LIST OF THE INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES

Luzon
Agta Cayagan(HG)[49] 2.200 (SIL, 1981, 1986)
Agta Casiguran(HG) 1.000 (SIL, 1979)
Aeta (HG)
Pakkak Gadang 6.000 (SIL, 1984)
Pugot (HG), N. Apayao ?
<<Negritos>> Pinatubo(HG) 31.000 (SIL, 1975)
Apayao (= Isnag) (S) 12.000 (SIL, 1981)
Gaddang (S) 30.000 (SIL, 1984)
Ibanag (S) 300.000 (SIL, 1985)
Ilongot (S) 6.121 (SIL, 1975)
Itneg (Tingian) (S) 54.254 (1975)
Malaweg (S) ?
Paranan (S) 10.000 (SILW1981)
Bontok (R), 30.000 (SILW1987)
Ifugao (R), 110.000 approx. (SIL, 1987)
Igorot (R)(generic term)
Isneg (R) 12.000 (SIL, 1981)
Itneg (all groups) 50.000 (SIL, 1975)
Kalinga (R) 60.000 approx. (1981)
Kankanay (R) 200.000 (SIL,

1987)
Tinggian (= Itneg) (R) 7.000 (SIL, 1982)
Palawan
Batak(HG) 300 (SIL, 1984)
Palawan (S) 25.000 approx. (1985)
Tagbanwa (S) 1.500 (SIL, 1984)
Taut' batu (S) 86

Mindanao
Mangwanga (HG) 17.000 (SIL, 1975)
Tasaday (Manobo Cotabato) (HG) ?
Mamanwa(HG) 1.500 (SIL, 1981)
Manobo Ata (HG) 20.000 (SIL, 1981)
Ata Manobo (S) 10.093 (Atlas)
Bagobo (S) 17.000 (SIL, 1975)
Blaan (S) 100.000 (SIL, 1981)
Blit (Manobo Cotabato group) (S) ?
Bukidnon (S) 100.000 (SIL, 1987)
Ilanon Manobo (S) 7.084 (Atlas)
Ilianen (S) 2.906 (Atlas)
Magindanao (S) 503.097 (Atlas)
Mandaya Cataelano (S) 19.000 (SIL, 1980)
Mandaya Sangab (S) ?

Manobo-Cotabato (S) }35.000 to

Manobo (S) }40.000 (Yengoyan 1988)
Mansaka (S) 35.000 (SIL, 1975)
Subanon (S) 80.000 (SIL, 1981)
Subanon, Tuboy Salog (S) 10.000 (SIL, 1978)

Tagabawa, (S), 1.669 (Atla)

Tboli (S) 32.308 (Atlas)
Tigwa (S) ?
Tiruray (S) 35.000 (SIL, 1975)
Ubo Manobo(S) 10.606 (Atlas)

Negros
Ata du sud, A. du nord (HG) 100 ?
Magahat Bukidnon (S) ?
Mindoro
Alangan (S) 4.000 (SIL, 1987)
Buhid (S) 5 to 6.000 (Atlas)
Hanuno (S) 7.000 (SIL, 1987)
Tadyawan (S) 2.000 (SIL, 1982)

Taubuid (= Batangan) (S) 6.000 (SIL, 1982)

Iraya (S) 8.000 (SIL, 1981)
Ratagnon, Loktanon (S) very few

LUMADS

LUMAD is a Bisayan term meaning "native" or "indigenous". It is adopted by a

group of 15 from a more than 18 Mindanao ethnic groups in their Cotobato
Congress in June 1986 to distinguish them from the other Mindanaons, Moro or
Christian. Its usage was accepted during the Cory Administration when R.A.
6734, the word Lumad was used in Art. XIII sec. 8(2) to distinguish these ethnic
communities from the Bangsa Moro.
At present, Mindanao Lumads account for 2.1 million out of the total 6.5
million indigenous people nationally. (1993 Census) these fifteen Lumads in the
Cotobato Congress were the following:
Subanen, B'laan, Mandaya, Higaonon, Banwaon, Talaandig, Ubo, Manobo,
T'boli, Tiruray, Bagobo, Tagakaolo, Dibabawon, Manguangan, and Mansaka.
They are found in the following towns and cities:
Cotobato, Tandag, Dipolog, Kidapawan, Marbel, Tagum, Cagayan de Oro,
Davao, Malaybalay, Pagadian, Butuan, Surigao, Ozamis, Ipil, Digos, Mati and
Dipolog.
History
About the 11th century, called the "emergent period" by the anthropologist, F.
Landa Jocano, the dynamic interactions between the indigenous cultural
elements and that of the migrants brought about the eventual narrowing down
into distinct ethnic groups. Pigafetta, Magellan's chronicler in 1521, mentioned
four Mindanao groups as: Caragan, Mandanaos, Lutaos, Subanus and Dapitans.
Apparently, the Caragans were found in the Misamis Oriental, Agusan, Bukidnon
area. The Mandanaos in Central Mindanao; Lutaos in Zamboanga del Sur and
Basilan; Subanus and Dapitans in Zamboanga del Sur and del Norte; and the
Dapitans in Zamboanga del Norte provinces as these are called today.

Called " infieles" during the Spanish regime, the subjugation of the Lumads was
equally important as that of the Muslims. Thus, Jesuit missions were
established near infieles territories. They were found among the Tiruray in
Cotobato; among the Subanons in Dapitan; among the Manuvus and Caragans in
Misamis and Surigao; and among the Bilaans in Davao.
Economically, Lumads practiced swidden agriculture depending on the land's
productivity. Communal sharing of resources based on the belief of the
sacredness of land and nature as divine endowments define their relationship
with their environment. Their socio-political arrangements were varied. The
Mandaya were led by their bagani or warrior while the Bagobos, Manuvu as well
as most of the Lumads by their datu. The Datu's subjects were his sacops. The
Lumad remained isolated and withdrawn from the hills and forest that were
difficult to penetrate. The Spanish colonial strategy was to begin colonization
along the coast towards the plains for purposes of trade and political
consolidation. During the Revolution of 1896, Lumads joined a band of
deportados and boluntarios who started a mutiny in Marawi City against their
Spanish superiors. They roamed the Misamis Oriental area, harrassing and
wrecking havoc on Chinese and Spanish-owned business establishments. They
were fully armed and looked "healthy". They were led by an armed Lumad
named Suba who had his own trumpeteers announce their coming. They were
later known to have joined a group of rebels on the Agusan area who left to
join the Katipuneros of Luzon.
The Lumads in Mindanao resisted against American colonization. In 1906, Gov.
Bolton of Davao was murdered by the Bagobos in the area. Between 1906-1908
the Tungud Movement of the Lumads in Davao spread through Agusan and
Bukidnon. A Subanon uprising against the Americans occurred between 192627. The coming of the Japanese in Davao was resisted by the Bagobos between
1918 to 1935 as the latter threatened to displace them from their homelands
for business purposes.
When American rule was consolidated, a systematic policy to integrate
Mindanao and Sulu began. Lumads and the Muslims were grouped under a tribal
system. In Davao there were 6 (Ata, Guiangga, Mandaya, Manobos, Tagakaolo);
18 in Cotobato, 13 in Lanao; 9 in Sulu; 5 in Zamboanga; 56 in subdistricts. The
District Governor who headed the wards had a deputy in the person of the
Lumad datu.
Moreover, American rule and later during the Commonwealth, the Lumad
landscape changed. For instance in the plains of Tupi and Polomolok in South
Cotobato, Blaan Lumads gave way to the Dole pineapple plantations; Higaonons
and Talaandigs who thrived by the plains of Bukidnon were neighbors to the Del
Monte plantations. By the 1960's bulldozers, cranes and giant trucks were
ubiquitous in the area of the Banwaons. Foreign agribusiness covered a
thousand to 3,000 ha. of Lumad lands in Bukidnon-Davao area.

Thus, concern for the Lumads in Mindanao during the contemporary times
focused on the development projects that threaten to displace the Lumads
from their homeland. An example of this is the hydroelectric project of the
PNOC based in Mt. Apo which is being resisted by the Bagobo in Davao.
Legislations for the protection of ancestral lands by the cultural communities
had been passed by Congress. Senate Bill 1728, sponsored by Juan Flavier
entitled, Indigenous People's Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 seeks to "recognize,
protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities and to
appropriate funds for the purpose.
Addendum:
Most recently, new heroes among the Lumads were put to the fore in
commemoration with the Centennial Celebration of the Philippine Revolution.
A Manobo Protestant pastor, Mars Daul, researched on the history of the Lumad
warriors through interviews with his forebears. These heroes are Datu Balingan,
who defended the Mansaka and Mandaya tribes in Davao Oriental from the
hands of the Spanish official, Capt. Uyanguren; also Datu Bago of the Bagobo
tribe fought Uyanguren in Davao City and Putaw Tumanggong, a Manobo
chieftain who is Daul's grandfather. Tumanggong led his men in fighting the
Spaniards and the Americans at the turn of the century. In Sarangani, the group
B'laan leader Sigalu joined forces with Datu Lumanda, who made the Spanish
fleet retreat to its base in Cebu . However, according to Daul, some Lumads
refrained from fighting the Spaniards such as the Tirurays because the
Spaniards built them schools and chapels. The historicity of Mars Daul's
research however still has to be verified.