11/22/2012

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WATER

BUILDING UTILITIES 1
LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYTEM
Prepared by: Arch./En.P. Rachelle S. Santos

- a combination of two elementary substances hydrogen and oxygen. It appears in its natural state as: Liquid 830 times heavier than air Solid ice Gas Vapor or steam/133 times lighter than air -We tend to think of water as an inexhaustible natural resource. However, our supply of fresh water is definitely limited, and improved conservation practices are necessary if our needs are to be supplied.

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM THE DEMAND OF WATER

DEMAND Drinking, Cooking, Dishwashing REQUIREMENT Must be pure, sterilized and protected from contamination. Supplies taken direct from mains or from exclusive storage. Similar but moderated to allow cold and hot supplies to be drawn from main storage tank or cistern via distribution network. Generally clean and wholesome, soft and free form Iron and Manganese staining. High Pressure. Connections must not permit contamination of mains water.

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM THE DEMAND OF WATER

DEMAND Swimming REQUIREMENT Clean, filtered and sterilized with free chlorine residue for post-sterilization. Can be recirculated. Soft treated water, stored and circulated separate from domestic supplies. No special requirement, except reasonably free from solids and slit (result in blocked Pipes and nozzles) and uudecomposed material (pollution).

Personal Washing and Domestic Cleaning

Boilers and Heating Plants

Laundry Fire Fighting

Irrigation

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM THE WATER CYCLE

Rain Water

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

SOURCE

SOURCES OF WATER COLLECTION ADVANTAGES

Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds Cistern water for drinking should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized

DISADVANTAGES Only a source during Water is soft and pure the wet season; and is suitable for the Storage becomes a hot water supply breeding place for system mosquitoes Roofs may not be clean Easy to acquire Usually in large quantities Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and when treated, for community water supply

Natural Surface Water

Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers

Contains a large amount of bacteria, organic and inorganic substances; purification and treatment is necessary

11/22/2012

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

SOURCES OF WATER SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES May have organic matters and chemical elements; treatment is suggested

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Water Quality Problems and their Corrections PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECTS Corrosion of nonferrous pipes CORRECTION

Ground Water

Obtained from underground by means Usually has an of mechanical and abundant supply manual equipment

Acidity

Entrance of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Raising alkaline content by the introduction of a neutralizer (sodium Rusting and clogging of silicate) steel pipes Clogging of pipes Boiling

From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas

Requires less treatment because of natural filtering

Character of ground water, its hardness, depends upon the nature and condition of the soil and rock through which it passes or percolates

Hardness

Presence of magnesium and calcium salts Impaired laundry and cooking

Use an ion exchanger (zeolite process)

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Water Quality Problems and their Corrections PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

OBJECTIONABLE ELEMENT METHOD OF TREATMENT

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide Turbidity Stilt or mud in surface or in ground Discoloration Filtration Suspended Material Bad taste Bacteria Color Presence of iron and manganese Discoloration of fixtures and laundry Oxidizing filter Calcium, Magnesium Iron Pollution Contamination by organic matter or sewage Disease Chlorination Sulfur Pathogenic Germs Acid

Aeration

Coagulation and Settling processes Chemicals and Sand Filtration Addition of Water Softeners Iron Filters Chlorination Disinfection Marble or Limestone Filtration

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

WATER PURIFICATION METHODS
1. Aeration spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide. 2. Coagulation and Precipitation addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of. 3. Filtration water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles. Special elements are sometimes added to remove particular objectionable elements.

LECTURE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WATER PURIFICATION METHODS

4. Sedimentation the settling process, where water is left in a large basin for a long period of time. The sediments denser than water sink to the ground while those lighter float to the surface. The sediment-less water at the center of the basin is then removed. 5. Chlorination water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria