Chapter 3: Methodology 3.

1 Introduction This chapter consists of the project methodologys general view and the methods that the author adopted for this project. The author followed the below project onion which was developed by (Saunders et al. 2009). Knowledge is something that depends on the author/s own way of adopting. Regarding knowledge adoption, a project philosophy represents a writers perception of the way knowledge is constructed (Saunders et al, 2003). Project methodology is important in any project due to the fact that, without the correct and relevant methodology the project may not reach and meet its objectives. It is important for the author to know not only the project methods for the project considered but also the methodology. There are mainly two types of project, those are: fundamental and applied project. In this chapter, many aspects of project methods are going to be analysed and the justification of those methods employability in this project are going to be discussed. Now the project philosophies are going to be discussed. 3.2 Qualitative and quantitative methods There are differences between the two project methods: Quantitative Project and Qualitative Project. Quantitative project uses deductive process as the study approach, investigates phenomena that lend themselves to precise measurement and quantification, often involving a rigorous and controlled design; it's more on objective and reductionist, most closely allied with the positivist tradition. Qualitative project, on the other hand, which is most often associated with naturalistic inquiry with inductive study approach, investigates phenomena through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible project design, broad, subjective and holistic. The authors' expectations in quantitative project are to test and verify hypothesis and theories, and predict physical or human events; role of the person being studied is the subject, its behaviour as a means to the end. While in qualitative data - author's expectations are to discover information, to describe human experiences, to develop concepts and theories, and to explain and interpret human behaviour or events; person being studied is an active participant and its behaviour is both means and end. In addition, Data being

collected in qualitative project reflects the perceptions of persons being studied in form of "words" for individual interpretation, and is collected throughout the study through unstructured interviews and observations in settings natural to person being studied with no manipulation of the environment by the author. On the contrary, quantitative data is independent on perceptions of person being studied in form of "numbers" for statistical analysis, and is collected in designated time frame through structured interviews, questionnaires, observations, scales, or physiologic instruments with controlled environment and writer manipulates the environment to control for variables. Lastly, quantitative findings are generalized, accept or reject theoretical propositions with numerical accounts of data that are highly reliable. While qualitative findings are unique, dynamic, understands phenomena and new theory with written descriptions of findings that are highly valid Malhotra, (2009). Table 3. Comparison between quantitative and qualitative method Quantitative method Results present on statistics and diagrams. Theory is ususlly causal and deductive. Regarded only scientific and justifiable. There are standard procedures. Collected data are numerical due to accurate measurement. Fixed response. Is able to generalize More objective. Collected data are words due to observation, documents and transcripts. Response can be semi-structured or unstructured. Less able to generalize. More subjective. Qualitative method By utilizing conceptualism analysis can be carried out. Theory is usually inductive, but can be causal or non-causal. Regarded as not scientific and not following a structure. Procedures are perticular.

(Source: adapted from Saunders et al, 2009)

Justification: In this study the author will follow the quantitative data analysis method in comparison with the qualitative data analysis method. In addition to analyse and investigate the gathered the gathered data the author has followed the facts and figures to present the result by means of the numeric style along with the graphical presentation. Therefore the mentioned determinants clearly qualify for the quantitative data analysis. Finally by following the quantitative data analysis method it is possible for the author to obtain the Project objective in an efficient manner by means of the numeric and the graphical presentation. 3.3 Primary and secondary data There are many methods of data collection for the project purposes. This is the most important part of any project. For this project this is no different as the author is going to try to find the answer of this project through data collection. Moreover the empirical sources are also considered. There are two types of data which are: primary and secondary. Primary data sources are mainly the following: questionnaires, interviews, surveys etc. Secondary data sources are: empirical studies, academic and business journals, newsletters, books, online publications etc. The following methods and steps are considered by the author for this project. Project is generally either primary or secondary. Primary market project is when a company carries out project first hand. Primary project is more reliable than secondary project because you know that the information you have gathered is accurate, as you have collected it yourself. It is also specific to your type of product/service. On the other hand, it is very time consuming and costs more, for example in consumer panels, products have to be given away for free so that they can be tested.

Table 4. Advantages and disadvantages of Primary data Advantages Generates update information. It has specific game it generates confidential results it is less time-consuming Disadvantages That data the collection process is expensive. It is time consuming to collect the data . The generated result may be unrealistic sometimes it is difficult to get the respondents

(Source: Adapted from Saunders et al, 2009) In secondary project, the company uses information from other sources that has already been projected by somebody else. Instead of carrying out project yourself like in primary project, you simply use somebody else's results that have already been collected which have been carried out in similar ways to how you would have carried it out. The advantages of secondary project are that it is relatively cheap, easily accessible and can be done very quickly. Disadvantages of secondary project are that it is often not specific to your area of project and the data used can be biased and is difficult to validate. As you have not collected it yourself, you cannot be sure how accurate it is as it could be biased. This type of project can also be called desk project (Sunders et al, 2009).

Table 5. Advantages and disadvantages of Secondary data Advantages The secondary data collection is much cheaper and faster in Disadvantages The secondary data doesn't provide update information it is difficult to make analyses with a large range of data it is not easy to find that data related to the topic There are less control in the gathered data

comparison to primary data it is possible to access to previous numeric sources the author can only gather the relevant data according to his or her need

(Source: Saunders et al, 2009)

3.4 Questionnaire design Bacol (2006), explained that, if anyone selects questionnaire as primary data collection method the questionnaire is the important element in its success. A sensible set of questionnaires may help the author to get the adequate information on the project question. It might sometime mislead the author due to irrelevant information, so as a result it will not be worthy as thought. The author in this project developed a set of questionnaires, which has been used to generate feedback from the employees in Mac Donalds to comply with the sensible questionnaire design the author in this project followed the following steps during the process: Step1 Planning what to identify Step 2 Formulating the questionnaires Step 3 Phrasing questionnaires Step 4 Sequencing and layout decisions

Step 5 Pre-testing Step 6 Correcting issues There are several aspects that been focused and included in the questionnaires for this project such as: effectiveness of recruitment, background of the respondents, and suggestions as to how to make it more effective? There are thirteen (13) questions that included in the questionnaires which can be found on Appendix A 3.5 Data collection method Sekaran( 2003) suggested that as soon as you see the theories are coming through it is the right time to compare the theories and with the data. This is the most important part of the project as the author is trying to find the project questions and reaching the objectives through data collection. This has been an immense help during formulating the questionnaires. As there are two types of data sources which are: primary and secondary.

3.6 Data collection tools The various methods of data gathering involve the use of appropriate recording forms. These are called tools or instruments of data collection. They consist of Observation schedule Interview guide Interview schedule Mailed questionnaire Rating scale Checklist Document schedule/data sheet Schedule for institutions

3.7 Data analysis In order to conduct the data analysis in this study the author has chosen to collect the data by using the face to face survey system. Due to limited timeframe the survey system has enhanced the author to collect the data from the target group of respondents in an efficient manner. Moreover it is also mentioned that the author has conduct the survey process through the usage of predesigned survey questionnaries. In addition to the author has used the Excel spreadsheet analysis to analyse the gathered information generated from the feedback of the employees in Mac Donalds restaurants. In addition to the author has used the five linker scale that consist of five never level answers generated from the target group of respondents. Finally the quantitative data analysis based on the primary data obtained through the survey questioners with play a significant role to obtain the projector objective.

3.8 Sample size In order to conduct the project and obtain the project objective the the author has chosen to conduct the case study on employee motivation in Mac Donalds. At present due to the advancement of communication process the author has conducted the survey process by using the predesigned questionnaires system. The author has targeted 20 respondents who are working as employees in Mac Donalds restaurants.

3.9 Sampling The sampling process is considered to be the important work during the project. There are two prime techniques to follow the sampling process such as probability sampling process and non-probability sampling process. In nonprobability sampling process it is possible for the author to collect the sample by considering his own purposive judgement. However the probability sampling enhances the author to follow the sampling technique in a random manner by using the appropriate sampling frame work. In this project due to communication between the respondents and the other, limited timeframe and finally Limited finding has enhanced the author to follow the nonprobability sampling process.

3.10 Ethical issues Jain and Chandrasekaran, (2009) Stated that it is important to conduct the project in an ethical manner in order to obtain the project objective. The author had to keep the answers and name of the participants very confidential due to their positions in the government sectors. This was one of the promises and agreement between the author and the participants. Moreover, during the whole time the author kept the name and details of the participants completely hidden. The author also followed the guidelines of the project. Data collection method especially during primary data collection the authors conduction with the participants was really confidential. In addition to the author need to conduct the project by following the appropriate rules and guidelines that covers the reliability and validity of the gathered data. The author also used original version of the computer software during the whole process. Moreover, the author only used the authentic publishers publications. At the same time, the author also mentioned the previous author or writers name by following the Harvard referencing system. 3.11 Project Limitations Despite considering the above the project has some limitations which are as follows: Time limit: The time limit caused a big obstacle during the project. More time allocation could have enriched the project without doubt. Location of the participants: It was difficult to contact the participants due to the location. The physical presence of the author could make it better. Limited communication system: The author faced difficulties as the participants were reluctant to answer the queries over the telephone.

3.12 Summary: In this chapter the author has focused upon the qualitative and quantitative data analysis method , the sources of collecting data, sample size on sampling technique along with the project ethics .It constitutes is the project methodology in order to conduct the analyses and interpretation to generate the appropriate findings of the project. Therefore to obtain the project objective and to link the findings with the objective the author will follow the quantitative data analysis based on the primary data collection method supported by the secondary data established in the literature review.

APPENDIX A

QUESTIONNAIRE

A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

Dear McDonald Colleagues, I am undertaking research into Employee Motivation for my Masters dissertation. I would be grateful if you could complete this short questionnaire. As the questionnaire will be used for academic purposes only the data will remain strictly confidential. Chowdhury Md. Galib Sadley

Kindly answer the following questions: (Please put a tick mark in the appropriate answer box)

1) Gender? Male Female

2) Age? Under 18 18 29 30 39 40 49

 50+ 3) How long have you been working here? Less than a year 2-4 years 5-9 years More than 10 years

4) What is your position? Store Manager Assistant Manager Shift Manager Crew Trainer Crew Member

5) How satisfied you are with the support from the HR department?

Highly satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied

6)

Is management interested in motivating the employees? Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree

7) Which types of incentive make you more motivated? Financial incentives Non-financial incentives (eg: discounts, training, recognition etc) Both

8) How satisfied you are with the current incentives system provided by the organization? Highly satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied

9) Please rate the following questions in accordance to your preference. (4- Strongly agree, No. 3- Agree, 2- Disagree, 1-Strongly disagree) Factors Periodical increase in the salary is reasonable i. Job security is present ii. Good relationship with co-workers iii. Job performance appraisal process is effective iv. Good safety measures are present in the organization. Performance appraisal activities helps to get motivated Support from the co-worker helps to get motivated vii. Company acknowledges your hard work viii. Rates

v.

vi.

10) Incentives and other benefits influence an employee in his/her job performance? Influence Does not influence No opinion 11) Employees involvement in the managements decision-making process that are connected to your department? Yes No Occasionally

12) The training and development policy used by the company helps to motivate you? Yes No Occasionally

13) Do you think McDonald applies the same regulations for each employee for further career opportunities? Yes No Occasionally

Anything else you want to add: