- 13 -

Rules for the Klsma

42. The klsma must be positioned as follows in these character combinations:

(or

43. The klsma may be found either above or below the oligon for jumps of three and five,
but when an omaln is written beneath the oligon, the klsma must be written above the
oligon. Thus, all the following examples are correct:






44. When a klsma is added to a petast or to any combination containing a petast, the
klsma must be placed beneath the petast.

etc.

45. The apl is used instead of the klsma in the following circumstances:

46. An apstrophos takes an apl instead of a klsma when followed by a vareia.

but

47. When a two-beat ison (or oligon or apstrophos) is followed by an apstrophos with a
gorgn, the ison will be written with a klsma if the apstrophos has its own syllable.
Otherwise, the ison will be written with an apl and an antiknoma.

'

48. The klsma is written above the elaphrn only when the elaphrn is not modified by a
timeless character (such as the petast or psfistn).

6
49. The klsma is always written above an apstrophos. But when an apstrophos is
modified by a psfistn, the klsma may be written either above or below.

Correct Correct
ta ta ta ta ta ta ta___ ta__ ta__
or:
- 14 -
Rules for the Gorgn



50. The gorgn is always placed above compound symbols:

etc.

but it is usually placed below single symbols:

etc.
*

However, it is always placed above the yporro, above the second of two
apstrophoses, and above an apstrophos preceded by a synechs elaphrn,
but not above an apstrophos preceded by an yporro:

The gorgon is also placed above single symbols when the preceding character is
modified by a timeless symbol (e.g., the antiknoma, petast, or vareia).

51. A gorgn cannot be put on a petast or on an oligon that has a psfistn. Thus, none of
the following characters can have a gorgn:

52. An exception to the previous rule is the gorgn that is placed above an oligon that is
above kentmata and a psfistn:

53. A gorgn may be placed together with a dipl only on an apstrophosnot on an
elaphrn or a hamel.

*
The example of an oligon with a gorgn above it in rule #8 is an exception to this rule. This exception can easily
be justified on the grounds that the oligon was really a compound character until its antiknoma was removed.
Correct

Wrong. It must be written instead as:

Wrong. It must be written instead as:
- 15 -
Rules for the Vareia



54. Two apstrophoses in a row usually take a vareia if they share the same syllable, even
if the syllable is not accentuated.


55. Likewise, an ison followed by a single apstrophos that shares the same syllable is also
preceded by a vareia, even if the syllable is not accentuated. The apstrophos may also
have an apl and a gorgn

56. However, when successive apstrophoses do not have one syllable for each pair, the
vareias are not used:


57. Likewise, when two or more pairs of apstrophoses have one syllable per pair, a vareia
is placed before each pair.


58. Pairs of an ison followed by an apstrophos are also preceded by vareias if the pairs
share the same syllable.
'

or

but:



59. A vareia is also placed before a pair of apstrophoses that continue the syllable of a
petast with a klsma.


60. But if in the previous example the second apstrophos of a pair has its own syllable, a
vareia may not be used.

ta__
ta ta ta__ ta
ta___ ta___ ta___ ta__ ta___ ta____ ta__
ta___ ta___ ta___
ta______ ta______
ta___ ta ta___ ta
ta ta__ ta__ ta__ ta___ ta
- 16 -
61. Furthermore, vareias are not used before pairs of apstrophoses if there is a single
apstrophos after those pairs of apstrophoses.


62. Vareias are also not used when successive apstrophoses do not have one syllable for
every two apostophoses.


63. A vareia must precede the last of two apstrophoses when there are many of them in a
row, if they share the same syllable.

64. Also, the vareia cannot be used after a character that has a psfistn. Therefore, the
following combinations:

may be accentuated with a psfistn beneath the oligon when all four characters share
one syllable or when the first two characters are associated with an accented syllable:



This combination is written with a vareia when the first two characters are not associ-
ated with an accented syllable and the apstrophoses have a different syllable:


But these characters are never written with both a vareia and a psfistn:

ta ta__ ta ta___ ta ta ta__ ta ta______
ta ta______ ta




Correct


Correct
ta ta__ ta__ ta__ ta ta___
Correct



Wrong
ta_____ ta______ ta______
di - vine_ di - vine_ di - vine_
god - ly__ god - ly__ god - ly__
- 17 -
65. Similarly, the vareia cannot be used after a character that has an antiknoma.

66. A petast with a klsma is followed by a vareia when followed by two apstrophoses
sharing the same syllable. But when three apstrophoses follow the petast, the vareia
is omitted.



67. In the following common phrase, the vareia is used, even when the character following
it is not associated with an accented syllable:


68. However, when the characters in the previous example are associated with three
syllables, the vareia is changed to a petast (and the yporro changes to a synechs
elaphrn).


69. In the following examples with an omaln, a vareia must precede the first character.
Notice that when a character preceded by a vareia is followed by an omaln, it is not
required that a descending characters follows.

E
etc.

The previous examples may also have gorgns on them:


E
etc.


ta ta__ ta ta__ ta ta ta__ ta ta__ ta
Correct

Wrong. It is written instead as:
di - - vine
heav - en - - - ly heav - - en - - - ly
or: