wi)) o( the )i#ensor and is not assi,na3)e. =$ite o"itted' (he permission by competent authority to do an act which, without such permission, would be illegal, a trespass, a tort, or otherwise not allowable. : ?! )i#ense is in the ,enera) nature o( a s&e#ia) &ri5i)e,e% entit)in, the )i#ensee to do so"ethin, that he wou)d not 3e entit)ed to do without the )i#enseF. 51 !". Hur.2d.% L<$./ . !/L P.RM<4 % P!R4 -/.% G./.R!L PR</$<PL. % <. G./.R!L% E1. Genera))y% &. 7. :.ase"ent. A right of use o5er the &ro&erty o( another.: "4rivate or public easements. ! &ri5ate ease"ent is one in whi#h the en9oy"ent is restri#ted to one or a (ew indi5idua)s% whi)e a public easement is one the right to en)oyment of which is vested in the public generally or in an entire #o""unityJ such as an easement of passage on the public streets and highways or o( na5i,ation on a strea". : 4he states use o( the ter"s :)i#ense: and :&ri5i)e,e: #)ear)y #ontradi#ts the )an,ua,e o( the u&re"e $ourt% that an indi5idua)2s use o( the hi,hways (or &ri5ate tra5e) is a (unda"enta) and a (edera))y &rote#ted ri,ht. 6nder the &osture o( the P)ainti((% this (unda"enta) ri,ht 3orn o( nationa) #itiDenshi& is re,u)ated as i( it were the tate2s ori,ina) do"ain that the tate is in #ontro) o( one2s a##ess to (edera))y &rote#ted ri,hts. 6nder this "ode o( &o)i#y en(or#e"ent% a "eans o( tra5e) o(ten ne#essary to se#ure a )i5e)ihood Bell v. Burson, 402 6. . 535 =1971'J Frost

878

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v. %ail %oad Commission, 271 6. . 583% 46 .$t. 605 =1925' is treated as a (or3idden a#ti5ity un)ess the P)ainti((Ns &er"ission is (irst a#1uired. 4he P)ainti((2s "ode o( en(or#e"ent #)ear)y "akes the !##used &ursuit o( a )i5e)ihood de&endent u&on a &ri5i)e,e ,ranted 3y the tate. :+a5in, re,ard to (or" a)one% the a#t here is an o((er to the &ri5ate #arrier o( a &ri5i)e,e% whi#h the state "ay ,rant or deny% u&on a #ondition whi#h the #arrier is (ree to a##e&t or re9e#t. &n reality, the carrier is given no choice, e!cept a choice between an option to forgo a privilege, which may be vital to his livelihood or submit to a re-uirement, which may constitute an intolerable burden. : ee Frost, &d, at 593 $on,ress2 e7#)usi5e authority and ori,ina) 9urisdi#tion o5er the !##used use o( the hi,hways% and the P)ainti((2s )a#k o( ori,ina) 9urisdi#tion o5er the !##used 2s &ri5ate tra5e) u&on the hi,hways now ha5in, 3een (ir")y esta3)ished% !##used wi)) &ro#eed.

*"*

Dele-ation of Authority fro( Con-ress to9 the State of California" $on,ress% with ori,ina) and e7#)usi5e 9urisdi#tion o5er the hi,hways and

instru"enta)ities o( interstate #o""er#e reser5ed e7#)usi5e)y to it% has #hosen to de)e,ate de,rees o( re,u)atory authority to tate )e,is)atures% u&on a&&ro5a) o( &ro&osed tate re,u)ations 3y the e#retary o( 4rans&ortation. 4his de)e,ation o( authority to re,u)ate the use o( the hi,hways% "ade (ro" $on,ress to the tates% is (ound in 49 6 $ u3tit)e K< :M-4-R K.+<$L. !/L LR<K.R PR-GR!M %: and in no other &)a#e. $on,ressiona) #ession o( authority to )i#ense the use o( the hi,hways ="ake &rohi3ited without re1uisite do#u"ents% to &ro#)ai" and dee" su#h use a privilege7 #an 3e (ound in 49 6 $ $ha&ter 313% and in no other &)a#e. aid #ha&ter reads% in &ertinent &art; 6*4<4L. K< 8 M-4-R K.+<$L. !/L LR<K.R PR-GR!M P!R4 * 8 $-MM.R$<!L $+!P4.R 313 8 $-MM.R$<!L M-4-R K.+<$L. -P.R!4-R E 31301. Le(initions. <n this #ha&ter =3' "*commercial driver*s license" means a license issued by a State to an individual authori ing the individual to operate a class of commercial motor vehicles. =6' "*driver*s license" means a license issued by a State to an individual authori ing the individual to operate a motor vehicle on highways. 888

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=11' "*motor vehicle" "eans a 5ehi#)e% "a#hine% tra#tor% trai)er% or se"itrai)er &ro&e))ed or drawn 3y "e#hani#a) &ower and used on &u3)i# streets% roads% or hi,hways% 3ut does not in#)ude a 5ehi#)e% "a#hine% tra#tor% trai)er% or se"itrai)er o&erated on)y on a rai) )ine or #usto" har5estin, (ar" "a#hinery. E 31308. $o""er#ia) dri5er2s )i#ense. !(ter #onsu)tation with the tates% the Secretary of (ransportation shall prescribe regulations on minimum uniform standards for the issuance of commercial drivers* licenses by the States and for information to be contained on each of the licenses. 4he standards sha)) re1uire at a "ini"u" that =1' an indi5idua) issued a #o""er#ia) dri5er2s )i#ense &ass written and dri5in, tests (or the o&eration o( a #o""er#ia) "otor 5ehi#)e that #o"&)y with the "ini"u" standards &res#ri3ed 3y the e#retary under se#tion 31305=a' o( this tit)eJ =2' the )i#ense 3e ta"&er &roo( to the "a7i"u" e7tent &ra#ti#a3)eJ and =3' the )i#ense #ontain . =!' the na"e and address o( the indi5idua) issued the )i#ense and a &hysi#a) des#ri&tion o( the indi5idua)J =*' the so#ia) se#urity a##ount nu"3er or other nu"3er or in(or"ation the e#retary de#ides is a&&ro&riate to identi(y the indi5idua)J =$' the #)ass or ty&e o( #o""er#ia) "otor 5ehi#)e the indi5idua) is . authoriDed to o&erate under the )i#enseJ =L' the na"e o( the tate that issued the )i#enseJ and =.' the dates 3etween whi#h the )i#ense is 5a)id. 49 $>R 398.1=d' 4 =d' Motor vehicle. :Motor 5ehi#)e: "eans any 5ehi#)e% "a#hine% tra#tor% trai)er% or se"itrai)er &ro&e))ed or drawn 3y "e#hani#a) &ower and used u&on the hi,hways in the trans&ortation o( &assen,ers or &ro&erty% or any #o"3ination thereo(% deter"ined 3y the !d"inistration% /ut 'oes not inclu'e a passen-er auto(o/ile or station :a-on. any 5ehi#)e% )o#o"oti5e% or #ar o&erated e7#)usi5e)y on a rai) or rai)s% or a tro))ey 3us o&erated 3y e)e#tri# &ower deri5ed (ro" a (i7ed o5erhead wire% (urnishin, )o#a) &assen,er trans&ortation in street8 rai)way ser5i#e. 18 6 $ =6nited tates $ode' e#. 31. Le(initions When used in this #ha&ter the ter" 8 22Motor 5ehi#)e22 "eans e5ery des#ri&tion o( #arria,e or other #ontri5an#e &ro&e))ed or drawn 3y "e#hani#a) &ower and used (or #o""er#ia) &ur&oses on the hi,hways in the trans&ortation o( &assen,ers% &assen,ers and &ro&erty% or &ro&erty or #ar,oJ !64-M-*<L. L!W !/L PR!$4<$. 3d .d =1998'; : 465.4 $)assi(i#ation as P)easure $ars or $o""er#ia) Kehi#)es :! #)assi(i#ation o( "otor 5ehi#)es% 3ased on whether they are used (or 3usiness or #o""er#ia) &ur&oses% or "ere)y ke&t (or &)easure or (a"i)y use% a )i#ense 3ein,

898

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

i"&osed in one #ase and not in the other% is a &ro&er one. A27. La.88Gu)( tates 6ti)ities 5. 4rai,)e% 1975% 310 o.2d. 78. -hio.88>isher *ros. $o. 5. *rown% 146 /... 100% 111 -hio t. 602. -r.88Ce))aher 5. $ity o( Port)and% 110 P. 492% 112 P. 1076% 57 -r. 575. 4enn.88-,i)5ie 5. +ai)ey% 210 .W. 645% 141 4enn. 392. Kt.88 tate 5. $a&)an% 135 !. 705% 100 Kt. 140.B :4hus a #ounty ordinan#e )e5yin, a ta7 (or the &ri5i)e,e o( usin, the #ounty roads% and (i7in, no )i#ense ta7 on an auto"o3i)e used 3y the owner or his (a"i)y (or other than #o""er#ia) &ur&oses is not unreasona3)e and ar3itrary in the i"&osition o( the ta7 on 5ehi#)es used (or #o""er#ia) &ur&oses. A28 !)a.88+i)) 5. Moody% 93 o. 422% 207 !)a. 325.B: *)ash(ie)d% !64-M-*<L. L!W !/L PR!$4<$. 3d .d =1998'; $h. 465 $L! <><$!4<-/ -> M-4-R K.+<$L. <t is #)ear that what the )e,is)ati5e 3ody with the e7#)usi5e authority to )e,is)ate (or the use o( the hi,hways =$on,ress' has de)e,ated to the tate )i#ensin, authority &ertinent and% a&&)i#a3)e on)y to one2s commercial use o( the hi,hways% (or the "transportation" o( ,oods and &ersons. When one #onsiders the ter"ino)o,y used in de(initions ena#ted 3y $on,ress% a stron, indi#ation that on)y commercial activities are the o39e#t o( this )e,is)ation is stark)y a&&arent. <( the $ourt #annot &ro5ide and #ite to other and #ontrary authorities to those re)ied u&on herein% #an the tate 3e said to 3e within its authority when en(or#in, u&on the !##used. tate )aw said to a&&)y on)y to "motor vehicles"8

<n two &)a#es =49 6 $J and18 6 $ 31' $on,ress has de(ined the ter" "motor vehicle" in #o""er#ia) ter"s% and there(ore% the &ro&er re()e#tion o( this su&erior intent is that the ter" :Motor Kehi#)es: is ina&&)i#a3)e to !##used 2s private tra5e) u&on the hi,hways. ! "otor 5ehi#)e is an auto"o3i)e used in #o""er#e. :4he ter" Oauto"o3i)eN is the ,eneri# na"e whi#h has 3een ado&ted 3y &o&u)ar a&&ro5a) (or a)) (or"s o( se)(8&ro&e))ed 5ehi#)es (or use u&on the hi,hways and streets (or ,enera) (rei,ht and &assen,er ser5i#e.: Ko).182% +uddy% $y#)o&edia o( !uto"o3i)e Law =1932'% &. 140.

8108

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 *"3

<t is #)ear that the de(inition o( the ter" :dri5er2s )i#ense: ena#ted 3y $on,ress 5aries wide)y (ro" the "ode o( en(or#e"ent undertaken 3y the P)ainti((. Whi)e the tate dee"s the ter" "motor vehicle" to 3e that whi#h i"&)ies private use o( the hi,hways% $on,ress sees the ter"2 as one des#ri3in, on)y commercial use o( the hi,hways. 4he de(initions a3o5e are (ound in $ha&ter 313 o( 49 6 $ #a))ed :$o""er#ia) Motor Kehi#)e -&erators.:

Drivin- is an activity that is co((ercial in nature;

49 $>R 382.107 Le(initions. Driver (eans any &erson who o&erates a #o""er#ia) "otor 5ehi#)e. 4his in#)udes% 3ut is not )i"ited to; >u)) ti"e% re,u)ar)y e"&)oyed dri5ersJ #asua)% inter"ittent or o##asiona) dri5ersJ )eased dri5ers and inde&endent owner8o&erator #ontra#tors.

49 $>R

e#. 390.5 Le(initions

Driver (eans any &erson who o&erates any #o""er#ia) "otor 5ehi#)e.

$or&us Huris e#undu" E151. P$hau((eur or -&erator ! distin#tion is re#o,niDed 3etween an o&erator and a #hau((eur under so"e )i#ensin, re,u)ations% ?#hau((eurF re(errin, to one who is &aid (or dri5in, an auto"o3i)e. 60 $.H. . M-4-R K.+<$L. EE 150 8 151% &. 797 = a)so see ?4estsF=1' and =2''

LR<K.R. -ne e"&)oyed... *ou5ierNs Law Li#tionary% 1856

LR<K.R88 one e"&)oyed in #ondu#tin, a #oa#h% #arria,e% wa,on% or other 5ehi#)e...: *-6K<.R2 L!W L<$4<-/!R@% =1914' &. 940.

8118

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LR<K.R. -ne e"&)oyed... *)a#kNs Law Li#tionary% 4th .d% 1951

4he $a)i(ornia !&&e))ate $ourt in 1948 de(ined what ty&es o( )i#ensin, is re1uired to o&erate a :"otor 5ehi#)e; : e#tion 250 . . . :=a' <t is a "isde"eanor (or any &erson to dri5e a "otor 5ehi#)e u&on a hi,hway un)ess he then ho)ds a 5a)id o&erator2s or #hau((eur2s )i#ense . . . ..: . ..

dri5in, &ri5i)e,es88o( whi#h the )i#ense is 3ut e5iden#e =Peo&)e 5. /o,,)e =1935'% 7 $a).!&&.2d 14% 17% A45 P.2d 430% 432B' Peo&)e 5. +i,,ins =1948' 97 $a).!&&.2d u&&. 938% 939% 941J 197 P.2d 417.

4he (ore,oin, #ourt #itations #)ear)y shows that the ?o&eratorNs )i#enseF &er"its en,a,e"ent in #o""er#ia) a#ti5ity and that a )i#ense is not re1uired when a 5ehi#)e is used 3y the owner or his (a"i)y (or other than #o""er#ia) &ur&oses. !##used is not en,a,ed in the a#ti5ities re,u)ated 3y the Le&art"ent o( 4rans&ortation or the a#ti5ities re,u)ated 3y the states Le&art"ents o( Motor Kehi#)es. 4he )i#ense "ere)y 3ein, e5iden#e that one is &ri5i)e,ed to do so is an a##rued ri,ht.

)ehicle Co'e 6+7*<8. : e#tion 4.; Pendin, Pro#eedin,s and !##rued Ri,hts. /o a#tion or &ro#eedin, #o""en#ed 3e(ore this #ode takes e((e#t% and no ri,ht a##rued% is a((e#ted 3y the &ro5isions o( this #ode% 3ut a)) &ro#edure therea(ter taken therein sha)) #on(or" to the &ro5isions o( this #ode so (ar as &ossi3)e.: CA IFORNIA )E=IC E CODE 6+77>8 Pendin, Pro#eedin, and !##rued Ri,hts /o a#tion or &ro#eedin, #o""en#ed 3e(ore this #ode takes e((e#t% and no ri,ht a##rued% is a((e#ted 3y the &ro5isions o( this #ode% 3ut a)) &ro#edure therea(ter taken therein sha)) #on(or" to the &ro5isions o( this #ode so (ar as &ossi3)e.

8128

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*"<

e-islative =istory of California State?s Motor )ehicle Co'e. as :ell as its

construction. supports Accuse' ?s clai( that the ter( @(otor vehicle@ is a co((ercial ter(" !##used is neither dri5er% o&erator nor #arrier. The Vehicle Code of 1935. :!n a#t to esta3)ish a Kehi#)e $ode% there3y #onso)idatin, and re5isin, the )aw re)atin, to 5ehi#)es and 5ehi#u)ar tra((i#% and to re&ea) #ertain a#ts and &arts o( a#ts s&e#i(ied herein.: = tats. 1935% $h.27% &. 93% in e((e#t e&te"3er 15% 1935'. e#tion 1. =3' 4he word :operator: sha)) in#)ude all persons. fir(s% associations and corporations who operate (otor vehicles u&on any &u3)i# hi,hway in this state and there3y en-a-e in the transportation o( persons or property for hire or co(pensation% 3ut sha)) not in#)ude any &erson% (ir"% asso#iation or #or&oration who so)e)y trans&orts 3y "otor 5ehi#)e &ersons to and (ro" or to and (ro" attendan#e u&on any &u3)i# s#hoo) or who so)e)y trans&orts his or its own &ro&erty% or e"&)oyees% or 3oth% and who trans&orts no &ersons or &ro&erty (or hire or #o"&ensation... e#tion 2. .a#h operator o( a (otor vehicle within this state who transports or desires to transport for co(pensation or hire persons or property u&on or o5er any &u3)i# hi,hway within this state sha)) a&&)y to and se#ure (ro" the 3oard o( e1ua)iDation o( the tate o( $a)i(ornia a license to operate ea#h and a)) o( the (otor vehicles whi#h su#h operator desires to operate or whi#h su#h operator (ro" ti"e to ti"e "ay operate.: tats. 1925% #h 412% &. 833. !&&ro5ed 3y the Go5ernor May 23% 1925. :<n &ara "ateria. 6&on the same matter or sub)ect. Statutes :2% in para materia" are those relating to the same person or thing or having a common purpose. Under cofler 5. L. $. %obinson Q Sons, &nc., 111 Ga. !&&. 411% 141 ...2d 847% 849. 4his ru)e o( statutory #onstru#tion% that statutes that re)ate to the sa"e su39e#t "atter shou)d 3e read% #onstrued and a&&)ied to,ether so that the )e,is)ature2s intention #an 3e ,athered (ro" the who)e o( the ena#t"ents% a&&)ies on)y when the &arti#u)ar statute is a"3i,uous. ,imes 5. Bechtold, W.Ka.% 324 ...2d 147% 150.: Blac2*s, 6th .dition% :<n &ara "ateria :4rans&ortation; (he movement of goods or persons (ro" one &)a#e to another% by a carrier. &nterstate Commerce Commission 5. Brimson, 154 6. . 447% 14 .$t. 1125% 38 L..d. 1047.:

49 us# E 31301. Le(initions. <n this #ha&ter

8138

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=2' "commerce" means trade, traffic, and transportation =!' in the 9urisdi#tion o( the 6nited tates 3etween a &)a#e in a tate and a &)a#e outside that tate =in#)udin, a &)a#e outside the 6nited tates'R or =*' in the United States that affects trade, traffic, and transportation des#ri3ed in su3#)ause =!' o( this #)ause. +i,hways "used by the public, : as "entioned a3o5e% is not the "transportation of persons," and su#h is set a&art as "used by the public." !)so% the ter" "motor vehicle" is assi,ned and reser5ed. to commercial use o( the hi,hways% and it is on)y "to that end" to whi#h tate re,u)atory authority e7tends. !)so se&arated (ro" "transportation of persons" is the &hrase "as a place of travel or communication between different localities or communities," the tate )e,is)ature #)ear)y intendin, to distin,uish su#h (ro" "transportation of persons." 6nder the authorities #ited% there is no roo" to dee" the ter" :"otor 5ehi#)e: as a&&)i#a3)e to anythin,2 3ut :trans&ortation:J #o""er#ia) enter&rise u&on the &u3)i# hi,hways. :4here is a "a7i" o( statutory inter&retation "eanin, that the e!pression of one thing is the e!clusion of another. ee Blac2*s, 6th .dition% de(inition o(: e!pressio unius est e!c9usio alterius." a)so ee State v. (aylor, 30 Wash.!&&. 89% 632 P.2d 892 =1981'.

Burgin 5. Forbes, 293 Cy. 456% 169 .W.2d 321% 325R 5ewbloc2 5. Bowles, 170 -k). 487%40 P.2d 1097% 1100. +ention of one thing implies the e!clusion of another. When #ertain &ersons or thin,s are s&e#i(ied in )aw% #ontra#t% or wi))% an intention to e!clude all others from its operation may be inferred. 6nder this "a7i"% i( statute s&e#i(ies one e7#e&tion to a ,enera) ru)e or assu"es to s&e#i(y the e((e#ts o( a #ertain &ro5ision% other e!ceptions or effects are e!cluded." ".efinitions are integral to statutory scheme and of highest value in determining legislative intent. ... (o ignore definition section is to refuse to give legal effect to part of statutory law of state." ee State v. (aylor, 30 Wash.!&&. 89% 632 P.2d 892 =1981'. :When )e,is)ati5e 3ody &ro5ides de(inition (or statutory ter"s% it is that definition to which a person must conform his conduct." -( the three reasons the hi,hways are said to e7ist% the ter" :"otor 5ehi#)e: #)ear)y a&&)ies to on)y one o( said reasons% that 3ein, transportation o( ,oods% #o""odities% or &ersons.

8148

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4his e#ho o( the o35ious )i"itations &)a#ed u&on the tate2s )i#ensin, authority is (ound in 49 6 $. 49 6 $ u3tit)e K<% and the intent and )an,ua,e o( 18 6 $ 31% #annot 3e i,noredJ dire#t and ()uent #orre)ation is stark)y a&&arent. :!n e7a"ination o( the statutory #onte7t% the te7t o( the re)e5ant &ro5isions% and the legislative history convinces us that the construction that is "most harmonious with its scheme and with the general purposes that Congress manifested." =$ite o"itted' Moreo5er% 3e#ause the a&&)i#ation o( Athe &ro5isionB to these )oans is a"3i,uous% we (o))ow the 5enera3)e ru)e that :AiBn the inter&retation o( statutes )e5yin, ta7es ...A#ourts "ust notB en)ar,e their o&eration so as to e"3ra#e "atters not s&e#i(i#a))y &ointed out See Security Ban2 of +innesota v. C.&.%, 994 >.2d 432% 441 =$!81993'. !##used #ontends that the ?$a)i(ornia Motor Kehi#)e $odes%: a&&)ied 3y the tate o( $a)i(ornia to the !##used 2s private travel u&on the hi,hways% is not a&&)i#a3)e to the "public use" o( the hi,hways o( $a)i(ornia tate. !##used #ontends that the tate2s "motor vehicle" #ode is2 a&&)i#a3)e on)y to the commercial use o( the hi,hways or "transportation of persons, : as the ter" "motor vehicle" is de(ined in 49 $>R 390.5 and 398.1 =d' 4 and at 18 6 $ 31% and that said ter" is di((erent (ro" "use of the public. : 4he a#ti5ity )i#ensed 3y state LMKs and in #onne#tion with whi#h indi5idua)s "ust su3"it &ersona) in(or"ation to the LMK8 the o&eration o( "otor 5ehi#)es8is itse)( inte,ra))y re)ated to interstate #o""er#e. ...state a#ti5ities inte,ra))y re)ated to #o""er#e% and a#ted within its s&here o( &ower to a((ord :se#urity S S S to the ri,hts o( the &eo&)e: 3y &re5entin, the tates (ro" re)easin, &ersona) in(or"ation that they re1uire indi5idua)s to su3"it as a #ondition o( en,a,in, in a#ti5ity8ownin, and o&eratin, a "otor 5ehi#)e8that is inte,ra))y re)ated to #o""er#e ,enera))y... H!/.4 R./-% !44-R/.@ G./.R!L -> 4+. 6/<4.L 4!4. % .4 !L.% P.4<4<-/.R 5. $+!RL<. $-/L-/% !44-R/.@ G./.R!L >-R 4+. 4!4. -> -64+ $!R-L</!% .4 !L.% <n the u&re"e $ourt o( the 6nited tates% =Han. 12% 2000' /o. 9881464 A."&hasis addedB ?! state #annot i"&ose restri#tions on the a##e&tan#e o( a )i#ense that wi)) de&ri5e the )i#ensee o( his #onstitutiona) ri,htsF. %uc2enbrod v. +ullins% 102 6tah 548% 133 P.2d. 325% 144 !LR 839 TRAFFIC. Co((erceJ tradeJ sale or e7#han,e o( "er#handise% 3i))s% "oney% and the )ike. 4he &assin, o( ,oods or #o""odities (ro" one &erson to another (or an e1ui5a)ent in ,oods or "oney. enior 5. Ratter"an% 44 -hio t. 673% 11 /... 8158

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321J >ine 5. Moran% 74 >)a. 417% 77 o. 533% 538J *runo 5. 6. .% $.$.!.Mass.% 289 >. 649% 655J Cro,er Gro#ery and *akin, $o. K. #hwer% 36 -hio !&&. 512% 173 /... 633. 4he su39e#ts o( transportation on a route% as &ersons or ,oodsJ the &assin, to and (ro o( &ersons% ani"a)s% 5ehi#)es% or 5esse)s% a)on, a route o( transportation% as a )on, a street% #ana) et#. 6nited tates 5. Go)den Gate *rid,e and +i,hway List. o( $a)i(ornia % L.$.$a).% 37 >. u&&. 505% 512. *)a#kNs Law Li#tionary. 4th .d.% &. 1667 TRANSPORTATION. 4he re"o5a) o( ,oods or &ersons (ro" one &)a#e to another% 3y a carrier. Rai)road $o. 5. Pratt% 22 Wa)). 133% 22 L..d. 827J Interstate Co((erce $o"Nn 5. *ri"son% 14 .$t. 1125% 154 6. . 447% 38 L..d. 1047J G)ou#ester >erry $o. 5. Pennsy)5ania% 5 .$t. 826% 114 6. . 196% 29 L..d. 158 *)a#kNs Law Li#tionary% 4th .d.% &. 1670 *!<L..% #ontra#ts. -ne to who" ,oods are 3ai)ed. 2. +is duties are to a#t in ,ood (aith he is 3ound to use e7traordinary di)i,en#e in those #ontra#ts or 3ai)"ents% where he a)one re#ei5es the 3ene(it% as in )oansJ he "ust o3ser5e ordinary di)i,en#e o( those 3ai)"ents% whi#h are 3ene(i#ia) to 3oth &arties% as hirin,J and he wi)) 3e res&onsi3)e (or ,ross ne,)i,en#e in those 3ai)"ents whi#h are on)y (or the 3ene(it o( the 3ai)or% is de&osit and "andate. tory2s *ai)". e#. 17% 18% 19. +e is 3ound to return the &ro&erty as soon as the &ur&ose (or whi#h it was 3ai)ed sha)) ha5e 3een a##o"&)ished. 3. +e has ,enera))y a ri,ht to retain and use the thin, 3ai)ed% a##ordin, to the #ontra#t% unti) the o39e#t o( the 3ai)"ent sha)) ha5e 3een a##o"&)ished. 4. ! 3ai)ee with a "ere naked authority% ha5in, a ri,ht to re"uneration (or his trou3)e% 3ut #ou&)ed with no other interest% "ay su&&ort tres&ass (or any in9ury% a"ountin, to a tres&ass% done whi)e he was in the a#tua) &ossession o( the thin,. 4 *ou5. <nst. n. 3608. 4he ?nu"3er &)atesF and or ?e"3)e"sF are the .K<L./$. that the ?)i#enseF has 3een a#1uired. 4he Li#ense 4a7 !#t o( 1933 was ena#ted as a ste& in the se#ond )ine% that o( #ertain a#ts and #onstitutiona) &ro5isions whi#h were &ri"ari)y re5enue "easures% desi,ned to se#ure (or the state a (air return (or the use o( the &u3)i# hi,hways o( the state in trans&ortin, &ersons or &ro&erty (or #o"&ensation. = tats. 1923% &. 706J tats. 1925% &. 833J tats. 1927% &. 1708J tats.1927% &. 1742J $a)i(ornia $onst.% art. T<<<% se#. 15J Po). $ode% se#. 3664aaJ tats.1933% &. 928.' 4hese ena#t"ents ha5e 3een 3e(ore the #ourts o( this state in the (o))owin, #ases; *a#on er5i#e $or&. 5. +uss% 199 $a). 21 A248 Pa#. 235BJ <n re #h"o)ke% 199 $a). 42 A248 Pa#. 244BJ Los !n,e)es et#. 4rans&. $o. 5. u&erior $ourt% 211 $a). 411 A295 Pa#. 837BJ !)ward 5. Hohnson% 208 $a). 359 A281 Pa#. 389BJ Peo&)e 5. Lunt)ey% 217 $a). 150 A17 Pa#. =2d' 715BJ Peo&)e 5. Lan, 4rans&. $o.% 217 $a). 166 A17 Pa#. =2d' 721B. !n ana)ysis o( the )e,is)ati5e history dis#)oses the (a#t that a)) the statutes dea)in, with the re,u)ation o( trans&ortation a,en#ies re(er to &ersons in the 3usiness o( trans&ortation o( &ersons or &ro&erty u&on the &u3)i# hi,hways (or hire or #o"&ensation....

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We are satis(ied that the &ur&ose o( the ena#t"ent o( the Li#ense 4a7 !#t o( 1933 was to se#ure a (air return to the state (or the use o( its &u3)i# hi,hways not on)y (ro" #arriers% 3oth #o""on #arriers and &ri5ate #ontra#t #arriers% 3ut a)so (ro" the )ar,er #)ass o( &ersons who (air)y answer to the des#ri&tion o( :o&erator: therein de(ined as ta7a3)e and who receive compensation, either dire#t)y or indire#t)y% (ro" the use o( the &u3)i# hi,hways. A."&ahsis and ita)i#s addedB $!L<>-R/<! $-MM.R$<!L $-L. E9109. $)assi(i#ation o( Goods; ?$onsu"er ,oodsFJ ?.1ui&"entFJ ?>ar" Produ#tsFJ ?<n5entoryF Goods are =1' ?$onsu"er ,oodsF i( they are used or 3ou,ht (or use &ri"ari)y (or &ersona)% (a"i)y or househo)d &ur&osesJ =2' ?.1ui&"entF i( they are used or 3ou,ht (or the use &ri"ari)y in 3usiness =in#)udin, (ar"in, or a &ro(ession' or 3y a de3tor who is a non&ro(it or,aniDation or a ,o5ern"ent su3di5ision or a,en#y or i( the ,oods are not in#)uded in the de(initions o( in5entory% (ar" &rodu#ts% or #onsu"er ,oods. $a)i(ornia $ode $o""ent *y Hohn !. *ohn and $har)es H. Wi))ia"s Prior $a)i(ornia Law 1. 4he #)assi(i#ation o( ,oods in this se#tion is new statutory )aw. 4he si,ni(i#an#e o( this #)assi(i#ation is des#ri3ed in -((i#ia) $o""ent 1. !)thou,h ,oods #annot 3e)on, to "ore than one #ate,ory at any ti"e% they "ay #han,e their #)assi(i#ation de&endin, u&on who ho)ds the" and (or what reason. .a#h #)assi(i#ation is "utua))y e7#)usi5e 3ut the (our #)assi(i#ations des#ri3ed are intended to in#)ude a)) ,oods. -((i#ia) $o""ent 2. :Moreo5er% a :distin#tion "ust 3e o3ser5ed 3etween the re,u)ation o( an a#ti5ity whi#h "ay 3e en,a,ed in as a "atter o( ri,ht and one #arried on 3y ,o5ern"ent su((eran#e or &er"ission.: 4ac2ard v Banton% 264 6 140% 145. :...=its o39e#t' is to #on(er ri,ht or &ower whi#h does not e7ist without it and e7er#ise o( whi#h% without )i#ense wou)d 3e i))e,a).: &nter:City Coach Lines v ;arrison% 157 . 673%676. :! &er"it% ,ranted 3y an a&&ro&riate ,o5ern"enta) 3ody% ,enera))y (or #onsideration% to a &erson% (ir"% or a #or&oration% to &ursue so"e o##u&ation or to #arry on so"e 3usiness whi#h is su39e#t to re,u)ation under the &o)i#e &ower.: %osenblatt v California State Bd. of 4harmacy% 158 P. 2d 199% 203. 4he ter" :license: i(plies a 'ivestiture o( ri,ht or tit)e% 3y the )i#ensee% to the &ro&erty whi#h is su39e#t to the :)i#ense.: ! :license@ is a (ere revoAa/le @privile-e: to do !n a#t =or series o( a#ts' u&on )and% and e7#)udes the ri,ht or 4it)e thereto. 3astman v 4iper% 229 P. 1002% 1003J

8178

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Gravelly Ford Canal Co. v 4ope and (albot Land Co.% 178 P. 155% 163J ;owes v Barmon% 81 P. 48% 49% %odefer v 4ittsburgh% 74 /. 183% 186. :! license... is no "ore than a te(porary per(it to do that whi#h wou)d otherwise 3e un)aw(u)...: %awson v .ept of Licenses% 15 Wn.2d 364% 371 =1942'. :4he on)y )i"itations (ound restri#tin, the ri,ht o( the state to #ondition the use o( the &u3)i# hi,hways as a "eans o( 5ehi#u)ar trans&ortation (or #o"&ensation are =1' that the state "ust not e7a#t o( those it &er"its to use the hi,hways (or hau)in, (or ,ain that they sha)) surrender any o( their inherent 6. . #onstitutiona) Ri,hts as a #ondition &re#edent to o3tainin, &er"ission (or su#h use...: %iley v Lawson% 143 -. 619J te&henson 5 *in(ord% 287 6 251% 87 !LR 721% 736. 4he Ri,ht o( the !##used to arran,e his a((airs in any )aw(u) way #annot 3e dou3ted. ee /regory v. ;elvering, 193 6. . 465% 469% 55 .$t. 266% 267% 79 L..d. 596 =1935'J Boccardo v. $o""issioner 56 >.3d 1016 at A1%2B =9th $ir.1995'.

. < a((ir" &ursuant to the )aws o( the re&u3)i# state o( $a)i(ornia% that to the 3est o( "y a3i)ities the (ore,oin, is true% a##urate and #o"&)ete. Res&e#t(u))y su3"itted this Monday% Hanuary 19% 2009

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR101902009 Rik Munson !##used in Pro &er

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